Social psych exam 3

affect- as- information perspective and what kind of research supports this framework

1. Emotions provide us with rapid & reliable info about our social environment 2. When making judgments about something, we often consider how we feel about it. individuals called on a cloudy day report lower life satisfaction than on a sunny day, but only of they are not reminded about the weather outside - when they are reminded, they realize that current weather conditions are insufficient information for determining life satisfaction

how are cultures of honor related to aggressive behavior

1.) resource can be taken easily 2.) there is little formal governmental protection or legal recourse

the different variables in milgrams research that influenced obedience levels

1.)immediacy of the victim 2.)physical closeness of the authority 3.)Two peers "rebelling"

how did burgers replication of the obedience studies relate to milgrams original findings?

70% of the participants went past 150 volts, in milgrams it was 82%, he found a statistically equivalent amount of obedience

stereotypes

Beliefs about a group of people that aregeneralized to all members of the group.

what research evidence supports the idea that emotions serve social functions

Emotions more vividly displayed in groups than alone mediated by self-reported motives to affiliate- (Jakobs etal., 1999, 2001) Emotion mimicry is greatest for in group faces(Weisbuch & Ambady, 2008) Emotion identification is most accurate for in group faces (Elfenbein & Ambady, 2002; Young & Hugenberg, 2010)

stereotype threat

Fear of confirming a negative stereotype about one's group. This fear can actually disrupt performance and result in confirming the stereotype.

what is the social rewards motive for helping?

Helping to increase one's esteem in the eyes of others: praise, positive attention, honors, gratitude

Which theory of aggression supports Bandura's Bobo Doll Research

Social learning theory

negative state relief hypothesis

Some people engage in certain actions, such as helping or agreeing to a request, to relieve negative feelings or to feel better

social identity theory

Suggests that people seek to enhance their self-esteem by identifying with specific social groups,& perceiving those groups as better than other groups

bystander effect and why do people fail to help in emergency situations

The more people present when a person needs help, the less likely it is that help will be given (and if given, the slower it will arrive) why: sense of personal responsibility decreases when we know there are people around- normative influence: " I don't want to look stupid by acting like its an emergency when when everyone else is behaving like there is no problem informational influence: "no one is reacting, so there must not be a real problem"

discrimination

Unjustified negative action toward a member of a group simply because of his or her membership in that group.

what is institutional discrimination + examples

built into the legal, political, and social economic institutions of a culture examples: children of alumni receive preferential admission, Persons accused of a crime who cannot post bail are imprisoned and thus appear in court dressed in prison uniform,The YWCA/YMCA offers a reduced family membership rate, A fire department requires that applicants for the position of firefighter be 5'8" or taller

culture, display rules, and emotion expression (Japanese vs Americans)

collectivist cultures encourage individuals to show emotional restraint- Americans & Japanese people were shown a disturbing video under 2 condition- in a dark room alone and in a well lit room with an authority figure- the Americans showed similar reactions in both rooms while the Japanese students reaction of disgust was reduced with the authority figure

necessary features of contact hypothesis in order to reduce prejudice

direct contact between antagonist groups but common goals have to exist, interacting partners have equal status, contact is personal, cooperative activities occur, social norm favors inter- group contact, and Exposure to stereotype-disconfirming group members occurs

types of aggression + examples of each

direct: any behavior that intentionally harms someone who is present ex: punching someone indirect: any behavior that harms someone who is not physically present ex: gossip reactive: "hot", impulsive, angry behavior motivated by desire to hurt someone proactive: "Cold," premeditated, calculated harmful behavior that is a means to some practical or material ends ex: war, robbery

difference between emotion and mood

emotion: specific, toward people or events- Brief psychological AND physiological responses- Subjectively experienced as feelings- Arousal (autonomic nervous system; ANS;amygdala) Mood: enduring affective state, not clearly linked to an event or object

what is the evolutionary explanation for why we have specific emotions? which emotions motivate which kinds of adaptive behavior?

emotions aid us in survival and reproduction by prompting adaptive responses Gratitude: motivates reciprocal helping Guilt: motivates repairing one's transgressions Anger: motivates the other to repair transgression Disgust: leads to avoidance of members who violate cultural values Desire: increases likelihood of sexual contact Love: facilitates commitment to a long-term bond and increases bond between parent and offspring Jealousy: motivates protection of mate from rivals

techniques for inducing compliance

foot in the door: compliance with an initial smaller request makes us more likely to comply later with a larger request low ball: we agree to a initial attractive deal then something happens to alter the bargain- bad elements are introduced or good elements are removed door in the face: refusing an initial larger request makes us more likely to accept a later smaller request free gifts scarcity and liking: what is scarce is valuable- (limited time deals/ offers) that's not all approach: influencer makes a large request and then immediately throw in a discount or gift at the end

what is the relationship between heat, time of day, and aggression

heat leads to an increase of hostile thoughts feelings + nightfall increases individualization opportunity which leads to continuous increase in aggression

understanding of reasons we are so bad at affective forecasting

immune neglect: The tendency to underestimate our capacity to be resilient in responding to difficult life events, which leads us to overestimate the extent to which life's difficulties will reduce our personal well-being. A psychological immune system: if we constantly dwelled on bad things, it would be disabling thus, we have adapted to 'disregard' negative events. focalism: a tendency to focus too much on central aspect of an event, while neglecting to consider the impact of other aspects of the event or the impact of other event

kin selection hypothesis and helping behavior

inclusive fitness: our kin share our genes, so 'altruism' toward genetically related others benefits our own genes, in life threatening situations people report more willingness to help genetic relatives than non- relatives

informational vs. normative influence

informational: being influenced by certain people because one sees their comments or actions as information on what is correct normative:being influenced by people because one desires their approval and does not want to be excluded or ostracized

which emotional expressions are considered universal in their perception across culture

joy, disgust, anger, surprise, sadness, fear

realistic group conflict theory and prejudice

limited resources between groups and result in increased prejudice

intersexual competition and physical aggression

men are using aggression to show dominance over other males to secure more dating oppurtunities

relationship between gender, sociosexual orientation, and aggression

men with more unrestricted sociosexuality (more promiscuous and competitive maters) engaged in more aggression towards a male partner when primed with mating. women with more restricted sociosexuality (less promiscuous and interested in a long term committed relationship) engaged in more aggression towards a male partner when primed with mating

excitation transfer and which research supports it?

misattribution of arousal, arousal produced by one, Dutton & Aron (1977)

prejudice

negative actions or emotions towards a group of people

does catharsis work to reduce future aggression why or why not?

no it does not work, it increases accessibility of aggressive cognitions/ thoughts, increases arousal, which is associated with a fight/ flight response

parental investment theory in physical aggression

parental care more important to female inclusive fitness- females could not afford the high cost of physical aggression when conflict arises- women prefer to engage in relational aggression more than males

according to social exchange theory, when do we help in emergency situations

perceived benefits must out weigh costs to motivate helping behavior

what is the relationship between serotonin, tester one, and aggression

seretonin : inhibits aggression testosterone: increases aggression

weapons effect

the increase in aggression that can occur because of the mere presence of a gun or other weapon

what is shooter bias? who shows it?

using a simple video game, the effect of ethnicity on shoot/ don't shoot decisions was examined- black targets

what is the relationship between aggression and violent video games

violent behavior increases with the use of violent video games