Social Psychology Ch. 12

arousal: cost-reward model

a theory that helping or not helping is a function of emotional arousal and analysis of the costs and rewards of helping

bystander intervention model

A theory that whether bystanders intervene in an emergency is a function of a five-step decision-making process

reciprocity, responsibility, and justice

3 social norms that serve as guidelines for prosocial behavior deal with:

norm of social justice

a social norm stating that we should help only when we believe tat others deserve our assistance

norm of social responsibility

a social norm stating that we should help when others are in need and are dependent on us

empathy-altruism hypothesis

A theory proposing that experiencing empathy for someone in need produces an altruistic motive for helping

threat-to-self-esteem model

A theory stating that if receiving help contains negative self-messages, recipients are likely to feel threatened and respond negatively

negative state relief model

A theory suggesting that, for those in a bad mood, helping others may be a way to lift their own spirits if the perceived benefits for helping are high and the costs are low

kin selection

A theory that people will exhibit preferences for helping blood relatives because this will increase the odds that their genes will be transmitted to subsequent generation

reciprocal helping

An evolutionary principle stating that people expect that anyone helping another will have that favor returned at some future time; also known as reciprocal altruism

help as a way of escaping our mood

Because helping others often makes us feel good about ourselves, when feeling bad we may

audience inhibition effect

People are inhibited from helping for fear that other bystanders will evaluate them negatively if they intervene and the situation is not an emergency

priming

Research on _________ suggests that merely activating knowledge structures from memory can influence people's social perceptions and behavior

might actually be good for our health.

The fact that helping others fosters stronger feelings of self-efficacy and social worth suggests that helping

1. notice that something unusual is happening 2. decide whether something is wrong and help is needed 3. determining the extent to which you have a responsibility to help 4. the appropriate from of assistance to render 5. implement your course of prosocial action

What are the 5 stages of the bystander intervention model?

men; women

________ usually help more than ________.

egoistic helping

________________ in which the person wants something in return—is based on egoism, because the ultimate goal of the helper is to increase his or her own welfare. .

just-world belief

a belief that the world is a fair and equitable place, where people get what they deserve in life

empathy

a feeling of compassion and tenderness upon viewing a victim's plight

aring for the recipient and (2) provides real benefits (Dakof & Taylor, 1990). It will be threatening to the extent that it (1) implies an inferiority-superiority relationship between recipient and helper and (2) conflicts with important cultural values of self-reliance and independence

aid will be supportive/threatening to the extent that...

personal distress

an unpleasant state of arousal in which people are preoccupied with their own emotions of anxiety, fear, or helplessness upon viewing a victim's plight

empathy-avoidance hypothesis

assumes that we have an implicit knowledge of the empathy-helping relationship, and this knowledge sometimes causes us to actively avoid feeling empathy when we believe the cost of helping will be high.

stimulus overload effect

being preoccupied with other stimulus

(1) social group living, so that individuals have ample opportunity to give and receive help; (2) mutual dependence, in which species survival depends on cooperation; and (3) the lack of rigid dominance hierarchies, so that reciprocal helping will enhance each animal's power.

believes that reciprocal helping is most likely to evolve in a species when certain conditions exist.

egalitarianism

equal treatment of groups and sympathy for the disadvantaged

gene

evolutionary theorists contend that it is not individual survival that is important; rather, it is _____ survival that promotes reproductive fitness

preaching

can have a delayed effect in influencing prosocial behavior

self-evaluation maintenance model

contends that when our friends succeed at a task, we may respond with either pride or jealousy.

good to know I guess

h indicates that individuals high in empathy are not only more willing to put themselves in situations in which the experience of sympathy for another is likely but also are generally more willing to help people in trouble than are those low in empath

resent

help recipients may __________ help-givers if they are not given the opportunity to return the favor in some way

twin studies on empathy

high empathy and high personal distress people appear to have an inherited sensitivity to emotional experiences that causes them to react more strongly to the observed expe- riences of others.

One is for bystanders to intervene indirectly by calling the police, an ambulance, or some other professional helping source Another is for bystanders to redefine the situation in a way that results in them not helping

if the costs of helping and not helping are high, 2 possible courses of action are:

likely intervene

if the costs of helping are low and the costs of not helping are high, bystanders will

prosocial behavior

is voluntary behavior that is carried out to benefit another person

were more likely to stop and assist a second woman who was in a similar situation

motorists who simply saw someone helping a women change a flat tire...

consequences

observing the prosocial actions of others can shape the children's and adults' own helping, the ___________ of their actions will often determine whether they continue to engage in prosocial behavior

individualism

or self-reliance

good mood effect

people are more likely to help on sunny days than on cloudy ones

psychological and physical resilience

people who regularly help others often experience a heightened sense of

willingness to help

playing prosocial video games increases the

familism

refers to a set of norms related to family solidarity and emotional and economic interdependence within an extended family network

defensive attributions

strong believers in a just world tend to make ____________. (blame people for their misfortunes)

1. audience inhibition effect (step 2) 2. diffusion of responsibility (step 3)

the 2 psychological processes that often operate in emergency situations

compassionate conservatism

the belief that conservatism and compassion complement each other, but that the poor and others in need must also accept personal responsibility and strove for self-reliance

true

true or false? social rewards are more effective than material rewards

similar others and deserving others

we are most likely to help

say; do

what models ______ and what they _____both shape the observers' prosocial behaviors.

good to know probs

when we are not clear about how to define a particular situation, we are likely to become dependent on others for a definition of social reality. Thus, when a group of people witnesses a possible emergency, each person bases his or her interpretation of the event partly or exclusively on the reactions of others (infor- mation dependence). The problem with this information seeking in an emergency is that, in our culture, we have learned that it is not socially acceptable to "lose your cool." If we become agitated and excitable during a crisis, we run the risk of being negatively evaluated by others (outcome dependence)

altruistic helping

which the person expects nothing in return, is based on altruism, because the ultimate goal is to increase another's welfare

diffusion of responsibility

—the belief that the pres- ence of other people in a situation makes one less personally responsible for events that occur in that situation