Social Psychology chapter 11
Fundamental attribution theory
tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations.
Stereotype threat
view that an individual can have fast-acting, self-fulfilling fears of being judged on a negative stereotype.
Attribution theory
view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior in order to make sense of that behavior.
Empathy
Ability to understand and share the feelings of others
Aggression
Behavior intended to cause harm or injury to another person
what is one difference between social psychology and sociology?
Compared with sociology, social psychology is more interested in the behaviors of individuals between groups
Obedience
Compliance with the commands or orders of an authority figure
Milgram's Study of Obedience
Controversial study that examined individuals' willingness to obey authority figures, even when it involved harming others
Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment
Controversial study that examined the effects of perceived power and authority on individuals' behavior
Tracie, a young woman in the armed forces, notices that when she is the only woman in a group, she feels nervous and does not perform as well as she can. When there is at least one other woman in the group, she performs very well. Tracie is interested in studying her experiences as a social psychologist would. Which of the following fits best with how a social psychologist would tackle this problem?
Design an experiment in which the gender composition of groups is manipulated and the performance of individuals is measured.
Systemic racism
Discrimination and prejudice embedded within social and institutional systems
Attitudes
Evaluations or opinions about people, objects, or ideas
Stereotype
Generalized belief or idea about a group of people
Relational aggression
Indirect form of aggressive behavior that aims to harm relationships or social status
Egoism
Motivation driven by self-interest or personal gain
To explain and predict behavior, blank psychologists typically look to situational factors
Social
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Social expectations that cause an individual to act in such a way that the expectations are realized.
Muzafer Sherif, Ph.D.
Social psychologist known for his work on group dynamics and the Robbers Cave experiment
Social contagion
Spread of emotions, behaviors, or ideas through a group of people
Microaggressions
Subtle, everyday actions or comments that convey derogatory or negative messages toward marginalized groups
Group think
Tendency for a group to make faulty decisions because of group pressures, leading to a lack of critical thinking and individual accountability
Social loafing
Tendency for people to exert less effort when they are part of a group compared to when they are working alone
Social facilitation
Tendency for people to perform better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when they are being watched by others
Normative social influence
Tendency to conform to the opinions or behaviors of others in order to be accepted or avoid social rejection
Mere exposure effect
Tendency to develop a preference for things or people that are familiar due to repeated exposure
Social cognition
The area of social psychology exploring how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information. way in which individuals think about social situations and other people.
Informational social influence
The influence other people have on us because we want to be correct is referred to as
person perception
The processes by which an individual uses social stimuli to form impressions of others.
Social Psychology
The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.
Bystander effect
The tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to be less likely to help when other people are present than when the observer is alone.
Social exchange theory
Theory that explains how people make decisions about relationships based on the costs and rewards involved
Elaboration likelihood model
Theory that explains how people process persuasive messages and make decisions based on the amount of cognitive effort they are willing to invest
Discrimination
Unfair treatment of individuals or groups based on their membership in a particular social category
Overt aggression
Visible and direct form of aggressive behavior
Cognitive dissonance
What is the term for the psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts?
Deindividuation
_____ occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes a sense of personal responsibility.
Altruism
______ is giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself.
Conformity
a change in behavior brought about by following the standards of others
Prejudice
is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particular group.
The bystander effect means that a person is
less likely to help if there are other people around.
