Social Psychology Chapter 6

In a variation of the Milgram study, the learner was in the same room as the teacher. Under these conditions: A. there was no change in resulting shocks .B. there was a decrease in compliance to shock. C. there was an increase in compliance to shock. D. there were less complaints from the victims

.B. there was a decrease in compliance to shock.

Which of the following verbal prods was used by the experimenter in Milgram's study to encourage the participants to continue? A. "It is absolutely essential that you continue." B. "You will be penalized if you refuse to go on." C. "It is a matter of self-respect that you continue the experiment." D. "You can discontinue if you really want to."

A. "It is absolutely essential that you continue."

As an example of the liberating effects of group influence, _____ of the participants in a variation of Milgram's study conformed to the confederate's behavior when the confederates defied the experimenter. A. 90% B. 45% C. 20% D. 10%

A. 90%

In the context of Milgram's study of compartmentalization of evil, which of the following statements is true about the research findings on the power of social norms? A. The drift toward evil usually comes in small increments, without any conscious intent to do evil. B. In large societies, the most terrible evil evolves from a sequence of large evils. C. Situations and strong beliefs prevent ordinary people from capitulating to cruelty. D. When external influences override inner convictions, attitudes tend to determine behavior.

A. The drift toward evil usually comes in small increments, without any conscious intent to do evil.

A social role is: A. a cluster of norms. B. separate from culture. C. a weak influence on conformity. D. one that curbs any freedom of interpretation

A. a cluster of norms.

Which of the following is NOT a reason we yawn? A. calmness B. tension release C. sleepiness D. seeing others yawn

A. calmness

Rivalry between groups is often most intense when the groups: A. closely resemble each other. B. share a common goal. C. are very different. D. are of different ethnicities

A. closely resemble each other.

David is part of a sales group. On many aspects of the sales strategy, he thinks that his group is making a big mistake, but he decides to give into the pressure and go along with what they decide. In the context of conformity, this change is best described as: A. compliance. B. reactance. C. acceptance. D. independence

A. compliance.

Jason, a free-spirited young man, is traveling to the Bahamas for the first time. He depends on his friends' reviews to decide on the islands to visit during the trip. He makes his hotel bookings based on hotel reviews by a travel website. In this scenario, Jason most likely exemplifies _____. A. informational influence B. psychological reactance C. normative influence D. assertion of uniqueness

A. informational influence

A psychiatrist who interviewed 40 of Milgram's participants a year after their participation concluded that: A. none had been harmed. B. many were suspicious of all authorities. C. a minority of them had lowered self-esteem. D. most regretted having served in Milgram's study

A. none had been harmed.

Bill conforms because he fears that he will be rejected by others in the group if he doesn't. His conformity results from: A. normative influence. B. informational influence. C. obedience. D. collective narcissism

A. normative influence.

Anthony, a 15-year-old boy, cleans up his room every Sunday as per his father's command even though he is not too willing to do so. In this scenario, Anthony exemplifies _____. A. obedience B. cohesiveness C. conformity D. reactance

A. obedience

A type of compliance involving acting in accord with a direct order or command is called: A. obedience. B. cohesiveness. C. progression. D. reactance

A. obedience.

When our behavior is a result of our boss telling us what to do, it is a form of: A. obedience. B. cohesiveness. C. progression. D. reactance

A. obedience.

Milgram's studies explored _____; Asch's studies explored _____. A. obedience; conformity B. conformity; norm formation C. obedience; norm formation D. conformity; obedience

A. obedience; conformity

In experiments, people have been found to conform more when they must _____ than when they must _____. A. respond publicly; write down their responses in private B. commit themselves in writing; announce their responses in public C. think before acting; react spontaneously D. explain their responses; keep silent

A. respond publicly; write down their responses in private

A concern for _____ produces normative influence, while a concern for _____ produces informational influence. A. social image; being correct B. being correct; social image C. being correct; gaining status D. social roles; authority figures

A. social image; being correct

According to conformity research, a group's social power is deflated when: A. someone disagrees with the majority. B. there is absence of any minor in-groups. C. no one differs from the majority. D. there is homogeneity in the group.

A. someone disagrees with the majority.

According to Tanya Chartrand and John Bargh, mimicking someone else's behavior is known as _____. A. the chameleon effect B. the looking-glass self-effect C. the false consensus effect D. the false uniqueness effect

A. the chameleon effect

Chartrand and Bargh (1999) found that participants in an experiment who worked alongside another person who occasionally rubbed her face were unwittingly more likely to rub their face. They called this: A. the chameleon effect. B. mood linkage. C. the false consensus effect. D. automatic processing

A. the chameleon effect.

According to Burger and his colleagues, which of the following features of Milgram's study design mirrors well-documented psychological effects? A. the framing of shock-giving as the social norm for a situation B. the "slippery slope" of large requests that plunge into small ones C. the opportunity to accept responsibility D. the unlimited time available to reflect on a decision

A. the framing of shock-giving as the social norm for a situation

Knowing that someone is trying to coerce you may prompt you to do the opposite of that person's wishes. This response is predicted by: A. the theory of psychological reactance. B. the phenomenon of the looking-glass self C. Milgram's theory of obedience. D. the planning fallacy.

A. the theory of psychological reactance.

When appeals for the unborn, for the hungry, or for animal rights are personalized with a compelling photograph or description, which of the following factors of obedience is most likely influencing a viewer's compassion toward the victim? A. victim's distance B. victim's authority C. victim's gender D. victim's ethnicity

A. victim's distance

Identify the situation in which conformity is the highest. A. when a response is public and made without prior commitment B. when a group has fewer than three people C. when people are required to give their opinions privately D. when a group lacks cohesiveness

A. when a response is public and made without prior commitment

In conformity research, Stephens (2007) found _____ people tend to prefer being similar to others, while _____ people strongly prefer to see themselves as unique. A. working-class; middle-class B. middle-class; working-class C. upper-class; lower-class D. lower-class; upper-class

A. working-class; middle-class

Which of the following studies tested the consequences of the demands of authority clashing with the demands of conscience? A. Sherif's study of norm formation. B. Milgram's obedience studies. C. Asch's studies of group pressure. D. Watson's study of emotions

B. Milgram's obedience studies.

In the context of Asch's experiment conducted in the 1950s, which of the following is true of the conformity among people in different countries or cultures? A. Individuals in more recently settled frontier states were more willing to conform than nonfrontier states. B. People in collectivistic countries were more willing to conform than those in individualistic countries. C. Many individuals in the more individualistic cultures were willing to conform to the group judgment in experiments. D. Individualistic cultures and maleness encouraged fitting in with a group.

B. People in collectivistic countries were more willing to conform than those in individualistic countries.

Which of the following is true of Asch's conformity procedure? A. Torn between the desire to avoid doing harm and the desire to be a good participant, a surprising number of people chose to disobey the orders. B. When external influences overrode inner convictions, attitudes failed to determine behavior. C. When responding alone, Asch's participants nearly always gave the wrong answer. D. In the obedience experiments, the remote victim's pleas overcame a powerful social pressure (the experimenter's commands)

B. When external influences overrode inner convictions, attitudes failed to determine behavior.

In Western individualistic societies, the word "conformity" carries: A. a positive connotation. B. a negative connotation. C. a neutral connotation. D. both positive and negative connotations.

B. a negative connotation.

After hearing a great deal about the benefits of soy products from your friends, you decide to drink soy milk instead of cow's milk. Your behavior is an example of: A. obedience. B. acceptance. C. progression. D. commonality

B. acceptance.

After hearing so much about the dangers of smoking cigarettes from the media and seeing numbers of people who quit the habit, Jacob finally realizes that smoking is dangerous, and, therefore, he quits. His behavior is an example of: A. obedience. B. acceptance. C. reactance. D. compliance

B. acceptance.

Conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure is called: A. obedience. B. acceptance. C. reactance. D. compliance.

B. acceptance.

Olivia, a young woman, dyes her hair blue-green to stand out from the rest of the crowd. In this scenario, Olivia is most likely trying to _____. A. become cohesive B. assert uniqueness C. become unanimous D. form norms

B. assert uniqueness

The extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction to one another, is called: A. group polarization. B. cohesiveness. C. compliance. D. altruism.

B. cohesiveness.

When Milgram's experimental series was reenacted in Bridgeport, Connecticut, far from the prestige and authority of Yale University, the proportion of participants who fully complied with orders to shock the learner _____ compared to the Yale rate. A. remained unchanged B. decreased C. doubled D. increased moderately

B. decreased

Mullen and her colleagues (1990) found that the average baseline jaywalking rate _____ in the presence of a non-jaywalking confederate. A. increases B. decreases C. stays the same D. increases, then gradually decreases

B. decreases

Noah, a middle-aged man, makes a passive comment on social media about his colleague. He would not make such a comment in a face-to-face conversation with the colleague. According to Milgram's study, Noah most likely made the comment about his colleague because of _____. A. the false uniqueness effect B. depersonalization of the colleague C. his closeness and legitimacy with the colleague D. the chameleon effect

B. depersonalization of the colleague

The names we choose for our children often express our: A. spotlight effect. B. desire for uniqueness. C. planning fallacy. D. reaction formation

B. desire for uniqueness.

In Milgram's research, when the experimenter gave the commands by telephone instead of in person, obedience: A. dropped to zero. B. dropped to 21%. C. dropped to 50%. D. increased to 73%

B. dropped to 21%.

In the context of asserting uniqueness, a lone Black female lawyer in a group of Black and White male lawyers will be most conscious of being: A. Black. B. female. C. a lawyer. D. a part of the group

B. female.

Ryan, a 24-year-old man, tries to end his life after his favorite celebrity committed suicide. In an investigation, police found that about 20 people, like Ryan, have tried to commit suicide within a week of the celebrity's death. This scenario most likely exemplifies a phenomenon called _____. A. group pressure B. mass hysteria C. psychological reactance D. norm formation

B. mass hysteria

Overall, it is revealed that people feel better when they see themselves as: A. extremely unique B. moderately unique. C. similar to others. D. collectivistic

B. moderately unique.

Compared to people in individualistic countries, those in collectivist countries are: A. more likely to express psychological reactance. B. more likely to be conforming. C. more susceptible to the fundamental attribution error. D. more likely to be independent

B. more likely to be conforming.

In the context of conformity, Asch's experiments lacked _____ but did possess _____. A. experimental realism; mundane realism B. mundane realism; experimental realism C. validity; reliability D. reliability; validity

B. mundane realism; experimental realism

Davis, an immigrant, has been living in the United States for five years. Although he does not particularly like coffee, he regularly drinks Starbucks coffee before he starts his work because his colleagues drink it regularly. Identify the reason for Davis's behavior in this scenario. A. informational influence B. normative influence C. assertion of uniqueness D. psychological reactance

B. normative influence

Thomas and Maya have been married for eight years. Lately, Thomas has developed a drinking habit, and Maya tries to dissuade him from this habit. However, he drinks more than usual when Maya rebukes him. Thomas most likely exemplifies _____ in this scenario. A. impact bias B. psychological reactance C. the chameleon effect D. the autokinetic effect

B. psychological reactance

In the context of resisting social pressure, the high rate of underage drinking may be related to: A. the planning fallacy. B. psychological reactance. C. collective narcissism. D. informational influences.

B. psychological reactance.

Justin, an affluent entrepreneur, is a member of a group that fights whaling in the Antarctic seas. He pledges an amount of 1 million dollars toward this purpose in one of their group meetings. According to conformity studies, Justin is most likely to donate the pledged amount because of his _____. A. status B. public response C. prior commitment D. cohesion

B. public response

When Native American Regina returned to the United States after two years in Madagascar, she felt uncomfortable and out of place. She was most likely experiencing: A. normative social influence. B. reentry distress. C. psychological reactance. D. major depression.

B. reentry distress.

Carter, a 20-year-old American, goes to Japan to study Buddhism. He takes time to conform to Japanese culture and to act appropriately. He changes his individualistic attitude to conform to the collectivistic culture in Japan. Which of the following is most likely exhibited in this scenario? A. psychological reactance B. social role C. the chameleon effect D. the boomerang effect

B. social role

Mullen and her colleagues (1990) found that the average baseline jaywalking rate decreases in the presence of a non-jaywalking confederate, especially if the non-jaywalker is well dressed. This is an example of the power of _____ on conformity. A. unanimity B. status C. cohesiveness D. comorbidity

B. status

In the context of the Milgram studies, which of the following is one of the factors that determined obedience? A. the victim's similarity to the teacher B. the victim's emotional distance C. the victim's closeness and legitimacy D. the liberating effects of an obedient fellow victim

B. the victim's emotional distance

In a variation of the Milgram study, teachers were required to force the learner's hand into contact with a shock plate. Under these conditions: A. there was no change in resulting shocks. B. there was a decrease in compliance to shock. C. there was an increase in compliance to shock. D. there were less complaints from the victims

B. there was a decrease in compliance to shock.

When Milgram asked 110 psychiatrists, college students, and middle-class adults to predict the results of his experiment, the respondents said that they thought _____. A. they themselves would never begin to administer the shocks B. they themselves would disobey by about 135 volts C. other people would disobey by about 210 volts D. other people would go all the way to 450 volts

B. they themselves would disobey by about 135 volts

In the context of group size and conformity, Asch and other researchers found that there is more conformity with: A. one to two people than three to five. B. three to five people than one to two. C. more than five people than three to five. D. 15 or more people (which really increases the conformity)

B. three to five people than one to two.

In the context of social roles, which of the following statements is true of roles and conformity? A. Social roles and the process of influencing behavior across cultures remain consistent. B. It takes a few social norms to define a role. C. Role reversal is a form of temporary conformity. D. Roles don't have any effect on conformity

C. Role reversal is a form of temporary conformity.

Which of the following statements is true of conformity and obedience? A. They are primarily collectivistic phenomena. B. They are primarily individualistic phenomena. C. They are universal phenomena that vary by culture. D. They are universal phenomena that are uninfluenced by culture

C. They are universal phenomena that vary by culture.

A person who both genuinely acts and believes in what the group has influenced him or her to do is most likely demonstrating: A. regression. B. compliance. C. acceptance. D. progression.

C. acceptance.

When Milgram conducted the obedience study with 40 men, he found that: A. very few people are willing to obey another person if it will lead to harm. B. only authoritarian persons are willing to obey. C. approximately 65% of his subjects were highly obedient. D. most people who obeyed did so happily.

C. approximately 65% of his subjects were highly obedient.

Group members who feel attracted to the group are more responsive to its influence. This fact illustrates the impact of _____ on conformity. A. belongingness B. status C. cohesiveness D. comorbidity

C. cohesiveness

During the 1970s, the military junta in power in Greece initially selected candidates for officers based on their submission to authority. The candidates were first asked to guard prisoners, then to observe torture, and then to eventually practice torture. This process demonstrates how _____ can breed _____. A. obedience; conformity B. conformity; obedience C. compliance; acceptance D. acceptance; compliance

C. compliance; acceptance

A change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure is called: A. conciliation. B. commonality. C. conformity. D. deindividuation

C. conformity.

When William McGuire and his Yale University colleagues invited children to "tell us about yourself," they found that the children were most likely to mention their: A. likes and dislikes. B. nationality. C. distinctive attributes. D. personal characteristics

C. distinctive attributes.

Conformity experiments teach the practical lesson that it is easier for a person to stand up for something if he or she: A. has least power in the decision-making process. B. is the only person standing up for it. C. finds someone else to stand up with him or her. D. belongs to a minority group

C. finds someone else to stand up with him or her

According to various studies on the effect of personality on conformity, who among the following is more likely to conform than the others? A. individuals with a strong belief in their own free will B. individuals who are high in openness to experience C. individuals who follow the rules D. individuals who leap into experiences seeking stimulation

C. individuals who follow the rules

In his classic study of _____, Sherif had participants in groups call out estimates of the distance that a small point of light appeared to move in a dark room. A. obedience B. group cohesiveness C. norm formation D. psychological reactance

C. norm formation

Williams, a 60-year-old man, decides to be a vegetarian henceforth and thus contribute his part in reducing carbon footprint. He believes this would reduce global warming. In this scenario, Williams most likely exemplifies _____. A. informational influence B. psychological reactance C. normative influence D. assertion of uniqueness

C. normative influence

Although he had made a promise to himself to not smoke, Tom gave into peer pressure at a party and smoked because he did not want to be rejected by the others. Tom's conformity is a result of: A. impact bias. B. collective narcissism. C. normative influence. D. informational influence

C. normative influence.

Conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain their acceptance, is called: A. social ostracism. B. false consensus. C. normative influence. D. informational influence.

C. normative influence.

Conformity is greater when people respond publicly before a group. This pattern reflects: A. impact bias. B. collective narcissism. C. normative influence. D. informational influence

C. normative influence.

When we go along with the crowd to avoid rejection, or to gain their approval, we are conforming because of: A. false consensus. B. impact bias. C. normative influence. D. informational influence.

C. normative influence.

Lillian is an adolescent girl, and her mother insists that Lillian bathe twice a day and maintain personal hygiene. Lillian does not listen to her mother. Lillian most likely exhibits _____ in this scenario. A. norm formation B. the autokinetic effect C. psychological reactance D. the chameleon effect

C. psychological reactance

Laura generally likes to go home to visit her family during vacation. However, after her father strictly tells her that she must be home during spring vacation, Laura decides to remain at college. Laura's behavior is best understood in terms of: A. cognitive dissonance. B. regression. C. psychological reactance. D. self-serving bias

C. psychological reactance.

Asch's conformity experiments showed that most people: A. go along with others' decisions. B. conform even when wrong. C. tell the truth even when others do not. D. become confused when confronted

C. tell the truth even when others do not.

When participants in Milgram's experiments wanted to quit, they were given: A. shocks to keep them going. B. money as an incentive to keep going. C. up to four verbal prods to keep them going. D. a reward for being one of the few to disobey

C. up to four verbal prods to keep them going.

When Milgram conducted his first series of experiments with a sample of 20- to 50-year-old men, he found that over 60 percent of them: A. refused to deliver shocks beyond 150 volts. B. refused to deliver shocks past the 300-volt level. C. went all the way to 450 volts. D. asked to be released from the experiment by 135 volts

C. went all the way to 450 volts.

Normative influence leads to compliance, especially for those: A. who find themselves in ambiguous situations. B. who are comfortable in their roles. C. who are seeking to climb a status ladder. D. who are in positions of authority

C. who are seeking to climb a status ladder.

Which of the following is explained by the theory of psychological reactance? A. why people with the highest risk of smoking are often the most likely to respond to programs designed to protect them B. why people feel motivated to work out more when exercise becomes a "must" or "should" activity C. why teens eat less fruit when they are told that others believe eating fruit is healthy D. why reaching young adults with anti-drinking messages or smokers with anti-smoking messages always works

C. why teens eat less fruit when they are told that others believe eating fruit is healthy

In one variation of his original experiment, Milgram arranged for a second confederate (posing as a fellow participant) to assume command in the experimenter's absence. As a result of this manipulation: A. most teachers agreed to comply with the orders of their fellow group member. B. the teachers competed with him and with each other for the role of leader. C. participants became more positive about their roles in this cohesive group and some even became enthusiastic. D. 80% of the teachers refused to comply fully

D. 80% of the teachers refused to comply fully

Identify the true statement about the relationship between personality and conformity. A. People higher in agreeableness and conscientiousness are less likely to conform. B. Individuals who favor disagreements over smooth social experiences are more likely to conform. C. People high in openness to experience, a personality trait connected to creativity and socially progressive thinking, are more likely to conform. D. Novelty seekers, who leap into experiences seeking simulation, are less likely to conform

D. Novelty seekers, who leap into experiences seeking simulation, are less likely to conform

According to Asch's research on conformity, which of the following is true of the group size that predicts conformity? A. Researchers found that one to two people will elicit much more conformity than three or five people. B. Increasing the number of people beyond six yields increasing returns. C. Conformity is lowest when the group has three or more people and is unanimous, cohesive, and low in status. D. The agreement of independent small groups makes a position more credible than large groups

D. The agreement of independent small groups makes a position more credible than large groups

A year after his original study, Sherif's participants were retested alone and gave answers that supported the original group's norm. This suggests that the process involved: A. progression. B. compliance. C. obedience. D. acceptance

D. acceptance

In a study by Hofling and his colleagues (1966), 22 hospital nurses were telephoned by an unknown physician and ordered to administer an obvious drug overdose. Results showed that: A. most would not act on the order unless the caller named a familiar physician as a reference. B. most nurses refused to comply unless given the order in writing. C. less experienced nurses complied but more experienced ones challenged the order. D. all but one proceeded to comply without delay.

D. all but one proceeded to comply without delay.

In the context of personality, who among the following is most likely to conform? A. an individual who favors disagreements over smooth social experiences B. an individual who favors modern beliefs over traditional beliefs C. an individual who repeatedly violates traffic rules D. an individual who doubts the existence of free will

D. an individual who doubts the existence of free will

Sophia, a 33-year-old married woman, gives birth to a baby boy and wants to find a rare name for her child. She searches the Internet rigorously and finally decides on a Hebrew name. In this scenario, Sophia takes the extra effort to _____. A. be cohesive B. establish psychological reactance C. be unanimous D. assert uniqueness

D. assert uniqueness

In a study by Snyder (1980), students who were told that their personal attitudes were nearly identical to those of 10,000 other students _____ when they participated in a conformity experiment. A. were judged most attractive by their fellow participants B. were more willing to obey the experimenter's request to make a public commitment to a popular cause C. took on additional attitudes as well as the mannerisms of the majority D. asserted their individuality by being nonconformist

D. asserted their individuality by being nonconformist

Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing is called: A. obedience. B. acceptance. C. cohesiveness. D. compliance

D. compliance

Ella, a teenager, follows her school's dress code even though she believes that the dress code is unnecessary—she feels that following the dress code is better than getting punished. In this scenario, Ella's act exemplifies _____. A. mass hysteria B. acceptance C. norm formation D. compliance

D. compliance

Conformity is greater when people feel incompetent. This pattern reflects: A. immune neglect. B. collective narcissism. C. normative influence. D. informational influence

D. informational influence

Conformity that occurs when people accept evidence about reality that is provided by other people is called: A. social ostracism. B. false consensus. C. normative influence. D. informational influence

D. informational influence

Suggestibility to problems that spreads throughout a large group of people is known as: A. collective narcissism. B. social influence. C. groupthink. D. mass hysteria

D. mass hysteria

Sherif is to the study of _____ as Asch is to the study of _____. A. conformity; compliance B. compliance; conformity C. group pressure; norm formation D. norm formation; group pressure

D. norm formation; group pressure

The results of both the Sherif and Asch studies are startling because their studies did not employ any: A. judgments about ambiguous stimuli. B. groups larger than four persons. C. experimental realism. D. obvious pressure to conform.

D. obvious pressure to conform.

Sherif's study of individuals watching a pinpoint of light indicated that: A. Americans conform less than do persons born in other countries. B. social influence is strongest among friends rather than strangers. C. group behavior can be predicted from individual behavior. D. people conform when they face ambiguous situations

D. people conform when they face ambiguous situations

Meghan, a versatile singer, is a judge on a reality show. She scores a contestant lower than the other judges in the panel do. She does not revise her scores despite requests from the management of the show. According to Asch's study on conformity, Meghan most likely sticks to her judgment because of her _____. A. psychological reactance B. cohesion C. status D. prior commitment

D. prior commitment

High school students Aisha and Jared have been dating each other casually. When Aisha's parents tell her to stop seeing Jared and ask her to go out with "nicer boys," Aisha announces that she and Jared are actually "in love" and have decided to go steady. Aisha's behavior most likely illustrates the effects of: A. impact bias. B. the fundamental attribution error. C. collective narcissism. D. psychological reactance.

D. psychological reactance.

In the context of resisting social pressure, the motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom is known as: A. acceptance. B. disobedience. C. compliance. D. reactance

D. reactance

Danielle, a young woman, goes to China for three years as part of a work assignment. She conforms to the behaviors and values in China and learns to talk and act appropriately according to their culture. When she comes back to her native country after completing her assignment, she finds it difficult to adjust to the prevailing social roles. Identify the phenomenon exemplified in this scenario. A. psychological reactance B. the boomerang effect C. the autokinetic effect D. reentry distress

D. reentry distress

A classmate across the room yawns and then several other students yawn. This is an example of: A. informational influence. B. the false consensus effect. C. group cohesion. D. the chameleon effect.

D. the chameleon effect.

According to Morton Deutsch and Harold Gerard (1955), which of the following instances of greater conformity reflects informational influence? A. when people respond publicly before a group B. when the assigned task is easy C. when group members are bilingual D. when people care about being right

D. when people care about being right