Social Psychology Exam 2

People who are convicted of violence and theft-related crimes view themselves as being higher than the average community member in terms of morality, kindness, generosity, trustworthiness, and honesty. What is the cause of this? a) Above average effect b) Downward social comparison c) Upward social comparison d) Below average effect

a) Above average effect

Steven sees an emergency and then his empathy is aroused; he then provides help simply because the victim needed help and it felt good to provide help. This example illustrates the ________. a) selective altruism model b) empathy-altruism hypothesis c) empathic joy hypothesis d) negative state relief hypothesis

b) empathy-altruism hypothesis

The belief that we can achieve a particular goal through our own actions is known as ________. a) self-esteem b) self-efficacy c) hubris d) self-concept

b) self-efficacy

At school, Carl falls down the stairs and badly sprains his ankle. When will Carl most likely receive help? a) Between class periods when the halls are filled with students rushing to class. b) After the last class period of the day as students are getting ready to go home. c) During lunch hour when only a few students are in the hallway. d) Before school starts when only one other student is in the hallway.

d) Before school starts when only one other student is in the hallway.

Who mostly benefits from crowdfunding? a) Entrepreneurs only b) Fund-collecting sites c) Consumers and donors d) Entrepreneurs and communities

d) Entrepreneurs and communities

Having been given acting lessons to either 1) try to feel as if you are 14 years old at dinner with family, or 2) put on a performance so you will seem to others as if you're 14 years old at dinner with family, participants in acting condition ________ were more likely to see themselves as having ________. a) 2; more consistent traits b) 1; more consistent traits c) 2; few consistent traits d) 1; greater emotional range

a) 2; more consistent traits

Marion hopes to come to a deeper sense of self-understanding. Which of the following, according to research, should Marion do to gain self-insight? a) She should try to view herself as others do. b) She should read the most up-to-date self-help books. c) She should analyze the reasons for actions she has taken. d) She should take a class on introspection techniques.

a) She should try to view herself as others do.

What is the most common method used to measure personal self-esteem as an overall assessment of self-evaluation? a) The Rosenberg Scale b) The Implicit Associations Test c) The Positive Self-Talk Method d) The Norman Vincent Peale Assessment

a) The Rosenberg Scale

SooHee wants to open her own bakery. She will need at least $50,000 dollars for equipment and a year's worth of rent for a retail space on Main Street in her town. Instead of getting a loan through her bank, SooHee creates a website that asks people she knows, along with strangers, to contribute to her dream of opening a bakery. Each $5 donation can be redeemed for a muffin once the bakery opens. What process is SooHee taking advantage of? a) The diffusion of responsibility b) Social exclusion c) Social media d) Crowdfunding

d) Crowdfunding

Kim is an American but spent much of her childhood in Japan. She is fluent in both English and Japanese. We might reasonably expect her response to the question "Who am I?" to differ depending on the language (Japanese or English) of the question because ________. a) Japan has become increasingly Westernized over the past 50 years b) her experiences may have led to identity confusion c) the English language places a strong emphasis on individual self-identification d) a particular language might activate different self-concepts for bilingual people

d) a particular language might activate different self-concepts for bilingual people

Ingratiation involves __________, whereas self-deprecation involves __________. a) emphasizing one's credentials; praising another person or using flattering language b) lowering an audience's expectations of one's abilities; emphasizing one's credentials c) leading others to agree with one's views; lowering an audience's expectations of one's abilities d) praising another person or using flattering language; lowering an audience's expectations of one's abilities

d) praising another person or using flattering language; lowering an audience's expectations of one's abilities

Jason is the owner of a furniture store in a small Southern town. He donated several hundred mattresses to the Red Cross immediately after hearing about the devastation caused in a neighboring state by a hurricane. He was motivated to do so by his desire to help others, by thoughts of the income tax deduction he could take, and by the recognition his store would receive from his act of charity. This is an example of ________. a) altruism b) self-interest c) egoism d) prosocial behavior

d) prosocial behavior

Which of the following types of aggression could be considered prosocial behavior? a) A parent requires a child to study for many hours and not go to a party the night before a test. b) A husband strikes his wife for burning the food she made for dinner. c) A man breaks into the house of a former convict and steals his television. d) A parent screams at a child for spilling food on the floor.

a) A parent requires a child to study for many hours and not go to a party the night before a test.

Which of the following explains why a positive mood can decrease the probability of responding in prosocial ways? a) Being in a good mood can lead us to interpret emergency situations as not really serious. b) Being in a good mood can lead us to not notice that there is a situation in which someone needs help. c) Being in a good mood can cause us to only think about ourselves and our subjective well-being. d) Being in a good mood can cause us to keep as much positivity for ourselves as we can.

a) Being in a good mood can lead us to interpret emergency situations as not really serious.

Which of the following is an example of an intragroup comparison? a) Dan, a firefighter, compares himself to Bill, his colleague. b) Janine, a liberal, compares herself to Colleen, a conservative. c) Ursula, a college student, compares herself to Diana, a high school student. d) JiYoo, a Korean, compares herself to Amanda, an American.

a) Dan, a firefighter, compares himself to Bill, his colleague.

Emily is out for a leisurely drive and has just witnessed the car in front of her on the highway slow to a stop and pull off to the side of the road. The driver got out of the vehicle and lifted the hood. She is very adept at fixing cars and there are not too many other cars on the road. After considering helping for a bit, Emily continues to drive past the stranded motorist. Why? a) Emily is concerned the driver might be setting up a trap or trick. b) Emily is not sure she will be able to help. c) Emily thinks there probably isn't really anything wrong. d) Emily thinks that someone else will come along to help soon.

a) Emily is concerned the driver might be setting up a trap or trick.

Janelle wants to begin hosting her own podcast focused on community events. She will need some money to purchase recording equipment and create a small studio in her house. She is thinking of reaching out to other community members to ask for their financial support. Which of the following websites should Janelle use? a) Kickstarter b) Facebook c) Twitter d) Craigslist

a) Kickstarter

Danya is in a really bad mood after receiving a low score on an exam. She mopes, complains, and is curt with her friends. Later in the day, Danya goes to volunteer at a local homeless shelter. Why would she do this? a) She knows that helping others will make her feel better. b) She feels the need to atone for her bad mood. c) She wants to be around others in a bad mood. d) She needs to take her mind off of her hardships.

a) She knows that helping others will make her feel better.

In the United States, gender differences in self-esteem are most pronounced among ________. a) White lower class people b) White upper class people c) non-White middle class people d) non-White lower class people

a) White lower class people

Which of the following describes how self-esteem and gender relate to occupational discrimination? a) Women who work in occupations with frequent discrimination have lower self-esteem than women who work in occupations with less frequent discrimination. b) Women who work in occupations with frequent discrimination have higher self-esteem than women who work in occupations with less frequent discrimination. c) Men who work in occupations with frequent discrimination have lower self-esteem than women who work in occupations with frequent discrimination. d) Men who work in occupations with frequent discrimination have higher self-esteem than men who work in occupations with less frequent discrimination.

a) Women who work in occupations with frequent discrimination have lower self-esteem than women who work in occupations with less frequent discrimination.

Jenny, a 5-year-old child, may be MOST likely to exhibit helping behavior after playing ________ video game. a) a prosocial b) a violent c) a logical d) any

a) a prosocial

Thomas has concluded that, on average, he is academically superior to the peers around him. As a result of this comparison, over the next 6 months, his self-esteem will ________. a) be reliably higher b) be increasingly lower c) remain high unless his view is challenged by contrary evidence d) be high unless friends distance themselves from him

a) be reliably higher

Donna knows that the upper management at her office values workers who go above and beyond their roles. After thinking about the best way to do this, Donna decides to take a stronger mentoring approach to new hires, providing them with as much assistance as possible. She also sets up a monthly soup kitchen that is sponsored by the company and will feed some of the city's homeless. Donna's actions can be explained by the ________. a) competitive altruism approach b) negative-state relief model c) empathic joy hypothesis d) empathic accuracy model

a) competitive altruism approach

Research on self-control has demonstrated that engaging in self-regulation ________. a) depletes our energy and provides us with limited ability to maintain self-control at a later time. b) is like a muscle in that the more we practice self-control, the easier it becomes to self-regulate. c) increases our ability to accomplish future goals that require self-regulation. d) allows us to conserve energy for use on more important tasks.

a) depletes our energy and provides us with limited ability to maintain self-control at a later time.

Betty and Vera are best friends who are both being treated for depression. Betty has come to believe that Vera's case of depression is much worse than her own case. Consequently, Betty is making a(n) ________ comparison that will likely ________ her self-esteem, and cause her to feel ________. a) downward; increase; closer to Vera b) upward; decrease; somewhat distant from Vera c) downward; decrease; closer to her other friends d) upward; increase; just about the same toward Vera

a) downward; increase; closer to Vera

Emily, who is always slightly depressed, helps a little boy find his mom at the mall. Emily is surprised to find her mood has improved. This is likely because ________. a) helping a person often relieves a negative mood b) helping a person can lead to a reward c) empathy led Emily to help the child d) the child was able to articulate how much he was helped

a) helping a person often relieves a negative mood

Individuals who have high self-esteem and could be described as showing instability may exhibit ________. a) hostility and defensive responses when their self-esteem is threatened b) the most humility when someone challenges their self-esteem c) major depression when their self-esteem is threatened d) passive responses, as though they are above it all

a) hostility and defensive responses when their self-esteem is threatened

Marian, who is wearing a distinctive and pleasant perfume, has dropped all of the contents of her purse and is in need of assistance. The fact that she is wearing perfume should ________. a) increase her likelihood of receiving help b) decrease her likelihood of receiving help from other women only c) increase her likelihood of receiving help from men only d) decrease her likelihood of receiving help

a) increase her likelihood of receiving help

Gillian and Evelyn go out to dinner and, for no reason, Evelyn decides to pay the full bill rather than split the bill. Gillian is likely to feel a) indebted and make future plans to repay this kindness. b) excited because she received a free meal. c) relieved because she thought that Evelyn might not like her very much. d) empathic because she knows that Evelyn is having money trouble.

a) indebted and make future plans to repay this kindness.

Upon meeting his biology professor for the first time, James says that he has read all of the professor's books, that they were some of the best books he's ever read, and that they were a catalyst for his choosing to study biology. James is employing the tactic of ________. a) ingratiation b) self-deprecation c) self-promotion d) deception

a) ingratiation

Chris describes himself as liberal when thinking of himself as an American, but conservative when compared to other college students. These are ________ comparisons. a) intragroup b) intergroup c) shifting standards d) individualistic

a) intragroup

Thomas has always felt out of place in his family. He begins to wonder why he is the way he is. To better understand himself, he purchases a self-help book at his local bookstore. This book claims that Thomas will reach a deeper level of self-understanding if he spends time examining and analyzing his own past experiences and how those relate to his mental and emotional states. The book Thomas bought is advocating ________. a) introspection b) ingratiation c) self-deprecation d) self-promotion

a) introspection

Juan is one of three Brazilian students currently attending a college in Indiana. His roommate, Eric, is one of several thousand Hoosiers attending the same college. As a result, Juan is ________ to be aware of his racial status than Eric is of his at any given time. a) more likely b) more likely when women are present and less likely when men are present c) less likely d) more likely when men are present and less likely when women are present

a) more likely

When thinking about a bad or happy event and predicting our future level of happiness, we tend to ________. a) neglect all the other factors that will contribute to our future state of mind over time b) assume the bad or happy event will change us in some meaningful way c) assume others will view us differently as the result of some bad or happy event d) underplay the fact that a bad or happy event will likely change us in meaningful ways

a) neglect all the other factors that will contribute to our future state of mind over time

Bradford, a gay man, recently applied for a job as a fifth-grade teacher. Shortly before his second interview with school administrators, which was to include some interaction time with current students, Bradford completed an online survey that included questions about his sexual orientation. It was explained that the survey was completely unrelated to the school system, and that the orientation items were being asked by a gay rights organization. Bradford did not think that he was particularly nervous or anxious during his interactions with the students. Recent research (Bosson, Haymovitz, and Pinel, 2004) suggests that ________. a) nonverbal measures of anxiety may have been higher than otherwise because the online survey may have made Bradford's homosexuality more salient b) verbal self-report measures of anxiety may have been lower than otherwise because the online survey may have made Bradford less self-conscious of his sexual orientation c) verbal self-report measures of anxiety may have been higher than otherwise because the online survey may have made Bradford more self-conscious of his sexual orientation d) nonverbal measures of anxiety may have been lower than otherwise because the online survey may have made Bradford's sexual orientation less important

a) nonverbal measures of anxiety may have been higher than otherwise because the online survey may have made Bradford's homosexuality more salient

Thom is a junior in college who is studying creative writing. He often daydreams about what he will be like when he is in his 30s. He usually imagines himself siting at a writing desk in the attic of a house surrounded by a dense forest and a lake. On the desk is his Nobel Prize for Literature award, and downstairs are his wife and two children. Thom has constructed a(n) ________. a) role model b) autobiographical memory c) self-construal d) possible self

a) role model

Whenever Mike enters his family's den where the sports trophies that he has won are on the mantle, his self-esteem is temporarily boosted. This is best described as caused by the fact that ________. a) self-esteem is responsive to life events b) self-esteem is the result of family members' opinions c) athletic skill is highly prized by males d) people generally feel better about themselves in their own homes

a) self-esteem is responsive to life events

In meeting a new roommate, David stresses his studious qualities, an aspect of himself he wishes others to agree with, while being willing to underplay other potentially important aspects of himself. David is practicing a(n) ________ approach in presenting himself to others. a) self-verification b) ingratiation c) self-enhancement d) self-denial

a) self-verification

Zoë, an attractive blond, is concerned that she might say something foolish in her college algebra class, thereby confirming the stereotype of the "dumb blond." As a result, Zoë rarely volunteers to solve problems on the board during class. This behavior can best be explained by ________. a) stereotype threat b) performance deficit c) hindsight bias d) stereotype anxiety

a) stereotype threat

Karen knows that her neighbors often struggle to make ends meet. She sometimes offers to babysit for free because she can easily afford to do so and feels good that she can help in this small way. This example most clearly illustrates ________. a) the empathic joy hypothesis b) the negative state relief model c) the empathy-altruism model d) defensive helping

a) the empathic joy hypothesis

Suppose that we might expect to experience prejudice or disapproval for some aspect of ourselves. We may downplay or subvert that aspect to the extent that ________. a) we can hide it and we are willing to hide it b) we are willing to assert its importance to our identity c) acceptance from close others makes it unnecessary to hide it d) others around us adopt that aspect for themselves over time

a) we can hide it and we are willing to hide it

Katherine and Amy are members of the same sorority at college and are members of the school's swim team. They have been trying to master a difficult dive from the high board at the college's swimming pool. Amy is showing faster improvement in the dive than Katherine is. If they compare their performance as individuals, the self-evaluation maintenance model suggests that ________. a) Amy should like Katherine more b) Katherine should dislike Amy more c) Katherine should like Amy more d) Amy should dislike Katherine more

b) Katherine should dislike Amy more

Which inherent neurological system allows most people to experience what others are experiencing automatically? a) The empathetic cortex b) Mirror neurons c) Empathy neurons d) The perceptive module

b) Mirror neurons

Due to the fact that we can define ourselves differently at any time, we have many selves. Can we say that one of these selves is the "true" self? Why or why not? a) Yes, because one self will be much closer to our true identity than the others. b) No, because all selves can be accurate, depending on the context and comparative dimension. c) Yes, because we always will have a true self even if we don't recognize it. d) No, because how we define ourselves is often inaccurate and exaggerated.

b) No, because all selves can be accurate, depending on the context and comparative dimension.

If people help in order to receive praise from others, then what would be expected under cover of darkness? a) People would be equally likely to help others. b) People would be less likely to help others. c) People would not be able to feel empathy. d) People would be more likely to help others without fear of embarrassment.

b) People would be less likely to help others.

Which of the following is true regarding the correlation between altruism and one's subjective well-being? a) The correlation can be expressed as a negative relationship. b) The correlation can be expressed as a functional relationship. c) The correlation can be expressed as an inconsistent relationship. d) The correlation can be expressed as an accessible relationship.

b) The correlation can be expressed as a functional relationship.

Which of the following is a reason why introspection can be misleading? a) We often don't remember situations as they really happened. b) We don't always know or have conscious access to the reasons for our actions. c) We aren't able to generate logical theories of why we acted in particular ways. d) We rarely remember how we felt during situations prior to the present.

b) We don't always know or have conscious access to the reasons for our actions.

One day you are out biking on a relatively deserted trail. You see a fellow cyclist on the side of the trail with the bike's wheels in the air. When will you be most likely to help? a) When you know nothing about bikes but can offer moral support b) When you know a great deal about bikes and work at a bicycle repair shop c) When the cyclist seems to know more about bikes than you do d) When you have just finished your trail ride

b) When you know a great deal about bikes and work at a bicycle repair shop

When Matt was married to Kim, he sometimes wondered what it would feel like to get divorced. When, 10 years later, he actually did get divorced, he found out that what he thought he would feel was completely wrong. Matt's post-divorce feelings didn't match his ________. a) false conclusion b) affective forecasting c) self-verification d) intergroup comparison

b) affective forecasting

While walking down Madison Avenue, Thomas smelled smoke. Soon, Thomas saw flames leaping out of a third story apartment window. In a flash, Thomas saw another man run into the burning building and emerge, only a minute later, with a young girl in his arms. Witnessing this made Thomas feel hopeful about humans and our ability to help each other. Thomas felt ________. a) altruism b) elation c) empathy d) sympathy

b) elation

If one reflects on achievements, self-esteem ________. If one reflects on failures, self-esteem ________. a) decreases; decreases b) increases; decreases c) increases; increases d) decreases; increases

b) increases; decreases

Allen is running late for his social psychology class. He is hurrying across campus and is thinking about the instructor's reaction to his tardiness on an exam day. He passed by a small group of students clustered around someone who is lying on the ground, clutching his chest and gasping for breath. Allen did not stop to help because he simply was not aware of what was happening at the time. This failure to engage in prosocial behavior was probably due to Allen's ________. a) assumption that other bystanders would help b) not paying attention to the situation c) lack of training in emergency medical procedures d) desire to remain uninvolved with others' problems

b) not paying attention to the situation

Allen, a White high-school student, is competing with Kim Jong, an Asian American student, for a spot on the school's mathematics team. Allen is aware of recent research demonstrating that Asian students typically perform better on math problems than do American students. This knowledge could affect Allen's performance because stereotype threat can ________. a) occur among dominant group members if a comparison is based on an aspect of performance on which the dominant group is expected to do better b) occur among dominant group members if a comparison is based on an aspect of performance on which the dominant group is expected to do worse c) occur among dominant group members only if other members of the dominant group are not present in the audience d) only occur among dominant group members under extremely high levels of stress

b) occur among dominant group members if a comparison is based on an aspect of performance on which the dominant group is expected to do worse

Jeanette's best friend, Ellen, notices that Jeanette's right eye is badly bruised. When Jeanette tells her that her boyfriend hit her, Ellen offers to provide help. This example BEST illustrates that ________. a) the five-step bystander intervention process often does not explain why a person decides to help b) people are much more inclined to help a close friend than a stranger c) people—both males and females - are more likely to help females than males d) people tend to realize the importance of helping domestic abuse victims

b) people are much more inclined to help a close friend than a stranger

Jackson is a former member of a street gang. He has recently started attending classes at a local community college, has made new friends who don't know about his former gang membership, and is spending time with a woman from an upper-middle-class background. Jackson heard his new friends and his girlfriend make several snide comments about gang members shortly before he took a test in one of the classes he shares with his new friends. In the light of the stereotype threat idea, this situation may cause Jackson to ________. a) perform better on the test than he otherwise might have b) perform worse on the test than he otherwise might have c) become prejudiced against his new friends and his girlfriend d) regret that he's never mentioned his former gang membership to his new friends

b) perform worse on the test than he otherwise might have

Ellen, an undergraduate, attends an end-of-semester party. The party is full of graduate and postdoctoral students discussing research they are doing and theories they are studying. In order to make a good impression in conversation, Ellen brings up awards she has won in the past, her high grade point average, and which Ivy League schools she wants to apply to for graduate school. Ellen is engaging in ________. a) self-deprecation b) self-promotion c) self-verification d) self-conceptualization

b) self-promotion

People who feel isolated from a particular group are experiencing ________ exclusion. a) empathic b) social c) communal d) interpersonal

b) social

Recent research has demonstrated that women will frequently perform worse on a math test when men are present than when the same test is administered to a female-only group. This finding illustrates ________. a) hindsight bias b) stereotype threat c) stereotype anxiety d) performance uplift

b) stereotype threat

Suppose Roger, a religious fundamentalist, is told that three individuals—a gay man, an unwed mother, and a college student—are in need of aid due to employment problems. Roger would be MOST likely to believe that aid should go to ________. a) all three individuals equally b) the college student c) the gay man d) the unwed mother

b) the college student

While walking through Central Park, Mark sees a man being attacked and mugged. There are many people around the scene, and many of these people are holding phones. Mark is concerned for the man but ultimately does nothing. Mark's actions can be explained by the concept of ________. a) empathic concern b) the diffusion of responsibility c) kin selection theory d) negative-state relief model

b) the diffusion of responsibility

Recently, Annabelle got a short story published in an online literary magazine. She was very excited because this was her first publication. However, 2 weeks later, she read a masterful story by Toni Morrison, one of the most famous writers in America. Annabelle then didn't feel so great about her own story or the fact that it was accepted for publication. This is an example of ________ social comparison. a) downward b) upward c) lateral d) intragroup

b) upward

Mark and Cynthia are writing out checks to donate to their alma mater. First, Mark says he's going to donate $5,000, and then Cynthia indicates she might be able to donate more than that. Mark then decides he too could contribute more than $5,000. What is this called? a) Competitive altruism b) Empathy-altruism c) Altruism d) Negative-state relief

c) Altruism

Many of the neighbors in a community are part of a neighborhood watch group on Facebook. One day during working hours, each group member receives an alert on their phone that says "Urgent help needed. Two children are stuck in a tree at the park and cannot climb down." Which of the following people will be the most likely to leave his or her workplace to help? a) Matt, an attorney b) Gillian, an accountant c) Arnold, a general physician d) Darlene, a tax preparation specialist

c) Arnold, a general physician

On his walk to work, Marlon witnessed a pedestrian get hit by a bus. The man survived but was badly injured, and witnessing this made Marlon very upset. Near his office, Marlon saw a homeless man, and Marlon gave the man 20 dollars, an action he had never done before. Marlon's behavior can be explained by the ________ model. a) empathic accuracy b) emotional empathy c) negative-state relief d) empathic relief

c) negative-state relief

Tina comes home from work to find her roommate, Katie, resting on the couch. Katie has a fever and says she hasn't been able to eat anything all day. Tina notices dark circles beneath Katie's eyes, and Katie says that she had problems sleeping yesterday. Tina offers to call her father, who is a doctor, to get his advice, but Katie asks Tina not to, saying that she'll be fine. Tina is extremely worried though, and once Katie falls asleep, Tina rushes into another room to call her father. Which component of empathy is Tina displaying? a) Emotional empathy b) Empathic accuracy c) Empathic concern d) Emotional accuracy

c) Empathic concern

Katherine and Amy are members of the same sorority at college and are members of the school's swim team. They have been trying to master a difficult dive from the high board at the college's swimming pool. Amy is showing faster improvement in the dive than Katherine is. If they compare their performance as teammates and sorority sisters, social identity theory suggests that ________. a) Katherine should dislike Amy more b) Amy should dislike Katherine more c) Katherine should like Amy more d) Amy should like Katherine more

c) Katherine should like Amy more

In general, we are more likely to help those whom we are closely related than others. Which of the following offers support for this? a) Empathic joy hypothesis b) Negative-state relief model c) Kin selection theory d) Natural selection hypothesis

c) Kin selection theory

Your friend Gretchen is notoriously rude to her partner. She never says anything nice or complimentary and frequently embarrasses her partner in front of others. Gretchen calls and leaves a very distressed message for you letting you know that her partner has dumped her and she really needs someone to talk to about it. Will you call Gretchen back? a) Yes, you will because you are the only one that can help. b) Yes, you will because you want to hear how Gretchen is suffering at this loss. c) No, because you feel Gretchen is responsible for her own predicament. d) No, because we prefer not to help if it requires emotional effort.

c) No, because you feel Gretchen is responsible for her own predicament.

A professor, two students, and the president of the student government are all on an elevator. When one of the students passes out, who is most likely to be seen as having the responsibility to help? a) The other student b) The president of the student government c) The professor d) No one, only an EMT could be expected to provide help

c) The professor

Which of the following best describes prosocial behavior and aggression a) They always benefit the recipient. b) They always harm the recipient. c) They have overlapping features. d) They are polar opposites.

c) They have overlapping features.

David sees a homeless person and thinks that "this guy has no one to blame but himself." Thus, David appears to believe that this homeless man's misfortunes are ________. a) tied to external factors b) uncontrollable c) controllable d) the end result of chance factors

c) controllable

Patty, a manager of a small team at a publishing house in New York City, wanted to surprise her hardworking team members with a random act of kindness. Near the end of the workday on Friday, Patty went around to each team member's desk and said that they needed to meet in the conference room for an urgent meeting. When the team members arrived, they found wine, cheese, and crackers, and each person's face brightened with happiness. Patty felt wonderful seeing the happiness on her staff's faces. Patty's motivation can be explained by the ________. a) negative-state relief model b) reciprocal altruism hypothesis c) empathic joy hypothesis d) positive-state relief model.

c) empathic joy hypothesis

Judy has recently been reflecting about all of the positive personal and professional life changes she has experienced over the past decade. The MOST likely reason she is engaging in this reflection is because she ________. a) has little interest in considering her future self b) finds it useful in planning for her future self c) finds it gratifying to see improvement over time d) currently is experiencing many negative life events

c) finds it gratifying to see improvement over time

Participants in one study wore digital audio recorders. Research assistants coded the sounds and compared the coded behaviors to the participants' self-reports of behavior. Friends of the participants also made ratings of behavior frequencies. The findings show that a) participants were most accurate at predicting their own behaviors. b) friends were most accurate at predicting participant behaviors. c) for some behaviors, the participants were more accurate and for other behaviors, friends were more accurate. d) there was not a relationship between the participants' self-reports and their behaviors.

c) for some behaviors, the participants were more accurate and for other behaviors, friends were more accurate.

A New York City taxi cab driver once intervened and stopped what he perceived to be a mugging in progress—even though it actually was a group of actors performing a scene for a television sketch. The taxi driver probably intervened due to ________. a) the absence of the bystander effect b) the fact that he is a New Yorker c) his feelings of empathy d) a high level of egoism

c) his feelings of empathy

Joanna is part of a writer's group that meets each week. A friend of Joanna's recently asked her about the group, saying that she'd like to join, but she had also heard of another writer's group in town. Joanna knew the other group and said, "Don't join that one. Ours is focused on workshopping each other's work and providing constructive feedback. The other one just meets once a week to drink. They barely even talk about writing, let along workshop anyone's work." This is an example of a(n) ________. a) intragroup comparison b) social identity continuum c) intergroup comparison d) self-construal

c) intergroup comparison

In an emergency, a helpful bystander can increase the helpfulness of others because the bystander serves as a social ________. a) status b) exclusion c) model d) factor

c) model

Social identity theory suggests that we will ________ others who outperform us on an important task, when our group identity is salient. a) move closer to the outgroup b) distance ourselves from the ingroup c) move closer to the ingroup d) distance ourselves from the outgroup

c) move closer to the ingroup

Wayne and Cheryl were at a restaurant eating dinner when he noticed a faint smell of smoke coming from the air conditioning vent. No one else in the busy restaurant seemed to be concerned about the odor, and Wayne was not sure if it was the result of an electrical problem or of food scorching in the kitchen. Wayne's uncertainty, combined with the observation that others were not taking action, means that Wayne will probably ________. a) quietly suggest to Cheryl that they leave immediately b) ask the people at nearby tables if they have noticed an odor c) not do anything d) ask a waiter to check on the smell

c) not do anything

Jasmine hears that her favorite poet is giving a reading on campus. She attends and has the chance to meet the poet after the reading. When Jasmine finally speaks to the poet, she gushes about how she wants to be a poet but knows she will never have anywhere near the talent of the poet. This is an example of ________. a) self-verification b) self-ingratiation c) self-deprecation d) self-promotion

c) self-deprecation

Jenny has been a member of a sorority for 2 years. Recently, though, she was kicked out of the sorority due to her failing grades. In her view, membership in this exclusive club was critical to her self-worth, and after being kicked out, Jenny felt isolated and very unhappy. A few days ago, Jenny was walking to class and saw Rachel, one of her former sorority sisters, fall down a few steps and twist her ankle. Jenny walked by Rachel and didn't offer to help. Jenny's behavior is likely a result of ________. a) a desire for suffering b) not perceiving the situation c) social exclusion d) negative reciprocity

c) social exclusion

Positive self-talk such as "I am a lovable person" tends to ________. a) improve self-esteem overall b) improve self-esteem for individuals with low self-esteem c) sometimes decrease happiness for people with low self-esteem d) sometimes decrease happiness for people with high self-esteem

c) sometimes decrease happiness for people with low self-esteem

Terrence, a Black man, just moved to a new town. The town is predominantly White. Terrence realizes that he needs to get a job, so he visits a few of the town's manufacturing companies. With each application, Terrence is asked to note down his race. With each application he completes and submits, Terrence experiences ________. a) self-deprecation b) discrimination c) stereotype threat d) unrealistic optimism

c) stereotype threat

Walter has just watched the news of Hurricane Irene, including an interview with a man who is standing in knee-deep water in his basement. Walter decides to go to the store, and on his way sees a stranded motorist. The negative state relief model predicts that Walter will ________. a) keep driving because on a bad day like today he can't begin to deal with one more problem b) keep driving because the motorist is a member of his in-group c) stop and try to help in order to alleviate his own negative feelings d) stop and try to help because he might as well wallow in his negative feelings

c) stop and try to help in order to alleviate his own negative feelings

Dr. Hammouda surveyed the graduating class of a small private university. One of his findings was that over 50 percent of the graduating class expected to receive a salary of at least $100,000 a year within 5 years of graduation. Dr. Hammouda knows that the actual percentage of recent graduates attaining that level of salary is much lower than 50 percent. The students are displaying ________. a) realistic pessimism b) self-evaluation maintenance c) unrealistic optimism d) the below average effect

c) unrealistic optimism

Karima recently moved from Egypt to the United States in order to attend college. She agrees to be part of a study that is interested in discovering how migration affects students' self-esteem. After her first year, the researcher finds that Karima is doing relatively well in her new environment. At the end of the first year, Karima has improved in her ability to think she is capable of getting things done. However, she doesn't have many positive interactions with peers, and she is not in frequent contact with her family. Which of the following describes how migration has affected Karima? a) Karima has low self-efficacy and low social support. b) Karima has high self-efficacy and high social support. c) Karima has low self-efficacy but high social support. d) Karima has high self-efficacy but low social support.

d) Karima has high self-efficacy but low social support.

Greta has been a practicing lawyer for 10 years and Linda has been a practicing medical doctor for 10 years. Who is most likely to volunteer her time to an organization she cares deeply about? a) Greta, because she spends all day in corporate law, she really wants to do something to help people. b) Greta is more likely than Linda because Linda spends all day everyday helping, she wants to be self-focused on her days off. c) Greta, because she bills by the hour and can see the true value of the time she is donating. d) Linda, because she bills by procedure and doesn't think of her time in economic ways.

d) Linda, because she bills by procedure and doesn't think of her time in economic ways.

People's personal identities, and their various social identities, require them to be different people in different contexts. This results in________. a) people having false selves depending on the context b) people often operating from a less-than-principled position c) others defining too much of who we are d) a potentially variable but coherent self-definition

d) a potentially variable but coherent self-definition

Ron and Elaine are walking down the street when they see someone helping an old man across the road. On the next block, they see a woman having difficulty in trying to get across the street. Elaine says, "We'd better give her a hand." The woman who initially helped the old man ________. a) decreased the diffusion of responsibility b) acted due to self-monitoring effects c) helped increase other directed affect d) acted as a prosocial model

d) acted as a prosocial model

Frank is a young musician who sometimes earns extra money by playing guitar on a downtown street corner during lunch hour. He sometimes puts a dollar and a few coins in his open guitar case before he starts playing. Frank does this because he ________. a) thinks the presence of the money will encourage those who are unwilling to donate to walk away more quickly b) feels the money in the guitar case is an incentive to encourage him to give better performances than he otherwise might c) believes the money will increase the number of people who are attracted to the music he is playing d) believes the presence of the money will act as a model for prosocial behavior for his audience

d) believes the presence of the money will act as a model for prosocial behavior for his audience

Raphael helps Lisa carry her groceries up the stairs. Lisa comes by 15 minutes later and says, "Thank you. The frozen food would have melted if you hadn't helped me." Because of her response to his help, Raphael is motivated to help others later. This scenario is MOST consistent with the ________. a) inclusive fitness model b) empathy-altruism hypothesis c) negative state relief model d) empathic joy hypothesis

d) empathic joy hypothesis

Samantha is watching a movie on TV. The story is about a young boy who had lost his brother in a traffic accident. Samantha says that she knows just how the boy feels and even guesses many of the character's lines before he says them. This situation illustrates the type of perspective taking involved with ________. a) a cognitive understanding of how others must feel in a particular situation b) an emotional reaction to the emotions experience by a close significant other individual c) imagining how friends of yours would feel if you were in the same situation as another individual d) feeling empathy for—and identifying with—a fictional character

d) feeling empathy for—and identifying with—a fictional character

Introspection is an effective means of understanding ourselves when the ________. a) focus is on unconscious affective factors b) individual displays an introverted personality configuration c) individual is attempting to predict future feelings about something d) focus is on a conscious decision-making process

d) focus is on a conscious decision-making process

When Jeremy was recently asked to describe himself to his classmates, he spoke about being a member of the football team and how this helped to make his experiences different from those of other students in the class. Jeremy was primarily making ________ comparisons. a) extragroup b) intergroup c) individual d) intragroup

d) intragroup

The empathy-altruism hypothesis suggests that at least some prosocial behavior is ________. a) driven by our motivation to engage in any behavior that provides the greatest satisfaction to us b) driven by genetic attributes that evolved because they enhanced the probability of genetic success c) caused by the desire to reduce our own discomfort in the presence of negative emotions d) motivated solely by the desire to help someone in need

d) motivated solely by the desire to help someone in need

Oscar is alone resting on a beach when he notices someone who appears to be floundering in the ocean. Since he does not know how to swim, Oscar realizes that he cannot help this individual himself. This example illustrates that people ________. a) often fail to recognize emergency situations as such b) usually want to be left alone and not deal with others' predicaments c) often do not help others when they are alone d) often decide that they cannot help when they do not know what to do

d) often decide that they cannot help when they do not know what to do

Sofia admires and respects her psychology professor. She is considering becoming a psychologist herself. Should her professor become a role model for her, Sofia may become a psychologist herself if she ________. a) sees this as an unachievable potential self b) distracts herself from this state of self-awareness c) sees this as an undesirable potential self d) sees this as a desirable and achievable potential self

d) sees this as a desirable and achievable potential self

William plays softball on the weekends with a group of friends from work. He believes he is a better pitcher than Tyreke because batters have fewer hits when he pitches than when Tyreke pitches. This type of comparison can best be explained by ________ theory. a) social existential b) social identity c) social skills d) social comparison

d) social comparison

Walter has just watched the news of Hurricane Irene, including an interview with a man who is standing in knee-deep water in his basement. Walter decides to go to the store and on his way sees a stranded motorist. The empathy-altruism model predicts that Walter will ________. a) keep driving because on a bad day like today, he can't begin to deal with one more problem b) keep driving because the motorist is a member of his ingroup c) stop and try to help because he might as well wallow in his negative feelings d) stop and try to help because he remembers how it feels to be stranded on the side of the road

d) stop and try to help because he remembers how it feels to be stranded on the side of the road

Two aspects of empathy are ________ and ________. a) sympathizing with another person; the presence of aggressive tendencies b) sympathizing with another person; a belief in a just world c) an internal locus of control; not being egocentric d) taking another's perspective; sympathizing with another person

d) taking another's perspective; sympathizing with another person