Social Psychology Test 1- Chapter 4

______ is the process of inferring the causes of events or behaviors.

Attribution

Is the following an example of top-down or bottom-up processing: If you see an image of an individual letter on your screen, your eyes transmit the information to your brain, and your brain puts all of this information together.

Bottom up processing

_______ takes in relevant stimuli from the outside world, such as text on a page, gestures in an interaction, etc.

Bottom up processing

_____ are mental shortcuts that provide serviceable answers to common problems of judgment. They are performed quickly and automatically

Heuristics

What does positive and negative framing do?

It produces information in a way that is either good or bad, respectfully. Example: saying meat is 75% lean is positive. Saying meat is 25% is negative

______ filters and interprets bottom up stimuli in light of preexisting knowledge and expectations.

Top-down processing

What is the following an example of?: if we see a homeless man passed out, we make excuses for why they're on the ground to make ourselves feel better

attribution

What is the following an example of?:If someone asks you whether or not you are more likely to be injured by a shark or a parrot, you might reply "shark" because of the number of media reports about shark bites, when in fact parrot bites are much more common

availability heuristic

Is the following an example of availability or representativeness heuristics: After seeing several news reports about car thefts, you might make a judgment that vehicle theft is much more common than it really is in your area.

availability heuristics

We rely on _____ when we judge the frequency or probability of some event by how readily pertinent instances come to mind

availability heuristics

An example of _____ is when you exhaust yourself doing sprints, you will be less able to perform other physical tasks

ego depletion

______ refers to the idea that self-control or willpower draws upon a limited pool of mental resources that can be used up.

ego depletion

Order effects are a type of ______: the way information is presented, including the order of presentation, can "frame" the way it's processed and understood.

framing effect

Primacy and recency effects are collectively known as ____

order effects

The _____ refers to a prediction phenomenon wherein people underestimate the time it will take to complete a future task, despite knowledge that previous tasks have generally taken longer than planned.

planning fallacy

Sometimes the information presented first exerts the most influence, a phenomenon called ______

primacy effect

The information presented last has the most impact, a phenomenon known as ______

recency effect

Is the following an example of availability or representativeness heuristics: After 9/11, some members of non-Islamic religions who wore turbans (e.g. Indian Sikh's) were harassed; one was even murdered. The harassers animated with hostility toward all Muslims erroneously believed that anyone who wears a turban must be Islamic

representativeness heuristics

We use the _____ when we try to categorize something by judging how similar it is to our conception of the typical member of the category.

representativeness heuristics

What is the following an example of?: Some students always leave studying for an exam till the night before the exam because they think it won't take long, and then inevitably end up pulling "all-nighters."

Planning fallacy

Essay Question #7: Define pluralistic ignorance and explain how it can undermine learning in the classroom or the development of friendship across ethnic groups.

Pluralistic ignorance occurs whenever people act in ways that conflict with their private beliefs because of a concern for the social consequences. Particularly common in situations where toughness is valued. This can affect learning in the classroom when you may be confused but assume everyone else knows what's going on and you don't want to raise your hand because you don't want to look stupid.

When do ideological distortions happen?

When people who transmit information often have an ideological agenda—a desire to foster certain beliefs or behaviors—that leads them to accentuate some elements of a story and suppress others.

Essay #6: Imagine you are part of a marketing team designing an ad campaign for an expensive new sneaker. Define spin framing and then design an ad for the sneaker using this approach.

get examples

_____ varies the content, not just order, of what is presented.

spin framing

Is the following an example of top-down or bottom-up processing: seeing a sign that has missing letters, but still being able to make out the words because of PRIOR knowledge I l_ke c_tt_n ca_dy!

top-down processing