social

One of the factors associated with compliance is social validation. This is because we

.are in need of being correct, and one way to do so is to emulate the behaviors of others whom we see as similar to ourselves in some way.

Among the following, who is a compliance professional?

A political fund-raiser

At school, Carl falls down the stairs and badly sprains his ankle. When will Carl most likely receive help?

Before school starts when only one other student is in the hallway

Which of the following explains why a positive mood can decrease the probability of responding in prosocial ways?

Being in a good mood can lead us to interpret emergency situations as not really serious.

The matching hypothesis would say

Charles is seeking a partner that is about as attractive as he is.

Mark and Cynthia are writing out checks to donate to their alma mater. First, Mark says he's going to donate $5,000, and then Cynthia indicates she might be able to donate more than that. Mark then decides he too could contribute more than $5,000. What is this called?

Competitive altruism

SooHee wants to open her own bakery. She will need at least $50,000 dollars for equipment and a year's worth of rent for a retail space on Main Street in her town. Instead of getting a loan through her bank, SooHee creates a website that asks people she knows, along with strangers, to contribute to her dream of opening a bakery. Each $5 donation can be redeemed for a muffin once the bakery opens. What process is SooHee taking advantage of?

Crowdfunding

It has been shown that complementarities are not a good basis for attraction. What is the one pair of complementarities that is the exception to this?

Dominance-submissiveness

Emily is out for a leisurely drive and has just witnessed the car in front of her on the highway slow to a stop and pull off to the side of the road. The driver got out of the vehicle and lifted the hood. She is very adept at fixing cars and there are not too many other cars on the road. After considering helping for a bit, Emily continues to drive past the stranded motorist. Why?

Emily is concerned the driver might be setting up a trap or trick.

Who mostly benefits from crowdfunding?

Entrepreneurs and communities

Joanna has very little confidence in herself and her abilities, and she struggles with trusting other people and attaining genuine closeness with them. Which attachment style does Joanna have?

Fearful-avoidant attachment style

Which of the following people would be perceived most positively?

Gretchen, who walks briskly down the hall with an upright posture.

Janelle wants to begin hosting her own podcast focused on community events. She will need some money to purchase recording equipment and create a small studio in her house. She is thinking of reaching out to other community members to ask for their financial support. Which of the following websites should Janelle use?

Kickstarter

Which of the following is a form of unintentional social influence?

Modeling

Your friend Gretchen is notoriously rude to her partner. She never says anything nice or complimentary and frequently embarrasses her partner in front of others. Gretchen calls and leaves a very distressed message for you letting you know that her partner has dumped her and she really needs someone to talk to about it. Will you call Gretchen back?

No, because you feel Gretchen is responsible for her own predicament.

Mrs. Taunton is a teacher at a middle school in New York City. One day, her students are acting very boisterously. Mrs. Taunton quickly raps a ruler on the desk and says, "Be quiet!" Which type of social influence caused the students' behavior to change?

Obedience

If people help in order to receive praise from others, then what would be expected under cover of darkness?

People would be less likely to help others.

At a party, Ralph talks about politics, music, and literature with two different people. Ralph has similar views to the first person, James, on all three topics. Ralph has similar views on one out of the three topics with the second person, Matt. Who will Ralph like more, and why?

Ralph will like James more because of the proportion of similarity.

Which of the following strategies has been shown to contribute to sharp reductions in destructive obedience?

Reminding individuals that they, rather than authorities, are responsible for any harm produced

Brenley and Mario have a short relationship over the summer. They feel very close emotionally and they have an intense physical attraction to each other. However, they decide not to commit to each other, and at the end of the summer, they end the relationship. What type of love did they experience?

Romantic love

Danya is in a really bad mood after receiving a low score on an exam. She mopes, complains, and is curt with her friends. Later in the day, Danya goes to volunteer at a local homeless shelter. Why would she do this?

She knows that helping others will make her feel better.

Many atrocities have been committed because of a gradual escalation in the scope of commands given from a person in authority. This factor is closely related to which compliance technique?

The foot-in-the-door technique

A professor, two students, and the president of the student government are all on an elevator. When one of the students passes out, who is most likely to be seen as having the responsibility to help?

The professor

Which of the following is true about individuals with a dismissing attachment style?

Their self-esteem rises when they are accepted by others.

One day you are out biking on a relatively deserted trail. You see a fellow cyclist on the side of the trail with the bike's wheels in the air. When will you be most likely to help?

When you know a great deal about bikes and work at a bicycle repair shop

Since newborns are predisposed to look toward faces in preference to other stimuli, this offers evidence that there is

a neurobiological basis for the need to affiliate.

Jenny, a 5-year-old child, may be MOST likely to exhibit helping behavior after playing ________ video game.

a prosocial

Dave has just been shown a composite face of 20 women. He will likely rate this face as ________ in attractiveness.

above average

Ron and Elaine are walking down the street when they see someone helping an old man across the road. On the next block, they see a woman having difficulty in trying to get across the street. Elaine says, "We'd better give her a hand." The woman who initially helped the old man

acted as a prosocial model.

A possible reason why authority figures can be so successful in getting obedience for horrific tasks is that they

allow the obedient person to escalate their tasks very gradually.

Regarding the affect-attraction relationship on social influence, an ad agency is primarily concerned with ________ in order to sell a product.

arousing positive feelings

Joshua happened to be sitting next to Brittany when the professor returned term papers to the class. Brittany received an unexpectedly high grade and the teacher's comments were very flattering to her. Brittany now finds herself liking Joshua a bit more than before. This occurrence is best explained by the

associated effect of emotions.

Karen and James are taking the same social psychology class. Karen happened to be standing next to James in the college post office when he received a letter from home that contained an unexpected $50.00. A short time later, James was asked to evaluate Karen as part of a class project. His evaluation of Karen is higher than it otherwise might have been because of the

associated effect of emotions.

When your feelings are negative about something in your environment, and another person just happens to be with you, you will tend to evaluate that person in negative terms, illustrating the impact of a(n) ________ on attraction.

associated effect.

After seeing a commercial for sneakers supposedly designed by the basketball star Michael Jordan, Dave decides to rush out and buy a pair. Dave has been influenced as a result of the compliance principle of

authority.

Frank is a young musician who sometimes earns extra money by playing guitar on a downtown street corner during lunch hour. He sometimes puts a dollar and a few coins in his open guitar case before he starts playing. Frank does this because he

believes the presence of the money will act as a model for prosocial behavior for his audience.

Of the following famous sayings, the one that MOST accurately describes the similarity-attraction relationship is

birds of a feather flock together.

Angela and Becky are good friends. Carol greatly dislikes Angela but is not acquainted with Becky. Given this information, if Carol sees Angela and Becky interacting, Carol is MOST likely to react to Becky

by having a poor reaction to her.

When confronted with the that's-not-all technique, we should always remember that the person making the request

is using a strategy that will make gaining comliance more likely.

Even though there is a sign that clearly says "Park closes after 9 P.M.," Mary says to herself, "What a silly sign! I just want to walk around here; I'm not a 'bad guy'" and proceeds to walk in the park. Mary's behavior is ________ with normative focus theory since she ________.

consistent; is disobeying an injunctive norm that she does not see as related to her own actions

David sees a homeless person and thinks that "this guy has no one to blame but himself." Thus, David appears to believe that this homeless man's misfortunes are

controllable.

A New York City taxi cab driver once intervened and stopped what he perceived to be a mugging in progress—even though it actually was a group of actors performing a scene for a television sketch. The taxi driver probably intervened due to

his feelings of empathy.

jenna saw in the paper that a department store was having a "One-Day Closeout of Winter Dresses" sale. If she goes to that sale and buys something, she will be a victim of the

deadline technique.

Bob listened to a new song and did not like it at all. Shortly thereafter, this song was used by a company as its new advertising jingle, and the song was played over and over, so Bob was repeatedly exposed to the song. You would expect Bob to ________ for the song.

decrease his liking

One of the key findings from Stanley Milgram's studies was that pressures to obey are

difficult to resist even if they involve harming another person.

Lisa admired the dress that Shelly was wearing and told Shelly that she looked absolutely stunning in that dress. Shelly felt very positive feelings toward Lisa after that compliment and tended to like her in other circumstances. Lisa had a(n) ________ effect on the attraction Shelly felt for her.

direct

While walking down Madison Avenue, Thomas smelled smoke. Soon, Thomas saw flames leaping out of a third story apartment window. In a flash, Thomas saw another man run into the burning building and emerge, only a minute later, with a young girl in his arms. Witnessing this made Thomas feel hopeful about humans and our ability to help each other. Thomas felt

elation.

Raphael helps Lisa carry her groceries up the stairs. Lisa comes by 15 minutes later and says, "Thank you. The frozen food would have melted if you hadn't helped me." Because of her response to his help, Raphael is motivated to help others later. This scenario is MOST consistent with the

empathic joy hypothesis.

Steven sees an emergency and then his empathy is aroused; he then provides help simply because the victim needed help and it felt good to provide help. This example illustrates the

empathy-altruism hypothesis.

Samantha is watching a movie on TV. The story is about a young boy who had lost his brother in a traffic accident. Samantha says that she knows just how the boy feels and even guesses many of the character's lines before he says them. This situation illustrates the type of perspective-taking involved with

feeling empathy for—and identifying with—a fictional character.

Ada had missed the notes for several classes and asked Rob for the notes for one day. Rob gave the notes to Ada, who copied them and then asked Rob for a week's worth of notes. Because of the ________, Rob is highly likely to give Ada the notes.

foot-in-the-door technique

Zosha and three of her friends have just watched a new movie. As they walk out of the movie, Zosha's friends are talking about how much they enjoyed the movie and how good the actor's portrayal was. If one of her friends then asks Zosha how she liked the movie, she is likely to say that

he also enjoyed the movie.

Emily, who is always slightly depressed, helps a little boy find his mom at the mall. Emily is surprised to find her mood has improved. This is likely because

helping a person often relieves a negative mood.

Suppose that during a conversation with one of your best friends, you discover that she dislikes social psychology and your professor. You, on the other hand, like both of these things very much. Under these conditions, your relationship with your friend can be described as

imbalanced.

Since George, a college student, prefers privacy, he should choose to sit

in the back of the room, away from others.

Marian, who is wearing a distinctive and pleasant perfume, has dropped all of the contents of her purse and is in need of assistance. The fact that she is wearing perfume should

increase her likelihood of receiving help.

Family members other than a child's mother ________ in that child's social development.

influence a child in a variety of ways

James and Wanda just bought a house, and moved into a new, upscale neighborhood. One of their friends, who lives down the street from them, has installed a hot tub in her rock garden and has pointed out all the advantages of having one. James and Wanda are debating whether to install a rock garden with a hot tub in their new home. Their decision may be strongly influenced by the ________ influence of their friend.

informational social

Three college friends went swimming in a local creek, ignoring both a No Trespassing sign and a No Swimming sign. These friends were violating

injunctive norms.

When an auto dealer offers you an extra option as a "closer" for a deal, the dealer is using

the that's-not-all technique.

According to balance theory, balance is achieved when two people

like each other and discover they are similar in some way.

Jack has agreed to purchase a new car for $18,000. However, just before he gets ready to sign the contract, the salesman tells Jack that the sales manager will not approve the amount allowed for his trade-in, and that the contract will have to be higher, probably around $19,000. Jack has just been the victim of the

lowball technique.

The empathy-altruism hypothesis suggests that at least some prosocial behavior is

motivated solely by the desire to help someone in need, even if unpleasant or dangerous situations are involved.

Research shows that sexual attraction is a ________ but not ________ condition for being in love.

necessary; sufficient

James, a 17-year-old high school student, has just moved to a new city and enrolled in a new school. At his old school, there were strong social norms against teenagers smoking cigarettes. At his new school, however, several of his new friends regularly smoke and say to him, "C'mon, don't be a jerk, have one of mine." As a result, James is likely to begin smoking because of the

normative social influence.

Allen is running late for his social psychology class. He is hurrying across campus and is thinking about the instructor's reaction to his tardiness on an exam day. He passed by a small group of students clustered around someone who is lying on the ground, clutching his chest and gasping for breath. Allen did not stop to help because he simply was not aware of what was happening at the time. This failure to engage in prosocial behavior was probably due to Allen's

not paying attention to the situation.

Wayne and Cheryl were at a restaurant eating dinner when he noticed a faint smell of smoke coming from the air conditioning vent. No one else in the busy restaurant seemed to be concerned about the odor, and Wayne was not sure if it was the result of an electrical problem or of food scorching in the kitchen. Wayne's uncertainty, combined with the observation that others were not taking action, means that Wayne will probably

not take any action in the situation.

Oscar is alone resting on a beach when he notices someone who appears to be floundering in the ocean. Since he does not know how to swim, Oscar realizes that he cannot help this individual himself. This example illustrates that people

often decide that they cannot help when they do not know what to do.

Different cultures have varying expectations regarding the parent-child relationship. In the United States,

parents are expected to care for their children often into adulthood

On the street, a passerby notices Jeanette's bruised eye and asks if she is okay. Jeanette said that her boyfriend hit her, and the man said he was sorry to hear that but continued on his way. Later, Jeanette's best friend, Ellen, notices that Jeanette's bruise. When Jeanette tells her what happened, Ellen offers to provide help. This example best illustrates that

people are much more inclined to help a close friend than a stranger.

One way in which symbolic social influence may work is by allowing the psychological presence of others to trigger goals with which the other persons are associated. This may, in turn, influence our

performance on tasks and our commitment to reaching these goals.

One reason that people are willing to obey persons in authority who order them to engage in destructive behaviors is that

persons in authority often possess visible signs of their status that remind us of the social norm for obedience to authorities.

Jason is the owner of a furniture store in a small Southern town. He donated several hundred mattresses to the Red Cross immediately after hearing about the devastation caused in a neighboring state by a hurricane. He was motivated to do so by his desire to help others, by thoughts of the income tax deduction he could take, and by the recognition his store would receive from his act of charity. This is an example o

prosocial behavior.

Your best friend Natalie has recently warned you against giving anyone you don't know well a ride home from a party. Recently, you attended a party and spent the whole night reminiscing with other friends about fun times you had all shared with Natalie. Later, a stranger approaches you and asks for a ride home; because your relational schema is activated, you will most likely

refuse to give the stranger a ride.

The proportion of similarity is predictive of the degree of attraction between two people

regardless of the importance of the topics they discuss.

One way to help people become more resistant to commands from authorities that may lead to destructive behaviors is to

remind people that they—not the authorities—are responsible for any harm done.

Brad takes the bus to work every day. He is happy when a woman named Jill is riding the bus because they have a lot in common and chat on the way to work. He isn't happy when Kyle is on the bus because they don't have anything in common, and Kyle often makes Brad feel bad. This is an example of the ________ effect.

similarity-dissimilarity

Tomas is beginning his first year of college. As one of his goals is to meet people and make new friends in his classes, Tomas would be well-advised to

sit between other students in his classes whenever possible.

Jessica considers herself to be a private individual. Although she is taking college courses and working toward her degree, she doesn't enjoy interacting with her fellow students very much. In order to minimize interactions in the classroom, Jessica should

sit in the back of the room either in a corner or at the end of a row whenever possible.

Marla and Tim are watching a documentary on television about the kidnapping of children. At one point during the documentary, during a scene in which a dramatization shows the reaction of a father when he learns of his daughter's kidnapping, Marla looks over at Tim and notices that he is crying. Tim's emotion is due to

social contagion.

Walter has just watched the news of Hurricane Irene, including an interview with a man who is standing in knee-deep water in his basement. Walter decides to go to the store and on his way sees a stranded motorist. The empathy-altruism model predicts that Walter will

stop and try to help because he can understand how it feels to be stranded.

Walter has just watched the news of Hurricane Irene, including an interview with a man who is standing in knee-deep water in his basement. Walter decides to go to the store, and on his way sees a stranded motorist. The negative state relief model predicts that Walter will

stop and try to help in order to alleviate his own negative feelings.

Rachel attends a New Year's Eve party with her friends. They are having fun at the party, dancing and drinking champagne. At one point during the party, a woman that Rachel doesn't know asks her if she wants to go into another room and try some cocaine with her. Instinctively, Rachel's first thought is "what would my mother think if she knew about this?" Rachel can't bear the thought and declines. Her decision is due to

symbolic social influence.

Two aspects of empathy are ________ and ________.

taking another's perspective; sympathizing with another person

Suppose Roger, a religious fundamentalist, is told that three individuals—a gay man, an unwed mother, and a college student—are in need of aid due to employment problems. Roger would be MOST likely to believe that aid should go to

the college student.

While walking through Central Park, Mark sees a man being attacked and mugged. There are many people around the scene, and many of these people are holding phones. Mark is concerned for the man but ultimately does nothing. Mark's actions can be explained by the concept of

the diffusion of responsibility.

Karen knows that her neighbors often struggle to make ends meet. She sometimes offers to babysit for free because she can easily afford to do so and feels good that she can help in this small way. This example most clearly illustrates

the empathic joy hypothesis.

Quentin has never liked his coworker, Ryan. One day, he notices that Ryan is called into the manager's office, and he can overhear the manager chastising Ryan for his months of low sales numbers. Quentin takes pleasure in this fact. Quentin is experiencing

Schadenfreude.

Mark just received notice that he was accepted to law school. Excited, he walks outside his house to tell his roommate, who is working in the front yard. As he exits his house, he runs into the postal worker who always delivers the mail to his house. He has never liked the postal worker much, but now he is happy to see him and eagerly strikes up a conversation. Mark's evaluation of the poster worker is due to the __________ effect of receiving the news about law school.

associated

When Tricia arrives at her office, her colleague Paula says that she likes Tricia's outfit. This makes Tricia feel good and, in turn, makes Tricia like Paula more. Paula's words have a(n) ________ effect on Tricia.

direct

Suppose Jamie lives in an apartment building. She has the BEST chance to become acquainted with the person who lives

directly across from her.

Marisa has relationships with men in which she feels worthy, but she inevitably has low expectations of the relationship, leading her to fear genuine closeness. Marisa has a ________ attachment style.

dismissing

Suppose Diane and Mark, as first-year students, are assigned dorm rooms right next door to each other. Shortly thereafter, they begin dating, and after college, they wed. The factor that would be MOST responsible for their initial acquaintance is

repeated exposure due to proximity

Scott and Elizabeth grew up in the same small town. They attended the same school and went to the same college, where they took many of the same classes. At first, they were not particularly interested in each other romantically, but over time, they became increasingly attracted to each other and eventually married. This is best explained by the

repeated exposure effect.

Jenna falls in love with one of her coworkers, a man named Omar. She thinks about him at all hours of the day and is very happy when they spend time together at social outings or at work gatherings. They sometimes go out to dinner, to the park, or to a movie. One day, however, Omar tells her that he can tell that she has feelings for him, but he only wants to be friends with her. Jenna has experienced ________ love.

unrequited

Frank hires a handyman to install drywall in a room he's renovating. Frank has always wanted to know how to do this himself, so he watches much of the work the handyman does and takes notes on the supplies needed and the procedures followed. The following year, Frank installs drywall in another room by himself. Frank was able to do this due to

modeling.

All of the following individuals would likely be considered a "compliance professional" EXCEPT a(n)

telephone operator.

One reason that people are willing to obey persons in authority who order them to engage in destructive behaviors is that

the authority figure relieves those who obey of responsibility for their actions.

Two years ago, Ursula loaned Katie $300 even though the two women didn't know each other very well. Now, Ursula has approached Katie to ask if Katie can loan her $200. Katie says yes. Katie's compliance rests on the principle of

reciprocity

Bruce has a relatively high need for affiliation. As such, he would likely

avoid making negative comments to fellow workers.