Social Studies - Chapter 20 - America and World War II 1941-1945 - Grade 11

Under intense German fire, the American assault almost ________. __________ led the American forces at the two beaches.

Disintegrated General Omar Bradley

President Roosevelt wanted to bomb _______________ but Japanese ships in the ___________________ prevented carriers from getting close enough to Japan to launch their ____________________

Tokyo North Pacific short-range bombers

Section 3: World War II placed ________________ on Americans at home and led to new challenges for all Americans`

Tremendous demands

The 99th Pursuit Squadron was an African American unit that came to be known as the _________ after the Alabama city they trained in

Tuskegee Airmen

the __________ was uniquely suited to handle the mass production of military equipment. They did not only produce vehicles, but weapons, mines, helmets, bridges, cooking pots and other items

automobile industry

Under the cost plus system, the more a company produced and the faster it did the work, the _________________

more money it would make

German submarines maintained an intense assault on American merchant ships, particularly ______________. By August 1942, 360 US ships along the American coast had been _____________ by German submarines

oil tankers sunk

Section 5: The ferocious military campaigns of 1945 finally convinced the Allies to set up __________

organizations to prevent another global war.

The American people, quickly banded together to transform the American economy into the most productive and efficient __________

war-making machine in the world

By the end of the day, nearly ______ American troops had landed at Omaha Beach, and another _____ had landed at Utah Beach. Over _____ British and Canadian troops were on shore as well.

35,000 23,000 75,000

During World War II approximately _____________ served in the American armed forces during the war. They fought in Europe, North Africa and the Pacific and by the end of the war 17 Mexican Americans had received the __________

500,000 Hispanic Americans Medal of Honor

In the battle to take this island, more than ____ marines were killed

6,800

_________ was the head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, a major union for African American railroad workers. He informed FDR that he was marching with tens of thousands of African Americans with "the interest of securing jobs....in national defense and...integration into the military and naval forces"

A. Philip Randolph

The US had several carriers in the Pacific and the commander of the US Navy in the Pacific _____________________ was determined to use them

Admiral Chester Nimitz

Section 2: By late 1942, the _________________ had stopped the German and Japanese advance

Allies

The American program to build an ____ was code-named the _____.

Atomic bomb Manhattan Project

General MacArthur commanded his outnumbered troops to fall back to the ___________________. There they held out for more than 3 months without supplies and suffered from diseases like____________________

Bataan Peninsula malaria

The ______________ was a stalemate with the US losing the ______ and seeing the _________________ damaged, the American supply line to Australia remained open

Battle of Coral Sea Lexington Yorktown

_____ launched one of the most ambitious projects when he offered to create an assembly line for the enormous B-24 bomber known as __________________. By the end of the war, Ford's Detroit factory had built over _________ aircraft

Henry Ford The Liberator 8,600

To convince the Germans that the Allies were planning to land at Pas-de-Calais, the Allies placed ________ along the coast across from Calais.

Inflated rubber tanks, empty tents and dummy landing craft

So that B-29 Superfortress bombers would have enough fuel for efficient bombing of Japan, the starting point for the bombers needed to be the island of _______

Iwo Jima.

________________ better than other types of ships because they were ________ instead of ______________

Liberty ships welded riveted

American military planners wanted to use the ______ as a base for a new heavy bomber, the __________, that could reach Japan from these islands.

Mariana Islands B-29 Superfortress

A few hours after they bombed Pearl Harbor the Japanese attacked American airfields in the ________________.

Philippines

The first part of America's two-pronged attack on Japan called for the Pacific Fleet to hop from ______ closer and closer to _____

One island to the next Japan

The code name for the planned invasion was __________, and it was General Dwight D. Eisenhower who was chosen to command it.

Operation Overlord

Americans organized ____ and contributed necessary materials such as: spare rubber, tin. Aluminum, and steel; pots, tires, tin cans, car bumpers, broken radiators and rusting bicycles; oils and fats, including bacon grease and meat drippings

Scrap drives

Japanese American internment began on February 19, 1942 after FDR gave into pressure and declared any part of the US military zone, allowing the government to remove anyone they wanted from that zone. ______________________ declared most of the West Coast a ____________ and ordered all people of Japanese ancestry to evacuate to 10 internment camps

Secretary of War Henry Stimson military zone

Faced with massive destruction and the shock of the _______ joining the war, the Japanese emperor ordered his government to surrender on _______.

Soviets August 15, 1945

On May 7, 1945, Germany surrendered _____ and the next day was proclaimed ____ for _____

Unconditionally V-E Day Victory in Europe

President Roosevelt believed that a new international governmental organization could prevent another world war, and he was instrumental in the creation of the ________

United Nations

The German __________ were commanded by _______________ a brilliant commander whose success earned him the nickname ____________

"Afrika Korps" General Erwin Rommel Desert Fox

The _______________ campaign resulted in the eventual employment of over 2.5 million women in shipyards, aircraft factories and other manufacturing plants

"Rosie the Riveter"

The ______ was intended to prevent strikes that might endanger the war effort, most unions agreed to ask the ________ to serve as a mediator in wage disputes rather than having the unions go on strike

"no strike pledge" War Labor Board (WLB)

Winston Churchill called Italy the ______ of Europe and was convinced that Italians would quit the war if the Allies invaded their homeland.

"soft underbelly"

The government helped solve this housing crisis by allocating over ______ to build public housing, schools, and community centers during the war

$1.2 billion

Two goals of the National Urban League

1. Promote effective participation of African Americans in all phases of the war effort 2. Form plans for building the kind of US in which African Americans wish to live in after the war is over

Nearly ___ ships carrying more than ____ soldiers set sail for the coast of Normandy on ______

7,000 100,000 June 6, 1944

When American & Philippine forces defending the Bataan Peninsula surrendered in April of 1942 nearly __________ of them were forced to march ____________ to a Japanese prison camp. Thousands died on this march, which came t be known as the ______________________

78,000 65 miles Bataan Death March

The Allies did not indict the Japanese emperor because they were afraid it would lead to ______

An uprising by the Japanese people

The ________ was the largest naval battle in history, and the first time that the Japanese used _______ attacks.

Battle of Leyte Gulf kamikaze

Just as the Battle of Midway put the Japanese on the defensive for the rest of the war, the ________________ put the Germans on the defensive

Battle of Stalingrad

The government helped farmers in the Southwest overcome the labor shortage by introducing the _________ in 1942. This arranged for 200,000 Mexicans to come to the US to help _____________ in the Southwest.

Bracero Program Harvest fruits and vegetables

Stalin wanted ______________ to open a second front by attacking Germany from the west to take pressure off the Soviet Union. Stalin appreciated ______________ but the Soviet people were still doing most of the fighting

Britain and America Lend-Lease

Among the agreements reached at the ______ was the decision to step up the bombing of Germany

Casablanca Conference

FDR appointed _________ the highest ranking black officer in the US Army to the rank of ______________

Colonel Benjamin O Davis brigadier general

_______________ led a daring raid on Tokyo using large ______________ taking off from an aircraft carrier. This was a one-way mission as B-25s were too large to land on carriers and the Americans had to land in ___________

Colonel James Doolittle B-25 bombers China

The geographical problem with the central Pacific was that many of the islands were ______ and the water over them was not always deep enough to allowing landing craft to get to the shore. Americans began to use the ______, an amphibious tractor, to navigate the difficult coastal landings.

Coral reef atolls amphtrac

After the _______________ the Japanese decided the American fleet had to be destroyed to protect ________ from bombing and they ordered all but three carriers to prepare for an assault on _____________

Doolittle Raid Tokyo Midway

___________ were the most common type of bonds sold for $18.75 and redeemable for $25 after 10 years. Individual Americans bought nearly $50 billion worth of war bonds, while banks, insurance companies and investment firms bought over $100 billion

E bonds

_______________ was very important to Britain because of the __________________ - the route used by most of Britain's empire to send supplies to Britain

Egypt Suez Canal

in 1942 Allied forces began to win victories in______________ as well

Europe

___________ was a declaration by President Roosevelt that "there shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color or national origin"

Executive Order 8802

MacArthur was ordered to evacuate by ________________ Before leaving he is quoted as "_________________________________"

FDR I came through, and I shall return

To enforce Executive Order 8802 the _______________ was created, the first civil rights agency established by the federal government since Reconstruction

Fair Employment Practices Commission

While American and British forces fought to liberate ____, the ____ began a massive attack on German troops in ____.

France Soviet Union Russia

At the Tehran (Iran) meeting with Churchill and Roosevelt, Stalin promised to launch a ______ against the Germans when the Allies invaded France in 1944.

Full-scale offensive

___________________ commanded American forces in Morocco serving under General Dwight D Eisenhower. After American defeat in __________________ Eisenhower put Patton in command of pursuing the remaining Germans. On May 13, 1943 the last German forces in North America _________

General George Patton The Battle of Kasserine Pass surrendered

Section 4:The Allies slowly pushed back the ________ and ________ forces in 1943 and 1944

German & Japanese

The _____________ was one of the bloodiest in the war, costing the Allies more than 300,000 casualties. Germany was not willing to give up Italy after Mussolini was removed from power, so the taking of Rome, Cassino and Anzio took over 5 months of fighting.

Italian campaign

General Curtis LeMay decided to change strategy as American neared Japan, using ______, a jellied gasoline in the bombs of the B-29s. The _____killed over 80,000 people and destroyed more than 250,000 buildings.

Napalm Tokyo firebombing

The first Allied invasion of the war was the attack on ____________

North Africa

At the ________ in Germany, the International Military Tribunal (IMT) tried Nazi leaders suspected of _________.

Nuremburg trials Committing war crimes

Attempting to stablilize both wages and prices at home, FDR created the _________ which regulated wages and the prices of farm products and the _____________ which regulated all other prices

Office of Economic Stabilization (OES) Office of Price Administration (OPA)

To be able to invade Japan, America needed the island of ________

Okinawa

______________ was in charge of both the Women's Auxilary Corps (WAAC) and later the Women's Army Corps (WAC)

Oveta Culp Hobby (Colonel Hobby)

The Allies threatened Japan with _______ if the nation did not surrender unconditionally, but the Japanese did not reply.

Prompt and utter destruction

_______ was the limiting by the Office of Price Administration (OPA) of the availability of many consumer goods to make sure enough were available for military use

Rationing

The ____________ was a government agency that was permitted to make loans to companies to help them cover the cost of converting to war production

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

By the first week of March 1945, American troops had fought their way to the _______, Germany's last major line of defense in the west.

Rhine River

The most difficult task facing cities with war industries was deciding ______________

Where to put the thousands of new workers

British Prime Minister who was not worried about America's ability to fight a global war because he knew that victory in modern war depended on a nation's industrial power. He compared the American economy to a gigantic boiler. "Once the fire is lighted under it there is no limit to the power it can generate."

Winston Churchill

Besides housing problems and ongoing racial tensions. Like the __________ other homefront problems during WW II were ___________________________ loomed ominously over the entire war effort

Zoot Suit Riots Rising prices, shortage of material supplies and the question of how to pay for it all

Unaware they were heading into an _____________ the Japanese launched their aircraft against Midway onJune 4, 1942. The Americans sunk the ______________________ carriers. America's Navy lost the _______________. 362 Americans lost their lives while Japanese deaths totaled 3.057

ambush Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, and Hiryu Yorktown

Japan did not know that an American team of ________ had already broken the ______________ for conducting operations

code-breakers Japanese Navy's secret code

Most leaders also wanted to keep African Americans out of ______ and assigned them to _________ and ____________

combat construction supply units

Under the ______________ American cargo ships traveled in groups and were escorted by navy warships making it much harder for a ______________ to torpedo a cargo ship and escape without being attacked. Americans also began using new technology like ________________________to locate and attack submarines

convoy systems German submarine radar, sonar and depth charges

________ contracts involved the government agreeing to pay a company whatever it cost to make a product plus a guaranteed percentage of the costs as a profit

cost-plus

American forces turned the tide in Europe and the Pacific, and they played a crucial role in the ___________

defeat of Germany, Italy and Japan

African Americans opposed to the effort agued they were ____________ and did not want to fight for the US for that reason

disenfranchised

was the argument that Afrian Americans should join the war effort in order to achieve a double victory - ____________ and _____________

double V Campaign victory over HItler's racism vistory over racism at home

when a reiveted ship was hit, the rivets often came loose causing the ship to ______________. A welded hull was fused into ______________. A torpedo might blow a hole in it but the ship would not __________

fall apart and sink one solid piece of steel come apart

The US quickly mobilized its economy and armed forces to _________________

fight WWII

When German troops entered the city, Stalin ordered the Soviet troops to hold the city, retreat was ________________. On November 23, Soviet reinforcements arrived and surround the city with 250,000 Germans in it. When the battle was over, _____________________ surrendered but only 5,000 survived the Soviet prison camps and returned home after the war

forbidden 91,000 Germans

Surrounding Normandy were _____, dirt walls, several feet thick, covered in shrubbery. They were built to contain cattle and crops, but they enabled the Germans to fiercely defend their positions.

hedgerows

The _____________ astounded the rest of the world. American workers were _______________ and ______________

industrial output of the US twice as productive as German workers five time more productive than Japanese workers

FDR influenced ____________ in the military by ordering the army, navy, air force and marines to ____________________ and he directed the army ____________

integration begin recruiting African Americans to put African Americans into combat

Churchill convinced FDR to focus on the periphary of the German Empire, and to wait to launch a full scale invasion of _________________

mainland Europe

African Americans had separate barracks, latrines, mess halls, and rec facilities. After training, African Americans were organized into their own ____________, but white officers were generally _______________

military units in command

A damaged LS could usually ________________

return to port make repairs return to service

At the beginning of the war, the US military was __________.

segregated

Stalin also promised that once Germany was beaten, the Soviet Union would help ________

the United States defeat Japan.

Although the German defenses along the coast of France were formidable, the Allies did have one advantage: ___________.

the element of surprise

The US entered WWII ________________

unwillingly and largely unprepared