Social Studies - Chapter 20 - America and World War II 1941-1945 - Grade 11
Under intense German fire, the American assault almost ________. __________ led the American forces at the two beaches.
Disintegrated General Omar Bradley
President Roosevelt wanted to bomb _______________ but Japanese ships in the ___________________ prevented carriers from getting close enough to Japan to launch their ____________________
Tokyo North Pacific short-range bombers
Section 3: World War II placed ________________ on Americans at home and led to new challenges for all Americans`
Tremendous demands
The 99th Pursuit Squadron was an African American unit that came to be known as the _________ after the Alabama city they trained in
Tuskegee Airmen
the __________ was uniquely suited to handle the mass production of military equipment. They did not only produce vehicles, but weapons, mines, helmets, bridges, cooking pots and other items
automobile industry
Under the cost plus system, the more a company produced and the faster it did the work, the _________________
more money it would make
German submarines maintained an intense assault on American merchant ships, particularly ______________. By August 1942, 360 US ships along the American coast had been _____________ by German submarines
oil tankers sunk
Section 5: The ferocious military campaigns of 1945 finally convinced the Allies to set up __________
organizations to prevent another global war.
The American people, quickly banded together to transform the American economy into the most productive and efficient __________
war-making machine in the world
By the end of the day, nearly ______ American troops had landed at Omaha Beach, and another _____ had landed at Utah Beach. Over _____ British and Canadian troops were on shore as well.
35,000 23,000 75,000
During World War II approximately _____________ served in the American armed forces during the war. They fought in Europe, North Africa and the Pacific and by the end of the war 17 Mexican Americans had received the __________
500,000 Hispanic Americans Medal of Honor
In the battle to take this island, more than ____ marines were killed
6,800
_________ was the head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, a major union for African American railroad workers. He informed FDR that he was marching with tens of thousands of African Americans with "the interest of securing jobs....in national defense and...integration into the military and naval forces"
A. Philip Randolph
The US had several carriers in the Pacific and the commander of the US Navy in the Pacific _____________________ was determined to use them
Admiral Chester Nimitz
Section 2: By late 1942, the _________________ had stopped the German and Japanese advance
Allies
The American program to build an ____ was code-named the _____.
Atomic bomb Manhattan Project
General MacArthur commanded his outnumbered troops to fall back to the ___________________. There they held out for more than 3 months without supplies and suffered from diseases like____________________
Bataan Peninsula malaria
The ______________ was a stalemate with the US losing the ______ and seeing the _________________ damaged, the American supply line to Australia remained open
Battle of Coral Sea Lexington Yorktown
_____ launched one of the most ambitious projects when he offered to create an assembly line for the enormous B-24 bomber known as __________________. By the end of the war, Ford's Detroit factory had built over _________ aircraft
Henry Ford The Liberator 8,600
To convince the Germans that the Allies were planning to land at Pas-de-Calais, the Allies placed ________ along the coast across from Calais.
Inflated rubber tanks, empty tents and dummy landing craft
So that B-29 Superfortress bombers would have enough fuel for efficient bombing of Japan, the starting point for the bombers needed to be the island of _______
Iwo Jima.
________________ better than other types of ships because they were ________ instead of ______________
Liberty ships welded riveted
American military planners wanted to use the ______ as a base for a new heavy bomber, the __________, that could reach Japan from these islands.
Mariana Islands B-29 Superfortress
A few hours after they bombed Pearl Harbor the Japanese attacked American airfields in the ________________.
Philippines
The first part of America's two-pronged attack on Japan called for the Pacific Fleet to hop from ______ closer and closer to _____
One island to the next Japan
The code name for the planned invasion was __________, and it was General Dwight D. Eisenhower who was chosen to command it.
Operation Overlord
Americans organized ____ and contributed necessary materials such as: spare rubber, tin. Aluminum, and steel; pots, tires, tin cans, car bumpers, broken radiators and rusting bicycles; oils and fats, including bacon grease and meat drippings
Scrap drives
Japanese American internment began on February 19, 1942 after FDR gave into pressure and declared any part of the US military zone, allowing the government to remove anyone they wanted from that zone. ______________________ declared most of the West Coast a ____________ and ordered all people of Japanese ancestry to evacuate to 10 internment camps
Secretary of War Henry Stimson military zone
Faced with massive destruction and the shock of the _______ joining the war, the Japanese emperor ordered his government to surrender on _______.
Soviets August 15, 1945
On May 7, 1945, Germany surrendered _____ and the next day was proclaimed ____ for _____
Unconditionally V-E Day Victory in Europe
President Roosevelt believed that a new international governmental organization could prevent another world war, and he was instrumental in the creation of the ________
United Nations
The German __________ were commanded by _______________ a brilliant commander whose success earned him the nickname ____________
"Afrika Korps" General Erwin Rommel Desert Fox
The _______________ campaign resulted in the eventual employment of over 2.5 million women in shipyards, aircraft factories and other manufacturing plants
"Rosie the Riveter"
The ______ was intended to prevent strikes that might endanger the war effort, most unions agreed to ask the ________ to serve as a mediator in wage disputes rather than having the unions go on strike
"no strike pledge" War Labor Board (WLB)
Winston Churchill called Italy the ______ of Europe and was convinced that Italians would quit the war if the Allies invaded their homeland.
"soft underbelly"
The government helped solve this housing crisis by allocating over ______ to build public housing, schools, and community centers during the war
$1.2 billion
Two goals of the National Urban League
1. Promote effective participation of African Americans in all phases of the war effort 2. Form plans for building the kind of US in which African Americans wish to live in after the war is over
Nearly ___ ships carrying more than ____ soldiers set sail for the coast of Normandy on ______
7,000 100,000 June 6, 1944
When American & Philippine forces defending the Bataan Peninsula surrendered in April of 1942 nearly __________ of them were forced to march ____________ to a Japanese prison camp. Thousands died on this march, which came t be known as the ______________________
78,000 65 miles Bataan Death March
The Allies did not indict the Japanese emperor because they were afraid it would lead to ______
An uprising by the Japanese people
The ________ was the largest naval battle in history, and the first time that the Japanese used _______ attacks.
Battle of Leyte Gulf kamikaze
Just as the Battle of Midway put the Japanese on the defensive for the rest of the war, the ________________ put the Germans on the defensive
Battle of Stalingrad
The government helped farmers in the Southwest overcome the labor shortage by introducing the _________ in 1942. This arranged for 200,000 Mexicans to come to the US to help _____________ in the Southwest.
Bracero Program Harvest fruits and vegetables
Stalin wanted ______________ to open a second front by attacking Germany from the west to take pressure off the Soviet Union. Stalin appreciated ______________ but the Soviet people were still doing most of the fighting
Britain and America Lend-Lease
Among the agreements reached at the ______ was the decision to step up the bombing of Germany
Casablanca Conference
FDR appointed _________ the highest ranking black officer in the US Army to the rank of ______________
Colonel Benjamin O Davis brigadier general
_______________ led a daring raid on Tokyo using large ______________ taking off from an aircraft carrier. This was a one-way mission as B-25s were too large to land on carriers and the Americans had to land in ___________
Colonel James Doolittle B-25 bombers China
The geographical problem with the central Pacific was that many of the islands were ______ and the water over them was not always deep enough to allowing landing craft to get to the shore. Americans began to use the ______, an amphibious tractor, to navigate the difficult coastal landings.
Coral reef atolls amphtrac
After the _______________ the Japanese decided the American fleet had to be destroyed to protect ________ from bombing and they ordered all but three carriers to prepare for an assault on _____________
Doolittle Raid Tokyo Midway
___________ were the most common type of bonds sold for $18.75 and redeemable for $25 after 10 years. Individual Americans bought nearly $50 billion worth of war bonds, while banks, insurance companies and investment firms bought over $100 billion
E bonds
_______________ was very important to Britain because of the __________________ - the route used by most of Britain's empire to send supplies to Britain
Egypt Suez Canal
in 1942 Allied forces began to win victories in______________ as well
Europe
___________ was a declaration by President Roosevelt that "there shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color or national origin"
Executive Order 8802
MacArthur was ordered to evacuate by ________________ Before leaving he is quoted as "_________________________________"
FDR I came through, and I shall return
To enforce Executive Order 8802 the _______________ was created, the first civil rights agency established by the federal government since Reconstruction
Fair Employment Practices Commission
While American and British forces fought to liberate ____, the ____ began a massive attack on German troops in ____.
France Soviet Union Russia
At the Tehran (Iran) meeting with Churchill and Roosevelt, Stalin promised to launch a ______ against the Germans when the Allies invaded France in 1944.
Full-scale offensive
___________________ commanded American forces in Morocco serving under General Dwight D Eisenhower. After American defeat in __________________ Eisenhower put Patton in command of pursuing the remaining Germans. On May 13, 1943 the last German forces in North America _________
General George Patton The Battle of Kasserine Pass surrendered
Section 4:The Allies slowly pushed back the ________ and ________ forces in 1943 and 1944
German & Japanese
The _____________ was one of the bloodiest in the war, costing the Allies more than 300,000 casualties. Germany was not willing to give up Italy after Mussolini was removed from power, so the taking of Rome, Cassino and Anzio took over 5 months of fighting.
Italian campaign
General Curtis LeMay decided to change strategy as American neared Japan, using ______, a jellied gasoline in the bombs of the B-29s. The _____killed over 80,000 people and destroyed more than 250,000 buildings.
Napalm Tokyo firebombing
The first Allied invasion of the war was the attack on ____________
North Africa
At the ________ in Germany, the International Military Tribunal (IMT) tried Nazi leaders suspected of _________.
Nuremburg trials Committing war crimes
Attempting to stablilize both wages and prices at home, FDR created the _________ which regulated wages and the prices of farm products and the _____________ which regulated all other prices
Office of Economic Stabilization (OES) Office of Price Administration (OPA)
To be able to invade Japan, America needed the island of ________
Okinawa
______________ was in charge of both the Women's Auxilary Corps (WAAC) and later the Women's Army Corps (WAC)
Oveta Culp Hobby (Colonel Hobby)
The Allies threatened Japan with _______ if the nation did not surrender unconditionally, but the Japanese did not reply.
Prompt and utter destruction
_______ was the limiting by the Office of Price Administration (OPA) of the availability of many consumer goods to make sure enough were available for military use
Rationing
The ____________ was a government agency that was permitted to make loans to companies to help them cover the cost of converting to war production
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
By the first week of March 1945, American troops had fought their way to the _______, Germany's last major line of defense in the west.
Rhine River
The most difficult task facing cities with war industries was deciding ______________
Where to put the thousands of new workers
British Prime Minister who was not worried about America's ability to fight a global war because he knew that victory in modern war depended on a nation's industrial power. He compared the American economy to a gigantic boiler. "Once the fire is lighted under it there is no limit to the power it can generate."
Winston Churchill
Besides housing problems and ongoing racial tensions. Like the __________ other homefront problems during WW II were ___________________________ loomed ominously over the entire war effort
Zoot Suit Riots Rising prices, shortage of material supplies and the question of how to pay for it all
Unaware they were heading into an _____________ the Japanese launched their aircraft against Midway onJune 4, 1942. The Americans sunk the ______________________ carriers. America's Navy lost the _______________. 362 Americans lost their lives while Japanese deaths totaled 3.057
ambush Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, and Hiryu Yorktown
Japan did not know that an American team of ________ had already broken the ______________ for conducting operations
code-breakers Japanese Navy's secret code
Most leaders also wanted to keep African Americans out of ______ and assigned them to _________ and ____________
combat construction supply units
Under the ______________ American cargo ships traveled in groups and were escorted by navy warships making it much harder for a ______________ to torpedo a cargo ship and escape without being attacked. Americans also began using new technology like ________________________to locate and attack submarines
convoy systems German submarine radar, sonar and depth charges
________ contracts involved the government agreeing to pay a company whatever it cost to make a product plus a guaranteed percentage of the costs as a profit
cost-plus
American forces turned the tide in Europe and the Pacific, and they played a crucial role in the ___________
defeat of Germany, Italy and Japan
African Americans opposed to the effort agued they were ____________ and did not want to fight for the US for that reason
disenfranchised
was the argument that Afrian Americans should join the war effort in order to achieve a double victory - ____________ and _____________
double V Campaign victory over HItler's racism vistory over racism at home
when a reiveted ship was hit, the rivets often came loose causing the ship to ______________. A welded hull was fused into ______________. A torpedo might blow a hole in it but the ship would not __________
fall apart and sink one solid piece of steel come apart
The US quickly mobilized its economy and armed forces to _________________
fight WWII
When German troops entered the city, Stalin ordered the Soviet troops to hold the city, retreat was ________________. On November 23, Soviet reinforcements arrived and surround the city with 250,000 Germans in it. When the battle was over, _____________________ surrendered but only 5,000 survived the Soviet prison camps and returned home after the war
forbidden 91,000 Germans
Surrounding Normandy were _____, dirt walls, several feet thick, covered in shrubbery. They were built to contain cattle and crops, but they enabled the Germans to fiercely defend their positions.
hedgerows
The _____________ astounded the rest of the world. American workers were _______________ and ______________
industrial output of the US twice as productive as German workers five time more productive than Japanese workers
FDR influenced ____________ in the military by ordering the army, navy, air force and marines to ____________________ and he directed the army ____________
integration begin recruiting African Americans to put African Americans into combat
Churchill convinced FDR to focus on the periphary of the German Empire, and to wait to launch a full scale invasion of _________________
mainland Europe
African Americans had separate barracks, latrines, mess halls, and rec facilities. After training, African Americans were organized into their own ____________, but white officers were generally _______________
military units in command
A damaged LS could usually ________________
return to port make repairs return to service
At the beginning of the war, the US military was __________.
segregated
Stalin also promised that once Germany was beaten, the Soviet Union would help ________
the United States defeat Japan.
Although the German defenses along the coast of France were formidable, the Allies did have one advantage: ___________.
the element of surprise
The US entered WWII ________________
unwillingly and largely unprepared
