Socials 11 Chapter 9/10 Test

Pressure Groups

(special) interest groups of people sharing common interests and concerns who try to pressure political decision makers and influence the GOV policies and decisions

What happens if a ruling party loses a vote in the HOC?

- Non-confidence vote: PM must resign and call election

Minority Government

- When the number of seats the leading party possesses are lower than half the total. (all the other parties seats together have more than the leading party) - Significant because the leading party has much less power, as they cannot pass whatever they want and need to form a coalition with another party.

Majority Government

- When the number of seats the leading possesses are greater than half the total. - Significant because the party in power is much more powerful and can essentially pass anything they desire. -can seem less democratic - too powerful -unfair representation

backbenchers

- members of a legislature who are not cabinet members who belong to a party but are not ministers, leaders or opposition critics - their job is to vote and support their party's behalf

When might free votes be allowed by the government in the HOC?

- occurs in times when it is necessary to content the backbenchers of the legislature -often about issues which are very contentious, or a matter on which the members of any single party differ in their opinions: making it difficult for parties to formulate official policies. (religious, moral or ethical issues)

What are some effects of the Minority Government?

-Minorities need to compromise and form coalitions in order to stay in power:causes the governing party to be very cautious (when a ruling party loses a vote in the HOC its called a non-confidence vote and PM must resign and call election)- does not introduce legislation that will not pass = slow&difficult process in implementing law -requires support of the other parties in order to pass a bill: more democratic -causes instability in government : unable to pursue policies promised

Communism

-believes in total equality of all people -developed from exploitation of the proletariat in the capitalism. -classless society: government owns all property and democratically administered to people: each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. -use of secret police, government control, and propaganda - Ruling class should be overthrown by the working class

Facism

-emphasize nationalism and militarism - war is glorified and viewed to keep their nation strong: superiority over others -political opposition and individual freedom is forbidden: collective identity -strict social order & total government control -rely on fear as a motivator through secret police - Hitler; Benito Mussolini

What does the Prime Minister do as the "party leader"?

1) Acts as spokesperson for his party:leader of executive 2) Gives out patronage appointments 3) Rewarding loyal supporters with positions in the Senate, diplomatic corps, or government operated business 4) leads other party members in Parliament

What does the Prime Minister do in his role as "national leader"?

1) Addresses Canadians on issues of National concern and explains goals of ruling party 2) Represents Canada on trips to other nations 3) Speaks on behalf of all Canadians at international meetings 4) Works with premiers to coordinate and share responsibilities

What is the role of a council?

1) Approves budgets of departments 2) Departments enforce bylaws passed by council

What does the Prime Minister do in his role as the "head of government"?

1) Asks GG to name new judges and Senators 2) Decides on the best time to ask GG to call election 3) Chooses and changes cabinet members to reflect the needs of the ruling government 4) Final say in creating the policies of the government in power 6) appoint GG

What are the three main parts of Canada's constitution?

1) Description of the powers of provincial legislatures, parliament, parts, and authority 2) Charter of Rights and Freedoms that outlines the basic rights and responsibilities that all Canadians possess 3) Amending formula which sets out ways in which the Constitution may be changed

What is the role of a cabinet minister?

1) Responsible for their department's efficient and effective operation and finances, actions of their staff 2) Speak behalf of their department in Parliament and in public

What are the 3 principles of Civil Disobedience?

1) Should not involve violence 2) should only be directed at laws that are seriously harmful 3) take responsibility of one's action: be prepared for the consequences of your beliefs

What is the role of a party whip?

1) To ensure that members are present in Parliament to support party bills and vote in legislatures 2) Discipline members who do not behave as expected

How many people live in a typical constituency?

100 000 citizens

How many in the Senate

104 currently providing regional representation.

Enumeration

2nd step of the Federal Election: Chief Electoral Officer then begins the process of compiling list of votes (over 18 Canadian citizen)

How many seats or MPs were there in 2001?

301

How many seats currently in the HOC? & In the next election?

308 to 388

Nomination

3rd step of the Federal Election: each major political parties begin select candidates: Candidates are selected by PM or local riding association

Campaigning

4th step of the Federal Election: Parties seek to increase public awareness/support & raise money

What is Private Member's Bill?

A bill introduced by MP's ruling party not in Cabinet

Party platform

A document drawn up at each national convention outlining the policies, positions, and principles of the party

Patronage

A favor, often a government position, given in return for political support.

Define: democracy

A form of government in which the people have the power

Liberalism

A political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, -believes in individual ability rather tan birthright parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor -guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties. -supports representative government -protection of private property: popular among the property-owning middle classes.

Define: institution

A society or organization founded for religious educational, social or similar purpose

What qualities does the Speaker need in order to do a good job?

Ability to remain calm and objective, be able to direct/lead

At which stage does the public have input into the proposed law?

After 2nd reading

What is the purpose of election campaigns?

Allows the public to know of the purpose through Party Platform The media plays the greatest role

What is a federal system of government

An organization of regional governments each acting on behalf of his own residents with central government in Ottawa for the nation

How are cabinet ministers chosen?

Appointed by the Prime Minister

What is a constituency?

Areas that are roughly equal in population

How often must the Federal Government meet?

At least once a year

How are aboriginal band councils different from municipal councils?

Band councils often deal with Provincial and Federal governments more than mayors do

When does an federal election occur?

Canada does not have a fixed term: PM determines elections limited by the constitution to 5 years. -follows dissolution

What are the requirements for becoming a Senator?

Canadian citizens, at least 30, living in province/territory they represent, more than $4000 worth of property

Charter Appeals

Charter applications put up for review by council of higher status for possibility of introducing new law or right

Mobility Rights

Charter rights that guarantee people ability to move, work and live around Canada or come in and out of country

Standing Committee

Committee within the HOC that serve different ministries and are made of groups of MP - refine and tweak legislation

What are the Steps in a Federal Election?

Dissolution, Enumeration, Nomination, Campaigning, Balloting, Tabulation

What issues separate regions or provinces and pull our country apart?

Divisions of power between federal and provincial governments e.g. Separatist movement in Quebec

List 5 provincial responsibilities

Education, charities, health services and hospitals, licenses, highways, provincial court system, provincial police and prisons

List 4 areas for which Provincial governments are responsible

Education, health care and social welfare, environment, transportation

What is the triple "E" many Canadians wish of the Senate?

Elected Equal- all provinces are equally represented Efficient/Effective - serve a purpose

What is the role of a party's caucus? When do they attend?

Elected party members have an opportunity to discuss concerns and to express opinions freely -weekly

First Past the Post

Electoral system based on single-member districts in which the candidate who receives the most votes wins.

Voting/Balloting

Eligible votes visit polling stations and cast vote.

What are the characteristics of an ideal cabinet?

Equal numbers of men and women, representatives from all regions and major ethnic groups that make up Canada

How often must the federal parliament hold elections?

Every 5 years

Public Service

GOV administration

Bureaucracy

GOV department of officials and administrators who carry out GOV work - also called civil service

Bureaucrat

GOV officials and administrators who work by a fixed routine

Aboriginal Governments

GOV that is able to pass laws and make decisions about matters that affect communities and lands of Aboriginals, in partnership with all orders of Canadian GOV

Brand recognition

Gained through media presence: awareness by public of characteristics associated by products, businesses, or persons. (fame&acknowledgement)

Define: government

Governing body of a nation, state or community

How does someone become a Senator?

Governor General appoints on recommendations from the Prime Minister

What three components is the legislative branch made up of?

Governor General, House of Commons, and the Senate

What four components is the executive branch made up of?

Governor General, Prime Minister, Cabinet, and public service

List 5 shared responsibilities

Immigration, agriculture, health care, natural resources, environmental issues

Filibuster & Closure

In the 2nd reading of a bill -opposing party delaying a unstoppable bill as a sign of defiance -can be stopped by declaring closure

Why can Lobbyists be dangerous?

Insiders can persuade governments to put in place policies that are not necessarily in the public interests.

How is the Prime Minister chosen?

Leader of political party with most votes

What are the three branches of Canada's government

Legislative, executive, judicial

What are municipal governments?

Local level of government

Define: traditions

Long established custom or belief that has been passed along

List 5 federal responsibilities

National defense, foreign policy, aboriginal affairs, postal services, banking system, marriage and divorce law, criminal law, federal prisons

Why might municipal governments been given so little power when Canada was established?

Only 1/10 Canadians lived in cities with over 10000 people, so they only had to provide the most basic services

Shadow Cabinet

Opposition members (the party with the second most seats) criticize the party in charge

What is the purpose of question period?

Opposition parties challenge the government's actions and raise issues they feel the government needs to address

Why is a constitution necessary for a complex organization?

Outlines structure of our government, and defines an limits the government's power

How is the limited power of municipal governments a problem today?

Over 7/10 Canadians live in cities, but local government decisions can still be overruled by Provincial government

Describe the speaker's two main roles in parliament

Oversees the impartial operation of the House Applying roles of parliament fairly and firmly (may cast a vote if needed)

How are Senators appointed?

PM in patronage and serve for life or 75 yrs.

What is proroguing Parliament?

PM requests the GG to suspend parliament for a period of time members are released from their duties until next session.

Why are private members rarely successful in introducing and having a new law passed?

Procedure is complicated and requires a lot of support

What is the role of the Senate?

Provide a final check on the legislation passed in the House of Commons (second sober thought)

Who decides what form municipal government will take?

Provincial government

Why is it important that Cabinet represent all regions and groups in Canada?

Reflect the cultural, linguistic, and social diversity of the nation

How is a representative democracy different from a direct democracy

Representative democracy: Elected person for the people Direct democracy: People for the people

Describe the role of the Governor General

Represents monarch by giving the throne speech (what governmnet will attempt to accomplish in the current session of parliament) gives Royal (formal) assent, performs ceremonial functions, advises the government, Prorogue parliament at the request of PM

What is the role of the opposition in Parliament

Scrutinize actions of the government

Why does the Senate lack in power?

Senate cannot reject a legislation that has been passed by the HOC - a elected body thus they are just a rubber stamp

How do Provincial governments and the Federal government solve disputes over which has control over things such as the environment or taxes?

Supreme court makes final decison if disputes cannot be settled

Who influences the Prime Minister?

The Privy Council and the PM's office(political advisers and staff) help him with day to day schedules and influence decisions.

Who is the Canadian Head of State?

The monarch: represented by the Governor General

Define: constitutional monarchy

The power of the ruler are restricted tot hose granted under the constitution and laws of the nation

What is meant by the term "direct democracy"?

To be the people, for the people

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

UN outline of rights to which all human beings are entitled. Based on belief that all human beings are born free and equal

What are the effects created by F-P-t-P?

Usually creates a majority government in the votes cast, despite a party not receiving majority of the votes cast- unequal representation

Describe the roles of civil servants

Work in various parts of the government and do tasks that connect people to the government, like collect taxes, write details for new laws...etc

Canadian Immigration Act

act concerning the admission of foreign nationals in to Canada, their rights and responsibilities once in Canada, conditions of their removal

Canadian Human Rights Act

act guaranteeing equal opportunity in areas affected by federal GOV, covering all federally regulated businesses and agencies

Clayoquot Sound

act of civil disobedience, protesting issue of clear-cut logging in Clayoquot Sound, BC by blocking logging roads - many were arrested as social media spread the issue and caused continuous 'sit downs' in middle of roads to prevent loggers from gaining access to forest

Civil Disobedience

act of intentionally breaking law while protesting laws one considers unjust

Excise Tax

added tax on certain goods produced or sold in country such as added recycling fees, alcohol, gas and tobacco taxes

Contituencies

also known as riding; geographical divisions taken into account by population HOC represents the common people

Deficit

amount of money a GOV owes when it takes in less money than it spends (debt)

Surplus

amount of money remaining when a GOV takes in more money than it spends

Constituency (Riding)

an area containing approximately 100000 people in which each riding elects MP to represent their views in HOC. Currently 308 seats in HOC

What can Nomination lead to?

an opportunity to become member of federal parliament or provincial legislature

Facism

authoritarian GOV exercises complete power, suppresses opposition, often through use of force and encourages nationalism and racism; ideology of the importance of the state and responsibility of it people to serve it

Communism

authoritarian GOV with social and economic ideology that believes the property, production and distribution of goods and services should be owned by the public and that the labour force should be organized for benefit of all members of society. These GOV are one party states that maintain their power through propaganda, secret police and GOV control of its citizens

What does the mace represent?

authority of the crown- no one can touch it

Mandate

authorization or decree to form a GOV by act of law

Brand Recognition

awareness by general public of characteristics associated with particular product, business or political figure, Used to frame an issue or debate by focusing on what generates most public interest

BC Human Rights Code

becoming law in'96, protecting areas such as employment, housing and services available to public

Socialist

believer in socialism and that GOV should only be able to control important parts of economy and major industries

Private Members Bill

bill introduced into legislature by member of legislature who is not member of Cabinet

Legislative Assembly

body of people elected in each province and erritory to make and pass laws

Civil Service

body of people who work in GOV administration and carry out actual work of the GOV - also called the Bureaucracy

Crown Corporation

businesses and industries owned by Canadian GOV

How is the campaigning funded?

campaigns are paid for by extensive fundraising through donation from individuals. It is expensive, but effective. receive funding from fed. government through grants and tax incentives for their supporters Approx $1.53 per vote the party received in the last election if more than 2% of overall vote was received.

How are Cabinet members chosen?

chosen by PM: selection is based on provincial/regional representation, expertise, gender and ethnicity

Chief Electoral Officer

civil servant in charge of managing the political elections and referendums

Notwithstanding Clause

clause in Canadian Constitution allows federal and provincial or territorial GOV to pass a low or allow an act to stand, even if it violates a specific freedom or right

Political Compass

combination of left-right spectrum with an additional dimension of GOV involvement (up-down spectrum) from total control (authoritarian (up)) to maximum individual freedom (libertarian (down))

Fiscal

concerning money/ financial issues

Cabinet

consisting of 30 members called Cabinet Ministers who meet independently to plan course of GOV. Each province must have a minimum of one Cabinet Minister represented

Executive Branch

consisting of GG, Cabinent and PM with purpose to make/apply GOV decisions

Legislative Branch

consisting of HOC, Senate and GG with purpose to made/amend laws and determine how GOV will spend money it collects from people

House of Commons

consists of governing party, PM, Cabinet and all other members of opposition parties elected by the people

Federal Court

court of federal GOV, handling civil and criminal cases based on jurisdictions of Canadian Constitution

Provincial Court

court of province handling various minor offences, civil law disputes and small claims where accused is tried before a judge and no jury

International Criminal Court (ICC)

court willingly established in countries that would have power to investigate and prosecute individuals, including political leaders, who commit war crimes, genocide, etc

Cabinet Solidarity

custom that Cabinet members must show full support of Cabinet's decisions and the GOV policies or resign from office

Vote of Non Confidence

defeating of a bill introduced by PM GOV or formal vote of non confidence in HOC concerning PM, both resulting the resignation of current Governing party and PM

Socialism

developed when capitalism resulted in social harm and poverty: government should control important parts of economy and major industries- ensure high level of service to all people, not only wealthy. seeks to achieve goals peaceful democratic intervention. Strong support for economic and social equality : community owning things together

Referendum

direct vote in which everyone asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal usually with yes or no answers

Capitalism

economic system where production and distribution of goods are owned privately or by shareholders in Corporations who have invested their money in the hope of making a profit

Member of Parliament

elected representative of voters who is a member of HOF with a 5 year term

Local Representative

elected representative responsible for administration of public services and facilities in a particular area

International Court of Justice (ICJ)

established by UN in '46 in the Netherlands, to settle disputes between countries based on international law - becomes involved only if both side agree for help

Third Reading

fifth stage of passing bill in which MP have final opportunity to review and amend bill

Royal Assent

final stage of passing a bill in which GG signs or grants approval for bill to become a law

First Reading

first stage of passing a bill in which it is introduced to HOC

Democracy

form of GOV giving people who are ruled by laws and policies certain rights over actions, careers of those in power by freely choosing in elections, principles and ideals of such GOV include free speech and rule of law

Authoritarian

form of GOV in which one individual or small group holds all power and controls the lives of its citizens - opposed to democracy and uses harsh laws and restrictions on freedom to maintain power

Bill

form or draft proposed by Cabinet to HOC where it goes through three readings, amended by commitee, three readings in Senate and is finally signed by GG, creating a law

Merger

formal alliance between two or more political parties coming together as whole new political party with a new set of ideologies and identity

Coalition

formal alliance of political parties -occurs when when small individual parties are unable to oppose the government alone, but together are more influential.

Romeo Dallaire

former general who led the UN force during Rwandan genocide in '94. Now a human rights activist, speaking out on issues of genocide and child soldiers

Report Stage

fourth stage of passing bill in which committee member report to HOC

Municipal Governments

government of local area.

Senate

group of 105 people within HOC appointed by GG on recommendation of the PM with primary functions to investigate bills passed by HOC

Caucus

group of Members of HOC from smae political party, led by PM

Elite

group of people who hold power

Nationalism

having a strong support and devotion to ones culture and nation, sometimes resulting in promotion of independence

Continentalism

how closely we align ourselves with the US

Conservatism

ideology believing in established political and socials institutions and values (conserve tradition) :change is taken with caution -minimal government intervention to economy: believes in businesses trhiving and healthy economy. -community protection with tough laws

What is the purpose of the Legislative Branch?

introduces, debates, and passes bills

Canadian Criminal Code

law that contains list of criminal offences and punishable procedures in Canada

Premier

leader of provincial or territorial political party with most elected members to that provinces legislative assembly or which has support of majority in legislative assembly

Active Citizenship

learning how to best accomplish GOV responsiveness to our needs through political awareness and involvement

Parliament

legislative body of country meeting for conferences on public or national affairs

Political Spectrum

linear visual used to illustrate political ideologies from left to right

Party Platform

list of priorities and a plan for governing published by a political party

Non Governmental Organization

local, national or international groups that work independently of GOV on issues such as health, the environment or human rights

Partisan

loyal to a party or a cause with little compromise

Status Indian

member of any FN/Aboriginal groups registered under federal indian act, having special rights and privileges

Free Vote

members of party voting on legislation according to their own conscience - party leadership will only allow such action if it is in interest of party

Quebec Sovereignty

movement advocating that Quebec seperate from rest of Canada and become a country of its own

Supreme Court

national court, handling offensive civil and criminal cases were accused is tried by judge or a judge and jury

General Election

national election held within five years of last, or after dissolution of parliament, electing members of HOC

When does dissolution occur?

occurs when ruling party is defeated by non-confidence vote in HOC or PM chooses to dissolve parliament

Privy Council Office (PCO)

office that is used by PM to set agenda for Cabinet meetings and organize its work. Such members of this office are at the PMs service and are staffed by his or her appointed and unelected officials

Apartheid

official policy of racial segregation involving political, legal and economic discrimination against non-whites - were many activists against this movement

Facist

one who believes that a country is an organic community requiring strong leadership, a collective identity and military strength

Civil Servants

one who works for GOV department and conducts daily business of the GOV (media coverage, letters, etc)

Totalitarian

opposed to democracy and wants to control every aspect of a life within the country: culture, religion, economy etc -authoritarian: small group runs the whole country

Official Opposition

opposing party with most elected members aside from governing party

Orders in Council

order signed by GG on advice on the PM and Cabinet. makes laws or regulations without necessity of parliamentary vote - also used for Senate appointments, necessary law changes and in case of emergencies

Federal System

organization of provincial GOV each acting on behalf of its own residents, with a central GOV responsible for matters vital to nation as a whole

Human Rights Organizations

organizations dedicated to protecting basic rights of all people, regardless of locations, race, gender

pressure groups

organized groups of individuals with common interest and concerns who attempt to pressure political decision makers

Spin Doctors

people hired to coach candidates on what to say in order to make sure they look good in media and are able to publicize words and actions of such politicians in a positive way

Cabinet Minister

person among governing partys MP who is selected by PM with no set term. Members have responsibility to initiate new laws, administer one department of GOV

Lobbyist

person hired to represent the interest of a pressure group by influencing policy decision makers in the group's favor.

Politician

person who is active in party politics and skilled in political government or administration

Secret Police

police force that supports GOV political policies through activities including surveillance, intimidation and physical violence in order to prevent dissent towards GOV

Employment Equity

policies that ensure certain groups given advantage employers. Two practices designed to improve such policy are the principle of equal pay for work of equal value and use of preferential hiring practices

Socialism

political and economic system in which means of production and distribution in a country are publicly owned and controlled for benefit of all members of society

Ideology

political and social principles of beliefs

Ideology

political and social principles or beliefs that most political parties are organized around

Libertarianism

political ideology that supports maximum individual freedom and minimal GOV involvement in lives of its citizens

Green Party

political party devoted to green politics, focusing on achieving environmental goals through grassroots demcracy

Liberals

political party in favour of reform and concepts of the maximum individual freedom possible

NDP

political party in support of social assistance programs and GOV funded health care and education and is against privatization of Crown corporations - most socialist party of major political parties

Conservatives

political party supporting tradition and business interests tending to be nationalistic and pro-military

Liberalism

political philosophy supporting individual freedoms and GOV intervention of civil liberties to maintain basic standards of living for all people and to protect rights of individuals and groups

Conservatism

political philosophy supporting traditional political and social values and institutions, opposing sudden change, innovation and reform. Supports Laissez-Faire capitalism, providing minimal gov intervention in economy

Grassroots Democracy

political processes driven by groups of ordinary citizens, instead of larger organizations or wealthy individuals with concentrated vested interests in particular policies

Rule of Law

principle that laws equally apply to all members of society; no one is above the law, helping protect our rights and prevent those in authority from abusing their power

Lieutenant Governor

provincial representative of crown appointed by GG

Hate Propaganda

publishing display of any notice, sign, symbol or emblem that is likely to expose a person or class of people to hatred

Voter Apathy

reluctance in people to vote= increase in vote turnout

Member of Legislative Assembly

representative responsible for administration of public services and facilities in a particular area

Minority Rights

right to be respected, given equal rights in speech and justice and to vote on an appropriate candidate of which you desire

Human Rights

rights that are considered fundamental to life in any human society, along with four basic freedoms.

Bourgeoisie

ruling or middle class; owners of production companies

Single Transferable Vote

seats in parliament is based on proportional vote representation or seats in to the votes they received. (30% of votes=30% of seats) -Pursued by several groups in Canada (rejected in BC referendum)

Second Reading

second stage of passing a bill in which committee examines bill and may make amendments to bill

Senate Reading

sixth stage of passing bill in which it is sent to Senate from HOC where it follows similar process

Traditional Media

social networking used to get attention for a cause or to enhance political profiles (ex TV, radio, magazines and newspapers

"Before the Law"

states that everyone must have access to courts in order to be represented fairly

"Under the Law"

states that laws passed by GOV must treat everyone equally and that courts cannot favour rights of one group over another

Populism

style of politics that advocates of the interests of ordinary people

Fiscal Conservatism

support for reductions in GOV spending a balanced budget

Extradition

surrender of a person accused of a crime from one country to another

Direct Democracy

system in which every eligible citizen directly vote on all decisions that affect society

Representative Government

system in which every eligible citizen directly vote on all decisions that affect society

One-Member, One-Vote

system of choosing new party leader in which each registered member of party has one vote, therefore having direct say in who will lead their party.

Common Law

system of law that is based on court decisions and on traditional customs rather than statutes

Compulsory Voting

system of voting in which all voters must attend a polling station and vote in private, without delay or face penalties for voter apathy to make certain that all parts of electoral districts

direct democracy

system where the people vote on every issue -inefficient& time consuming

Income Tax

tax based on personal income

Corporate Tax

tax charged to businesses based on total revenues

Ad Valorem Tax

tax that is proportional to value of goods

Portfolio

term for department of GOV each Cabinet minister is responsible for

What is Cabinet Solidarity and why is it important in the government?

the custom that Cabinet members must not show disagreement with government policies -it allows the public to trust a more organized government - allows them to look more efficient

What is a dissolution?

the ending of the sitting Parliament approved by the GG at the PM's request a writ of election is issued for each constituency: Begins elections

Patronage

the giving, by premiers and PMs particularly of offices usually GOV positions and rewards in return for loyalty, political support or favours to the party

Committee Stage

third stage of passing a bill in which committee examines bill and may make amendments

Communist

those who believe ruling class should be overthrown by working class

Polarize

to go in opposite directions; BC politics have been doing so over the past 50 years

Party Discipline

traditional value of having all party members voting the same way as one voice

Tabulation

votes are counted by electoral officers and winning candidate is declared for each riding when a vote is close, it is recounted often for accuracy

Institutionalized Pressure Groups

well established pressure groups that have formal organizations to spread their interests and concerns

When and why does Proroguing Parliament occur?

when government wants to avoid problems, passing legislation, shuffle membership of committees, stay in power

Proletariat

workers or lower class