Sociology 100 final exam
Define nativism, xenophobia, sinophobia, acculturation.
"Intransigent nativism" (nativism: discrimination against foreign born). Xenophobia: fear of strangers. Sinophobia: fear of Chinese. Acculturation: acquire language and cultural fluency but retain key elements of immigrant culture
what were key provisions of Massachusetts Plan?
(private market-based; all must have coverage; employers must help; "broker" agencies will help match people to plans, government will subsidize the poor purchasing health care)
Factors that contribute to unequal distribution of healthcare
1. imbalance of primary care and specialized physicians. 2. health insurance attached to employment. 3. unequal distribution by identity groups and region.
How does Stiglitz blame US economic inequality on society's and government's response to market based inequalities. Know exampls 2,5,6,7.
2. We have taken away power from the unions, which work to protect workers. 5. Discrimination intensifies inequalities for some groups pg 68-70 6. Corporate taxes as a percentage of GDP have decreased pg 73 7. Expenditure programs have not been increased to help the poor; they are being decreased pg 76
What is Portis and Rumbaut's assertion abt the "push-pull" of US immigration?
A demand for labor exists in the target nation. The demand is made known to the potential immigrant. The opportunity represents relative Advantage. It's more "pull" by nation than push by immigrant.
Definition of activism, its relationship to theory and research, Marx's word for action in the world.
Activism: an intentional effort to create change. Theory and research cause activism. Marx called this [praxis]
In analyzing group income differences, what is the most important factor for women? African Americans?
All groups of women have made progress since 1980 probably due to increase in education levels and workforce experience. African Americans: Education and workforce experience: 52% Industry & Occupation: 20% The other 20%: "various," including discrimination But "discrimination" may also hide within the first 2 categories.
What are frequently used measures of health? How is US doing on these measures?
Amenable mortality. US last among developed nations. Life expectancy at birth 37th place US. Infant mortality and heart disease US falls below average.
Rational Choice (Karl-Dieter Opp)
Asserts that people will make conscious choices to organize and seek change that is in their own self-interest.
Relative Deprivation Theory (Robert Merton, Walter Runciman)
Asserts that people will organize or join social movements in order to obtain things of which they feel they are being deprived that are considered essential in their d society (e.g. resources, rights, voice, status).
2 goals of intransigent nativism
Attempts to exclude immigration laws Forces assimilation. Attempts to Americanize asap Ignores the realities of increasing globalization Sometimes backfires: latino votes in recent/upcoming elections
What assertions about research are made by Babbie and Best?
Babbie: research is important, helps to move us past some of our assumptions, takes things we think are true and shows us they aren't true. Best: be careful with statistics, use common sense, if something does not make sense stop and look into it more BE CAUTIOUS WITH STATISTICS.
What does Biden want to do about healthcare?
Biden wants to un-do damage Trump did to ACA and strengthen it further. Still a private/public hybrid. Republican opponents want to return to more free market form
Recognize categories of physical world activism
Consciousness raising Community building Lobbying Media activism Propaganda Economic activism (boycott, divestment) Protest Strike action Non-violent confrontation (breaking law) Violent Confrontation Revolution
What is DACA and its current status?
DACA (Deferred action for childhood arrivals): no deportation for thsoe who came as minors and meet certain conditions: possible road to work visa. No provision for citizenship 2012 Obama: don't deport those brought by parents 2016: reversed by Trump but courts ruled that reason was not ok so DACA continues 2020 supreme court agreed. 2021: Federal court said DACA never legal in first place, no one new can join program.
Four examples of where and why sociological research is used
Public sector: Government to understand social problems and formulate policies Private sector: businesses to better understand groups Education sector: to advance knowledge, research universities Non-profit sector (NGOs): to improve society
Key difference between qualitative and quantitative and what each does best.
Qualitative: life history/oral history, case study, survey vs. Ethnography: participant observer, roots in anthropology. In-depth understanding. Quantitative: lab/field experiments. Large scale research.
What are 2 scenarios Stiglitz describes as alternative futures of the US?
Reform: moving closer to "Liberty and Justice for all" 99% will realize they have been duped OR 1% will realize reform benefits them too OR current trends worsen: Dual economy Possible popular violence
What did Obamacare try to do for the whole US BEYOND what the Massachusetts plan provided in its state?
Strengthen healthcare workforce. Current state of ACA: Biden wants to un-do damage Trump did to ACA and strengthen it further. Still a private/public hybrid. Republican opponents want to return to more free market form Democratic opponents generally want "single payer"=Medicare for all= Canadian healthcare system (varies by province) Single Payer - "medicare for all" (=Canadian System) Hospital/doctor bills first go to government which pays basic coverage for everyone. Unpaid balance returned to patient Patient may have private insurance coverage to cover part or all of balance or pays "out of pocket."
New Social Movement Theory
Stresses cultural factors rather than structural factors The importance of meaning systems in mobilizing collective action How new identities are formed within social movements
What are structural inequities and social determinants of health? how are they connected?
Structural inequities: the systematic disadvantage of one social group over another. Social determinants in health: conditions of social environment (places where people live, learn, work, play) that affect health risks, health outcomes, and quality of life. Conditions include education, employment, health care service, housing, income, wealth, transportation, etc. Structural inequities (racism, xenophobia, etc.) use policy, law, and cultural norms to SORT people into social environments that are rich or poor in social determinants of health.
What is trickle down economics? Does Stiglitz agree or disagree with it?
Trickle down economics: Investing in upper class causes them to increase business and create benefits (jobs) in the lower classes Historical numbers simply don't bear this out. Trickle UP (benefit the rich by investing in the middle and lower classes might work) Stiglitz disagrees with trickle down theory: investing in upper class, doesn't create more jobs.
Recognize 6 facts about US economic inequality states in the Pew Research Link.
1. Over the past 50 years, the highest-earning 20% of U.S. households have steadily brought in a larger share of the country's total income. 2. Income inequality in the U.S. is the highest of all the G7 nations, according to data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 3. The black-white income gap in the U.S. has persisted over time. 4. Overall, 61% of Americans say there is too much economic inequality in the country today, but views differ by political party and household income level. 5. The wealth gap between America's richest and poorer families more than doubled from 1989 to 2016. 6. Middle-class incomes have grown at a slower rate than upper-tier incomes over the past five decades,
Key dates in history of sociological research
1850 Martineau "empirically grounded, narratively vivid" 1900 Durkheim, cooperative 1930 Chicago, participant/observer 1950 statistics 1975 combinations & secondary analyses
What were major US policies abt immigration 1882-1996? Omit Gentlemen's agreement.
1882 Chinese exclusion act: After railroad complete, no chinese immigrants or naturalizations. Renewed in 1892 and 1900. 1921 National Origin System: Block immigrants from south europe and asia. 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act (Hart-Cellar act) less restrictive. Intent was to reunite families, but protect US labor by favoring those with high skill levels. Effect was to shift origin of immigrants: dramatic increases from Italy, Greece, Portugal, Mexico, Philippines, West Indies, and South America 1986 Immigration Reform and control act. mnesty to 2.7M undocumented aliens who were long-term residents of US (10+ yrs) Made it illegal to hire undocumented aliens. Resulted in 400,000 deportations annually
The categories of action Stiglitz would use to reduce economic inequality.
1A Level the playing field Curb the financial sector (banks)! Reduce risk-taking: it leads to failure Make banks more transparent Make banks more competitive Legislate against abusive lending Reduce executive bonuses Close down off shore banking Strengthen anti-monopoly laws Improve corporate government esp CEO power to grab money Make bankruptcy law tougher on lenders, easier on borrowers End government giveaways End corporate welfare tax code, loan breaks Reduce ability to "buy justice" through lawyers 1B Tax Reform A more "progressive" tax system with fewer loopholes Reform estate tax 2A Help the rest 99% Improve access to education Provide savings incentives (e.g. assistance in purchasing homes) Health care for all Strengthen other programs that help those out of work or in poverty (unemployment, food stamps, etc) 3A Campaign finance reform, require voting, make voting registration easier, reduce gerrymandering.
How does single payer system differ from US system?
Democratic opponents generally want "single payer"=Medicare for all= Canadian healthcare system (varies by province) Single Payer - "medicare for all" (=Canadian System) Hospital/doctor bills first go to government which pays basic coverage for everyone. Unpaid balance returned to patient Patient may have private insurance coverage to cover part or all of balance or pays "out of pocket."
What is the role of education in opportunity for Americans?
Education helps but rich gets better education 74% of students from highly educated colleges are top 15% income
Recognize 8 practices that experts say would improve and reduce healthcare costs that do not involve changing who pays for healthcare
Emphasize primary care Stick to what works ("standard of care") Emphasize prevention IM efficiencies through IT Manage chronic diseases import/negotiate for cheaper drugs Pay providers less Consumer-directed healthcare
what are 3 major immigration issues that are addressed in recent legislative attempts and Presidential actions? Which of three being emphasized by Trump and which being emphasized by Biden?
Find ways to regularize undocumented immigrants, improve current legal immigration system, Enforcement. Trump emphasized: Enforcement heavy Border security: build southern border, close legal loopholes that enable illegal immigrration Interior enforcement: enforce immgiration laws and return visa overstays Merit based immigration system: establish reforms that protect American workers Biden emphasizing: Struggling, seemed unprepared with immense immigration problems Interior enforcement: assigned to VP Harris Current message to immigrants: borders aren't wide open. Stay home. New legislation: heavy on legalizing undocumented Pathways to citizenship for undocumented immigrants: Pathway 1: "Lawful Prospective Immigrants" LPI Pathway 2: DACA dreamers childhood arrivals Pathway 3: Temporary protected status and deferred enforced departure Pathway 4: agricultural workers Reformed of existing visa programs but no new visa types Shift in border security approach: pursue those profiteering from smuggling immigrants Address root causes of migration in other nations NEW, undoing Trump legislation.
What is the key trend in the US economy over the past 30 years that Stiglitz identifies and discusses?
Gap is widening, we've been growing apart
What is effect of sexuality on pay? (1) Gay & bisexual women (2) Gay men (3) transgender women (4) transgender men
Gay and bisexual women earn approximately the same as other women. Gay and bisexual men earn 10-32% less than similarly qualifed heterosexual men. Transgender women: earnings fell by 30% Transgender men: earnings rose slightly
Gini Coefficient. Approximately what is Gini Coefficient in US in 2021? what is a good/bad Gini Coefficient?
Gini Coefficient: everyone's income is equal=0. One person gets all the money=1.0 Below .3 is good and above .5 is bad. Current: .43-.48
Know 3 levels Milbrath's hierarchy & recognize online activities that characterize each.
Gladiator activism >> Transitional Activities >> Spectator Activities. Gladiatorial Activities: data breach, exposure, hacking. Transitional activites: political consumerism, boycotting, digital petitions, botivism, e-funding. Spectator Activities: Clicktivism/slacktivism (liking posts), metavoicing (sharing, retweeting), assertion, content creation.
Key issues that contribute to high cost of healthcare
Greatest contributors to skyrocketing healthcare costs are soaring costs of hospital care and rise in fees for services of physicians. Medical malpractice: annual malpractice insurance premiums can be over $150K for physicians in specialties such as radiology, anesthesiology, and surgery. Cost passed along to patients contributing to overall rise in healthcare costs
Addams & Alinsky: general time frame & location; key themes of each; key difference(s). What sociologist does Terry see as balance between Addams and Alinsky?
Jane Addams 1860-1935. America must raise moral concerns from personal to social level. Our ethics reflected in the way we care for the disadvantaged. Economic deprivation in childhood skews individual perspective We need to examine social factors that cause deviance Saul Alinsky 1909-1972. Generally considered father of community organizing. Social change through conflict and confrontation. Terry sees Martin Luther King Jr. as balance.
What are 3 examples of government provided socialized healthcare in US? Identify what group is served by each?
Medicare program for 65 and older. Medicaid (1965) provides health insurance for poor and disabled people. Tricare (1988) is current form of healthcare for service members and veterans. Predecessors date to 1811.
From what nation is highest percentage of foreign born Americans?
Mexico
Per Michele Wucker, what are differences between migrant sending and migrant receiving nations? what are law of soil and law of blood?
Migrant sending nations: developing nations who export workers hoping they'll send money home. Might offer dual citizenship to keep loyalty Migrant receiving nations: developed nations with older populations who need to fill their work force and tax base. Offering migrants voting rights is one way to reward participation. Law of soil: people born there are citizens Law of blood: born to qualified parents
Mass Society Theory (Kornhauser - based on Durkheim)
Modern anomie (sense of being detached from personal social groups) makes non-elite individuals feel alienated and they are therefore more likely to take extreme against elites
From what region is highest percentage of new immigrants US?
More NEW immigrants from Asia than Mexico
Defintion of social movement. Recognize Aberle's types of social movements. Michigan theorist famous for early social movement theory (resource mobilization). Be able to match 5 social movement theories with a description of those theories.
organized group that acts with continuity and coordination to promote or resist change in society. "Alternative" - change one behavior; AA "Redemptive" - Personal transformation movements - hippie, new age, religions. Change the individual but the whole person. "Reform" - social change movements - environmental, civil rights movements "Revolutionary" - completely change society - reactionary movements, e.g. Aryan Nation Resource Mobilization Theory (Mayer Zald - U/M) Explores how movements "gain momentum by successfully garnering resources, competing with other movements and mobilizing their available resources."
Approximately what percentage of US population is currently foreign born? Is this an all-time high?
percentage of US residents who were not born here (13.7%*) is not much higher than it was in 1850 (10%) and is LESS that it was in 1900 (about 15%).
What is the difference between Positivism and Verstehen as approaches to research?
positivism attempting to use the same approach as natural science, observing, objective, trying to create universal laws like in physics (Marx). Verstahen says people are not the same as oxygen molecules, have to ask participants in thing we're studying what they think, deeper understanding (Weber)
