SOCIOLOGY 1000 [chapter 9 & 10 test]

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-stratification perpetuates inequalities and creates class conflict

A consequence of poverty in the U.S. is that people learn they can rely on the system to support them and they become lazy and don't want to work.

All of the following are consequences of poverty but one, choose the item that is not a consequence of poverty:

Slavery does not exist in modern times.

All of the following statements apply to modern-day slavery but one. Choose the one that does not apply.

the answer: marrying up, increasing educational attainment, success through starting a business

We are free in a class system to move from one class to another, how is this done?

Africa

Which continent has the greatest number of impoverished nations in the world?

Asia

Which continent has the largest number of people living in poverty in the world?

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In a caste system people are required to marry within their social class.

Once poverty has entered a geographic location, it is very difficult to get rid of

Which statement would you find in the analysis of poverty by Neckerman and Torche?

upper class

Members of this class do not just hold material wealth and have great autonomy, they also have power that influences the lives of other people (through media, universities, even lawmaking)

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Poverty effects physical and mental health.

global stratification

a comparison of the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries as a whole. highlights worldwide patterns of social inequality

social class

a division of a society based on social and economic status. (upper, middle, and lower class) wealth is the most significant way of distinguishing classes.

underground economy

a loosely defined unregulated market unhindered by taxes, government permits, or human protections. (working for cash "under the table")

Upper class is often defined as having control over one's life and the lives of people around you, while the upper-middle class is often defined as having control only over one's own life

Since the social classes in the United States do not have any clear boundaries, how is a sociologist supposed to determine whether their subjects are in the upper class or the upper-middle class?

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The largest number of poor people live in Asia; the largest number of poor nations are in Africa

decline of middle class

What is the most significant threat to the relatively high standard of living people are accustomed to in the United States?

Wallerstein's classification uses neutral terms that allow his classification of nations to be less biased and appear less ethnocentric

Which statement explains why Immanuel Wallerstein's classification is preferred by sociologist?

absolute poverty

a lack of resources that is life-threatening

relative property

a state of living where people can afford necessities but are unable to meet their society's average standard of living

core nation, peripheral nation, semi-peripheral nation

Immanuel Wallerstein's classification of nations uses which set of terms?

downward mobility

In 2008 the United States, as well as the rest of the world, felt the effects of the recession. After the collapse of the housing market, people lost their jobs and they quit spending money. Many people could not afford their mortgages anymore and their homes went into foreclosure. For many people, it was a time of __.

lower class

generally speaking, have less/no education

upper middle class

generally tends to have advanced degrees in high paying fields such as business or investing.

Meritocracy

is a type of stratification system based on the belief that social stratification is the result of personal effort—or merit—that determines social standing. High levels of effort will lead to a high social position and vice versa.

relative poverty

is not having the means to live the lifestyle of the average person in your country.

caste system

is one in which people are born into their social standing and will remain in it their whole lives. They can do little to nothing to change this, it is a closed system. (kdrama main leads)

social mobility

is the ability of an individual's kids to change class position

absolute poverty

lack even the basic necessities, which typically include adequate food, clean water, safe housing, and access to healthcare(less than 1. 25$/day)

Modernization Theory

low-income countries are affected by their lack of industrialization and can improve their global economic standing in the following two ways

structural mobility

movement up or down the social class ladder that is due more to changes in the structure of society than to the actions of individuals

peripheral nations

nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little industrialization

debt slavery/bondage

people are enslaved to pay back a debt that usually increases more than they are paid (college)

class traits

the typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class (also called class markers)

Meritocracy

Elisa graduated from college with a double major and was inducted into the Phi Beta Kappa society. She was then offered a job in New York where she worked 12 hours a day and produced excellent results. Within two years she had over 100 employees working under her. Elisa's hard work was rewarded with a raise and a bonus. This form of promotion is based on the principles of:

Conflict Theory

In recent times, scholars have been trying to sort out why the countries on the continent of Africa, as a whole, have trouble competing in today's global, capitalist economy. While an answer to this question is complex and carries with it many ambiguities, most scholars point to European colonialism as a key to understanding the current state of Africa. A sociologist studying this topic, would ascribe to which theoretical paradigm?

conspicuous consumption

buying expensive services and products in order to flaunt your wealth

endogamous

It was time for Oli to marry. He had finished school and was starting a job. His parents chose a bride for him whose parents had the same amount of wealth and belonged to the same class as they did. Oli and his bride will have a(n) ___ marriage.

Deindustrialization

Areas that once had vast economic growth and large amounts of industry, but are now suffering from the effects of outsourcing are going through a period of________

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Lack of education is an effect of absolute poverty that also contributes to its cyclical nature.

underground economy

Maria babysits as a form of income while she is in college. Because the amounts she gets per job are not huge, Maria never bothers to report her earnings to the IRS. Maria is a part of the_________

endogamous marriages

Marriage to a partner from the same social background.

Caste System

Mohit spent his days combing through garbage in Mumbai, India with his brothers and sisters. Sometimes he would find food, or something to sell for money. He never tried to overcome his lower-class status because he had seen his friends try and fail. So, he accepted his fate, and tried to live life as best he could in a closed society. Mohit is an example of someone living under:

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Once poverty becomes entrenched in an area, it is typically very difficult to reverse.

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One key determinant of social standing is the social standing of our parents.

cultural capital

People who inherit not only social standing but also the cultural norms that accompany a certain lifestyle

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The concept of meritocracy is an ideal type—because a society has never existed where social rank was based purely on merit. (that ideal type vs real stuff again)

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class system are not required to marry within their social class, many do because of family and societal model. Marriage is one way to change social status.

subjective poverty

describes poverty that is composed of many dimensions; it is subjectively present when your actual income does not meet your expectations and perceptions.

semi-peripheral nations

in-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major source of raw materials and an expanding middle class marketplace for core nations

social stratification

refers to a society's categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power, to determine their social standing.

Functionalist Theory

remember, says everything has a function in society, so this would include economic inequality

class system

social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement, mobility is allowed & is an open system

Dependency Theory

states that global inequality is primarily caused by core nations (or high-income nations) exploiting semi-peripheral and peripheral nations (or middle-income and low-income nations), which creates a cycle of dependence

status consistency

the consistency, or lack thereof, of an individual's rank across social categories like income, education, and occupation

standard of living

the degree of wealth and material comfort available to a person or community.

exogamous marriages

unions of spouses from different social categories. Marriage in these circumstances is based on values such as love and compatibility rather than on social standing or economics

family (parents in particular) education, demographic factors like race, ethnicity and gender also contribute to social standing.

what else determines rank in social stratification?

Chattel Slavery

when people are treated like animals, bought and sold.

feminization of poverty

which acknowledges that women disproportionately make up the majority of individuals in poverty across the globe.

exogamous

Cate is the daughter of a Senator and the former CEO of a Fortune 500 company. Harry grew up on a farm, tilling the land for a living. They are planning a June wedding. They will have a(n)___ marriage.

intergenerational mobility

Charlotte was born to a lower class family in rural Pennsylvania. After taking a job in the mail room of a large corporate office, Charlotte is slowly promoted through the ranks and becomes CEO of the company by the age of 50. Compared to her parents, Charlotte's story demonstrates what type of social stratification?

We can be responsible consumers and research products before buying them

Child labor and sweatshops have existed since the Industrial Revolution and even before that. Many products sold today are created in these sweatshops, even though, living in the 21st century, we like to think we are above such practices. What is one practical way we can try and stop multinational companies from using such labor?

Great Recession

The nation fell into a period of prolonged and exceptionally high unemployment. (lower classes felt the impact most profoundly)

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The prevalence of crime is exacerbated by poverty. Cross-nationally, crime rates are higher, particularly for violent crime, in countries with higher levels of income inequality

social capital

They share these with a network of friends and family members

symbolic interaction

This analysis strives to explain how people's social standing affects their everyday interactions.

conflict theorists

are deeply critical of social stratification, asserting that it benefits only some people, not all of society.

lower middle class

are still professionals with four year degrees, they cannot afford as much luxury.

the Davis-moore thesis

argued that the greater the functional importance of a social role, the greater the reward must be