Sociology Ch 13

Who wrote "Essay on the Principle of Population" arguing that humans are driven to reproduce? a) Thomas Malthus b) C. Wright Mills c) Plato d) Karl Marx

Thomas Malthus

population

all permanent societies, states, communities, adherents of a common religious faith, racial or ethnic groups, kinship or clan groups, professions, and other identifiable categories of people

Which of the following political policies of population change refers to a policy that "discourages fertility"? a) antinatalist b) push and pull c) birth allowance d) pronatalist

antinatalist

A primary criticism of demographic transition theory is that it ______. a) assumes that modernization will lead to rational choices about family size b) fails to consider the social consequences of population growth c) ignores the role of improvements in health and sanitation d) wrongly assumes economic expansion rates will influence a country's need for labor

assumes that modernization will lead to rational choices about family size

fertility

birth rate

mortality

death rate

The study of human populations is known as ______. a) demography b) urbanization c) anthropology d) urban ecology

demography

The birth rate is also referred to as ______, and the death rate is also known as ______. a) fertility; mortality b) fecundity; mortality c) fertility; morbidity d) fecundity; morbidity

fertility; mortality

Japan is facing a "______" of its population as the average life expectancy reaches 85 years. a) graying b) shrinking c) growing d) diversifying

graying

stage 1

high birth rates and high death rates [balance each other] (amazon basin)

stage 2

high birth rates but death rates decline. population growth rate is very high (kenya)

malthus' theory

humans are driven to reproduce and population will increase exponentially unless checks are imposed

youth dependency ratio

large number of young people in 3rd World countries provide challenges

______ is the number of years a person in a particular society is expected to live. a) Life Expectancy b) Demography c) Fertility d) Mortality

life expectancy

demographic transition theory

links trends in birth rates and death rates with patterns of economic and technological development (4/5 stages)

stage 3

low birth rates low death rates population begin to level off. (cuba)

stage 4

low death and low deaths. stable population (Japan)

migration

movement of people from one place to another

urbanization

movement of people to cities

antinatalist

policies that discourage fertility

pronatalist

policies that encourage fertility

population momentum

population increase due to large number of births

In a country where women are having fewer children than ever before, the population is expected to continue growing for the next 20 years. How is this possible? a) population momentum b) below population replacement levels c) zero population growth d) a rapid change in the dependency ratio

population momentum

below replacement levels

populations decrease since there are fewer births than deaths

population pyramids

pyramid-shaped diagrams that illustrate sex ratios and dependency ratios

aged dependency ratio

rich countries have old people

A country has high birth rates and high death rates. This country is most likely in ______ of the demographic transition. a) stage 1 b) stage 2 c) stage 3 d) stage 4

stage 1

Demography

study of human population

life expectancy

the number of years a person in a society can expect to live

dependency ratio

the ratio of those in both the young and aged groups compared with the number of people in the productive age groups from 15 to 64 years old

wealth flow theory

two strategies operate in decisions about family size (wealth flow from parents to children and vice versa) - when wealth flows from parents to children, family sizes are smaller - when children are working for their parents, family sizes are larger

Raven is interested in studying the way farm families decide how many children to have. She thinks that the number of workers needed to sustain the farm will relate to the number of children families have, with those needing more workers having more children. Which of the following theories is Raven likely using? a) wealth flow b) demographic transition c) conflict d) Malthusian

wealth flow

environmental racism

when environmental pollution disproportionately affects racial and ethnic minorities