Sociology ch. 8 Social Stratification, class and inequality

Question 4: Lower-Class households (in the U.S.) usually have an annual income lower than:

$20,000

An ethnomethodologist would likely study the:

. conversations among roommates in a college dormitory

The number of women in the United States who have been victims of a completed or attempted rape is:

1 in 6

According to the 2013 Hate Crime Statistics, approximately how many incidents against sexual minorities were reported in the United States?

1,233

The World Development Indicators show that the mortality for children under age 5 in low-income countries as compared to that in high-income countries is ________ times higher.

13

Undernourishment is defined as an adult diet of under how many calories per day?

1800

According to Thomas Piketty, author of Capital in the Twenty-First Century, growth of inequality over time is the norm in capitalist societies and has been the pattern in most developed economies—with one exception. What is the one exception?

1930-1975 (mid 20th century)

According to Thomas Piketty's Capital in the 21st Century, ever-increasing wealth inequality is argued to be a necessary and inevitable feature of almost all capitalist economic systems. The one major exception to this rule was the:

1970's

For a corporation to be considered transnational, it must have branches in how many countries?

2

Children raised in single parent homes have double the risk of experiencing negative outcomes. This is because the percentage of children who were raised in two-parent homes and have negative outcomes is _______________ and the percentage of children who were raised in single-parent homes and have negative

2%; 4%

According to the "Globalization by the Numbers" infographic, which percent of the U.S. income was earned by the top 5 percent of the population in 2012?

22.2%

Approximately what is the percentage of Americans who do some kind of volunteer work within a given year?

25%

Question 15: Top 1% owns approximately what percentage of all wealth in America?

40%

Approximately what percentage of high-school-aged young men and women attend secondary school in low-income countries?

44%

According to researchers for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, approximately what percentage of child deaths from abuse or neglect are not recorded?

50-60%

In 2014, there were 1,645 billionaires worldwide. Their combined assets were more than the total gross national income of all but the top ten economies of the world and were estimated to what value?

6.4 trillion

What percentage of Americans live in extreme poverty, meaning at near-starvation levels?

6.7%

According to the text, in 2013, high-income countries had just 18 percent of the world's population. How much of the world's total income did these same countries have?

68%

Agricultural giant Monsanto is a leader in technology and the world's food supply. It is estimated that it has widespread influence on genetically modified crops because the amount of food sold in grocery stores that has some type of genetically modified ingredient is about:

70 to 75 percent

Given past and recent rates of exploding population growth, what is the most widely accepted official prediction for the global population in 2050?

9-10 billion

According to your text, the wealthiest 0.1 percent of the population holds the same amount of wealth as the bottom __________ percent?

90%

Underclass

A class of individuals situated at the bottom of the class system, normally composed of people from ethnic minority backgrounds

Slavery

A form of social stratification in which some people are owned by others as their property.

Kuznets Curve

A formula showing that inequality increases during the early stages of capitalist development then declines and eventually stabilizes at a relatively low level

Class

A large-scale grouping of people who share common economic resources that strongly influence the type of lifestyle they are able to lead.

Which of the following is true of all systems of social stratification?

A person's life chances are significantly influences by his or her position.

What is a democracy?

A political system in which the people rule

Question 44: What is the definition of civil religion?

A set of religious beliefs through which a society interprets its own history in light of some conception of ultimate reality

Working Class

A social class broadly composed of people working in blue-collar or manual occupations

Upper Class

A social class broadly composed of the more affluent members of society, especially those who have inhertied wealth, own businesses, or hold large numbers of stocks (shares) Households that earn more than $200,000 5% of American households

Middle Class

A social class composed broadly of those working in white-collar and lower manager occupations.

Lower Class

A social class comprised of those who work part-time or not at all and whose household income is typically lower than $20,000 a year

Communism

A social system based on everyone owning the means of production and sharing in the wealth it produces

Caste

A social system in which one's social status is held for life.

Class Systems

A system of social hierarchy that allows individuals to move among classes. Four chief bases- wealth, income, occupation, and education

What is an example of economic interdependence?

A woman buying meat from a butcher, clothes from a retailer, and is a pet groomer.

What are the four core elements of world-systems theory and which are not?

A world market for goods and labor Division of the population into different economic classes An international system of formal and informal political relations Division of the world into three unequal economic zones

What do Christianity, Islam, and Judaism have in common?

Abraham figures prominently in each religion.

absolute poverty

Absolute poverty: not having enough money to afford the most basic necessities

Racism is increasingly based on cultural differences as opposed to "scientific" racism. Which of the following examples illustrates "new racism," or cultural racism?

African Americans who do not value family because of the high rates of single-parent households

The main economic activity in most low-income countries is?

Agriculture

Question 9: Which of the following is an example of vertical mobility? -A person working as a cashier at a grocery store eventually gets promoted to a position in the chain's national headquarters -A national president gets overthrown in a bloodless coup and flees to another country where he works as a farmer -A NFL star suffers a career ending injury and gets a job as an automechanic

All the above

Which of the following is true of single-parent households?

Although most single-parent households are headed by women, there is a great deal of economic and social diversity within female-headed, single-parent households.

Question 11: What is meant by the feminization of poverty?

An Increase in the proportion of the poor that are female

Why would an administrative assistant in a larger, multinational corporation who decided to falsify financial data for personal gain not be seen as an example of corporate crime?

An administrative assistant doing so for personal gain is not acting on behalf of the corporation.

Question 37: Dependency theory is defined as:

An approach that contends that industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain

Feminization of Poverty

An increase in the proportion of the poor who are female

Select the item listed below that is NOT part of the informal economy.

An informal economy is neither taxed, and it's when a Person is paid "off the books"

Poverty Line

An official government measure to define those living in povety in the United States

Question 25: The system of state controlled racial segregation in South Africa was known as

Apartheid

Question 33: According to the dependency theory, low income countries:

Are exploited by wealthy countries

Dependency Theories

Argues that the poverty of low income countries stem from their exploitation by wealthy countries and the multinational corporations based in those wealthy countries.

World-systems theory

Argues that the world capitalist economic system is not merely a collection of independent countries engaged in diplomatic and economic relations with one another but rather must be understood as a single unit.

Criminologists have suggested that among the reasons for the decline in reported crime rates in the 1990s are the improved economic conditions and lower unemployment. How might a sociologist explain this in regard to the idea of anomie?

As more people find jobs, there is a corresponding decline in the numbers of people who feel disoriented.

Warren S. Thompson (1929) described a three-stage process governing changes in population growth rates as societies move from a pre-industrial to an industrial stage. What is the central principal guiding his theory?

As societies develop, one mode of population stability is replaced by another.

Which of the following is one explanation for the persistence of global economic inequality?

As the technology gap between countries widens, eliminating poverty is more difficult.

Christianity is a very small minority in:

Asia

Ethnic groups in order from highest to lowest median household income

Asian, white, hispanic, black

Market-oriented Theories

Assumes that the best economic consequences will result if individuals are free (from governmental restraint) to make their own economic decisions.

What are examples of cultural capital?

Attendance at elite private schools, having parents who help with homework

Which sociological theorist first used the word sociology to describe the science that seeks to understand human behavior?

Auguste Comte

What term refers to the legitimate use of power?

Authority

What did the 1964 Civil Rights Act do?

Banning of discrimination in public facilities, education, employment, and agencies giving funds.

What is one of the reasons that critics of classical views on religion suggest that in modern societies, religion is losing its ability to create widespread social solidarity?

Because modern societies are more often marked by religious pluralism than religious domination, there is no longer a single set of religious values that unify the entire society.

Question 45: Why might changes of the percentage of regional populations in extreme poverty not accurately represent changes of the actual number of people in poverty?

Because of drastic increases in population, drops in percentage of extreme poverty may hide an actual increase in the numbers of people experiencing extreme poverty

The text names trade unions, ethnic groups, and business organizations as examples of interest groups. Which of the following is the best critique of the view of some pluralist theories that the more pluralistic a society, the more democratic it is likely to be?

Because some interest groups are extremely powerful with nearly unlimited financial resources and others have very few resources, interests groups do not always provide the balance suggested by pluralist theories

Dara and her fiancé are contemplating whether they should move in together before the wedding (a year away) or wait until they are married. Neither of them have cohabited before. Although they are anxious to begin their lives together, Dara has heard that living together before marriage increases the likelihood of divorce. What is one reason Dara may have little to fear?

Because they are beginning the period of cohabitation already having made a serious commitment, Dara and her fiancé will not be conditioned by cohabitation to see relationships as easily dissolvable.

Why are world-rejecting religious movements more likely to display characteristics of total institutions than other kinds of religious movements?

Being in direct opposition to the outside world, they must take far more care to maintain separation from it by regulating many aspects of followers' lives.

What is the explanation offered by Chris Kollmeyer for why unemployment in Europe has been somewhat higher than in the United States?

Better social services and unemployment benefits in Europe allow unemployed individuals to wait for a relatively good job, thus making unemployment spells longer.

The theory offered by Simon Kuznets regarding the relationship between inequality and economic development is challenged by which of the following facts?

Between 1990 and 2004, CEO pay increased by 300 percent, while production worker pay increased by only 4.5 percent.

Indian Castes

Brahmins: educated priests and scholars Kshatriyas: kings and warriors Vaishyas: merchants and farmers Shudras: peasants and laborers, craftspeople Dalits: poor, untouchables, menial and unpleasant jobs

Which theory of crime contends that any social disorder in a community encourages more serious crimes to flourish?

Broken Window Theory

Question 24: What happened in 1954 to set the Civil Rights Movement in motion?

Brown v. Board of Education

Which type of organization causes problems for effective democratic participation, according to Max Weber?

Bureaucracy

What are characteristics of flexible business structures?

Businesses rely on advanced technology to communicate with other businesses. Businesses are networked together horizontally, compartmentalizing pieces of the manufacturing-to-sales pipeline.

The idea of a sociological imagination originated with:

C. Wright Mills

Identify the type of mobility for each example. Cameron graduated from college, left welfare, and secured a semiprofessional position. Tom left his job in the factory to work in maintenance at the college. Cecelia grew up with a mother who worked cleaning motels, but Cecelia is a doctor.

Cameron: intragenerational mobility Tom: vertical mobility Ceecelia: Intergenerational mobility

What is the difference between capitalists and proletariats?

Capitalist: Want to see wages go down Earns money by taking a share of the profits Control the means of production Proletariat: Want to see wages go up Earn money by selling their labor

Question 13: Karl Marx called those who own the means of production __________ and those who make their living by selling their own labor power for a wage ______________.

Capitalists(Bourgeoisie) and the working class (proletariat)

In a ________System a person's social status is set at birth and is unchangeable.

Caste

Question 8: Which of the following terms is used to refer to hereditary ranks that are relatively fixed, immobile, and is generally seen in India?

Caste

Question 51:Most of the lowest Income Countries are found in?

Central/Sub-Saharan Africa

What is the most significant difference between children raised by straight parents and those raised by gay parents?

Children raised by gay parents were less likely to adhere to gendered expectations and norms.

Women and children and poverty

Children under 18 years old are 36% of the poor. Women are 58% of those over 18 living in poverty. Feminization of poverty: higher likelihood that female heads of households will be poor

Out of the types of rights associated w/the growth of citizenship, __________ refer to individual rights.

Civil rights

Rosie, a woman from a working-class family who works as an administrative assistant, won a huge lottery jackpot. She decided to apply for membership at an exclusive country club in the next town over but felt unwelcome after ordering the "wrong" wine at a prospective member dinner and receiving stares from members when she smoked a cigarette outside. What does Rosie's experience demonstrate about class?

Class is not only determined and expressed economically but also through lifestyle choices and personal tastes.

According to a recent study by the Economic Policy Institute, the hourly earnings of college graduates compared to people without a degree in 2013 were almost double. Why is this significant in the matter of social stratification?

College graduates' earnings make their overall net worth—wealth—higher.

Question 14: Which of the following phrases was used by Erik Olin Wright to demonstrate class characters in capitalism.

Contradictory Class location

Why have employers in the United States been relying more and more on part-time and temporary workers?

Corporations save money by using part-time and temporary workers

An important underlying part of the secularization debate revolves around which of the following?

Correctc. the level of power and influence held by religious beliefs, officials and organizations in the larger society

The term Pierre Bourdieu uses for the advantages that a good home confers; such as parent involvement with a child's homework is:

Cultural Capital

As a sociological concept, ethnicity refers to:

Cultural practices and outlooks of a given community that have emerged historically and set people apart.

When it comes to work in the home, women do most of the _____ while men do most of the _________

Daily chores, occasional tasks

Periphery

Describes the countries that have low-income and that are largely agricultural that are often manipulated by core countries for their own economic advantage. (some countries in Africa, Latin America, and Asia)

Semi-periphery

Describes the countries that supply sources of labor and raw materials to the core industrial countries and the world economy but are not themselves fully industrialized societies.

Core

Describes the most advanced industrial countries, which take the lion's share of profits in the world economic system. (Japan, United States, Western Europe)

With which of the following statements might a conflict theorist most closely agree?

Deviant behavior could be a response to inequalities in capitalist society.

Work has become divided into a number of different occupations in which people specialize. Sociologists call this:

Division of Labor

Question 28: A woman putting on makeup and a man yelling at someone when he really wants to cry are both examples of:

Doing Gender

A large majority of the homeless have a history with what?

Drugs, alcohol abuse, or mental health issues

What are the main causes behind the rising economic inequality in the US over the past few decades?

Economic Globalization Declining role of governments

The Coleman (1966) studies and the Jencks (1972) research indicate which of the following two important points concerning education in our society?

Educational and occupational attainment is governed by family background. On their own, educational reforms can produce only minor effects on social inequality.

Which of the following is a strong predictor of one's occupation, income and wealth later on in life?

Educational attainment

Which sociologist showed that social factors exert a fundamental influence on suicidal behavior?

Emile durkheim

Rapid economic growth in East Asia in the 1980s and 1990s was accompanied by___________

Environmental degradation, demands of work force labor (all of the above)

Everyday life is an important part of understanding the social world. The pioneering sociologist who developed microsociology and emphasized the importance of understanding the "seemingly trivial" was:

Erving Goffman

In several parts of former Yugoslavia certain ethnic groups are subjected to harassment, threats and campaigns of terror forcibly expel them and create ethnically homogenous regions. This is called:

Ethnic cleansing

what regions have the lowest and highest levels of poverty in 2015? (lowest to highest)

Europe and Central Asia Latin America and the Caribbean South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa

The majority of immigrants to the U. S. in the 1900s were from________ and the majority of immigrants in the 1990s were from______.

Europe, Latin America & Asia

The Davis-Moore Thesis

Every society must fill a variety of positions and ensure that important tasks get done. Some positions are more important than others. The most qualified people fill the most important positions. Society offers greater rewards to motive the most qualified.

The structural view

Evidence supports the structural view. People are poor because of economic conditions, disabilities, and lack of social support such as health insurance.

Which of the following statements best illustrates Howard S. Becker's labeling theory of deviance?

Ex-offenders are much less likely to be called back by employers than men with similar resumes but no criminal record.

explanations blaming society

Explanations blaming society (based on structural characteristics) Society's organization creates and sustains poverty. Poverty persists because many people benefit from the consequences.

explanations blaming the poor

Explanations blaming the poor (based on individual characteristics) Poor people are genetically deficient. A culture of poverty transmits values, beliefs, and attitudes that encourage poverty. The poor are lazy. A majority of Americans believe is it possible to get rich through hard work.

Explanations for poverty focus on

Explanations for poverty focus on individual characteristics or societal characteristics.

As with earlier recessions, the recovery following the 2008 recession brought with it a drop in the child poverty rate.

False

Question 46: Rather than seeking to a legislative solution, the liberal feminist tends to overthrow the patriarchial structure.

False

Question 47: The largest minority group in the U.S. is African Americans.

False

Question 50: Low countries contained 12 percent of the world population and produce 40 percent of total wealth.

False

Since 1990, the gap in Gross National Income (GNI) between high- and low-income countries has increased.

False

To the detriment of his rivals, Ford raised the wages at his production facility to obtain the best workers

False

True or False: historically, American society has been characterized by high social mobility

False

Approximately 20 percent of the world's population lives in low-income or lower-middle-income countries.

False, almost half

In recent years, diseases that had been nearly eradicated in the United States and other advanced industrial nations have resurfaced due to declining standards of hygiene and nutrition.

False- due to lack of parents failing to immunize their children due to fear of autism

What type of homeless families has risen in recent years?

Families with children

Question 3: When your professor is delivering a lecture, they usually use professional behavior: that is they dont yell, scream, or use profanity. Erving Goffman refers to these as characteristic of:

Front Region

Functionalism

Functionalism Stratification benefits society. It is necessary and inevitable.

What is a common criticism of the functionalist theories of crime and deviance?

Functionalists tend to presume that everyone has middle-class values.

According to Figure 8.3, how can you describe the relationship between race and household income since 1970?

Gap between whites and blacks has increased

Scholars use the term _________ to refer to the physiological, social, and cultural differences between women and men.

Gender

Question 27: The learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and the family, is known as:

Gender Socialization

Question 30: In female journalist Norah Vincent's Self Made Man: One Womans Year Disquised as a Man, which documented her for one year disquised as a man, she found that:

Gender is powerful in shaping even the most ordinary encounters

Question 31: Variations in gender roles found in many different societies studied by social scientists demonstrate that:

Gender roles are culturally/socially determined

Question 36: Which of the following is an example of a core nation?

Germany

More than 1/2 of graduates from colleges for BA are women and usually find decent entry level positions. However, for women, their mobility up the corporate hierarchy is thwarted. This barrier is called:

Glass ceiling

Question 34: In April 2013, in Savar Bangladesh, 1,129 workers were killed when a building housing several garment factories collapsed. Workers in the factory produced clothing for Walmart, Mango, Bonmarche, and Gap. These workers were part of:

Global Commodity Chain

Question 40: Worldwide networks of labor and production processes yielding a finished product is:

Global Commodity Chain

How has globalization contributed to the increasing inequality in American society?

Globalization has encouraged people to immigrate to America; lower wages, less job demand etc.

Which of the following are reasons why most Americans are more affluent than anyone in the past has ever been?

Globalization of labor force & technological advances

Pariah Groups

Groups who suffer from negative status discrimination — they are looked down upon by most other members of society

What health epidemic has been tied to hunger in many countries because it has killed so many working-age adults?

HIV/AIDS

Who was the first sociologist to look at previously ignored issues, such as domestic life and race relations?

Harriet Martineau

Why did Marx call religion the "opium of the people"?

He argued that a belief in afterlife rewards for living a meek and humble life encouraged people to accept their oppression in this life, rather than struggling against injustice.

World Bank's Classification

High-income countries have a developed industrial economy and 96% of the world's income. Middle-income countries have a developing industrial economy and a lower GNI per capita Low-Income countries are the least industrialized and largely agricultural. Many people are impoverished with a low standard of living. Many lack access to clean water, education, or health services

Question 7: A bus driver who became a hotel clerk, moving from one social position to another of the same approximate social rank, is an example of

Horizontal Mobility

horizontal mobility

Horizontal mobility: moving from one position to another at the same level

What was one of the most significant conclusions of the fifth assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)?

Human activity is the dominant source of the observed changes in the global climate since the mid-twentieth century.

International organizations established by treaties between governments for purposes of conducting business between the nations making up their membership. (page 549)

IGO's

International organizations established by agreements between the individuals or private organizations making up their membership. (page 549)

INGO's

Introductory sociology classes tend to have fairly large enrollments, perhaps more than 100 students. In contrast, graduate seminars have small enrollments, usually fewer than 15 students. How does this difference in enrollment influence the dynamics of the different classes?

If a student skips the introductory class, it will have little or no effect on the class, whereas if a student skips the seminar, it will influence the class more.

What is one reason sociologists are concerned with civil inattention, which appears to be a rather unconscious behavior?

If an individual implies to another person that he is not suspicious of the other's behavior, there is no reason to be hostile toward the other person whose social life is allowed to proceed in an orderly fashion

In caste systems

In caste systems, social categories are based on heredity. Status is ascribed at birth. Caste restricts social relationships, residence, and occupation.

Slavery

In slavery, some people own others and have control over their lives. Slaves are abducted, inherited, or given as gifts to pay debts. In chattel slavery, people are bought and sold as commodities. Although banned by the United Nations in 1948, slavery persists.

What is the principal difference between participatory democracy and liberal democracy

In the former, decisions are made collectively with the participation of all citizens, whereas in the latter, the people elect individual representatives who in turn make decisions.

Which factors make it harder for people with college degrees to find work in the future?

Increased competition from overseas workers, increased workplace automation, increased competition from others with college degrees

Dependency Culture

Individuals who rely on state welfare rather than entering the labor market.

Social Stratification

Inequalities among individuals and groups that are determined not so much by individual personality or small-scale social situations, but more broadly, by attributes such as gender, age, ethnicity, or religious affiliation.

Zenzele is interested in comparing population growth between developing and industrialized countries. She notices that in certain countries there has been a great deal of population growth, despite the fact that fertility rates have remained the same. What is one potential explanation for this apparent contradiction?

Infant mortality rates have gone down in these countries.

Which of the following statements is true?

Infants have facial expressions similar to those of adults.

Robert Merton uses what to characterize organized crime members?

Innovators

Racism that includes not simply the opinions of a small segment of the population, but systematically pervades all of a society's structures and operations:

Institutional Racism

Intergenerational mobility:

Intergenerational mobility:the degree to which one is better or worse off then one's parents

As the global economy becomes more knowledge-based, the likely outcome is that:

Internet access will become the new line of demarcation between the rich and the poor

"The life chances of a black woman with a high school diploma and a white woman with a bachelors degree are stratified. However, it is necessary to examine this not so much as just a racial issue, but as a ___________________ issue. "

Intersectional

Intragenerational mobility

Intragenerational mobility: the extent to which an individual experiences upward or downward mobility

What change in investment strategies has contributed to our economic system evolving into institutional capitalism, according to some analysts?

Investors now bundle money into group accounts, and this money is then used to invest in several corporations

The country that has no separation of mosque and state is

Iran

Women are much less likely than men to obtain a secondary education in:

Iran

Question 39:According to world systems analysis, a periphery nation is a nation that:

Is poor, developing nation exploited by more powerful nations and corporations

Which of the following statements about the position of women in religion is true?

Islamic doctrine places women at a level of far greater subordination than Christian doctrine.

Question 26: How is the word gender defined, in sociological terms?

It compromises the social and cultural significance that we attach to the biological differences of sex

Why does Walmart define a full-time work week as comprising 32 hours

It gives managers great flexibility and power

How is the "technology gap" related to global inequality?

It is both a consequence of inequality and serves to reinforce it

Which is true about the underclass?

It is extremely hard for a member to move out of it In many ways they are disconnected from the rest of society

Why did the 2010 Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission change the concept of what we define as an interest group?

It recognized the right of corporations to express an opinion on a candidate.

Why has Taylorism been associated with the de-skilling and degradation of labor?

It took control and knowledge of the production process out of the hands of laborers and into the hands of managers.

Which of the following is a central characteristic of the urban ecology approach as developed by Robert Park?

It understands the formation of urban arrangements as analogous to the way plants and organisms adjust to the physical environment.

The religious denomination that has the highest percentage of college graduates in the United States is

Judaism

Dependency theories rely on theories developed by:

Karl Marx

The main argument of Thomas Picketty's book Capital in the Twenty-First Century, that increasing wealth inequality is an inevitable feature of most capitalist economic systems, is MOST akin to the ideas of which theorist?

Karl Marx

Which early theorist saw class conflict as the main source of social change?

Karl Marx

1 out of 1 points Émile Durkheim argues that deviance is necessary for a society, as it has an adaptive function. In suggesting this, Durkheim felt that society should respond to deviance in what way?

Keep deviance in acceptable boundaries.

Government policies designed to increase the employment rate as a mechanism for improving the economy are consistent with what economic philosophy?

Keynesianism

One flew over the cuckoos nest; theory which explains inmates behavior?

Labeling

The term "prison-industrial complex" has been used by critics to describe the current American prison system. What does this fact refer to?

Large numbers of people have vested economic and political interests in the expansion of the prison system.

During the Great Recession, Jerry was laid off from his banking job. As a result his wife went from part-time to full-time work, and Jerry spent the term of his unemployment taking care of most of the domestic responsibilities. What can be concluded about family structure from stories like Jerry's?

Large-scale social and economic changes yield changes in family structure and dynamics.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between group size, intimacy, and stability?

Larger groups, such as fraternities, are less intimate than small cliques, but the fraternities are a more stable group

Which of the following explanations does your text give to explain, in part, why blacks and Hispanics were particularly hard hit by the recession of 2008?

Lenders of subprime loans tend to focus on minority communities that were often passed over by prime lenders.

Life chances

Life chances: the extent to which people have positive experiences and can secure good things in life Food, housing, good health, education Life chances are a consequence of social stratification.

Which of the following statements is true about low-wage work?

Low-wage workers in the United States not only have declining real wages, but also have little access to various kinds of employment benefits or job security.

Lower classes

Lower Classes Working poor—work at least 27 weeks a year but live in poverty Underclass—persistently poor, segregated residentially, relatively isolated, chronically unemployed, lack skills and education

What are the primary characteristics of a liberal democracy?

Majority of adults have the right to vote Voters choose among representatives of a small number of political parties

Which of the following statements best characterizes the risks we now face as we enter a postindustrial age?

Manufactured risks are becoming more common than natural risks.

According to Edin and Kefalas's study of low-income, single mothers, why do so many women continue to have children out of wedlock?

Many low-income women feel that marriage could cause more problems, both financial and emotional, than it would solve.

Identify the class illustrated by each example. Maria is a dental technician working in a large clinic. Kevin dropped out of high school, works in agriculture only in the summer, has trouble making ends meet. William inherited family wealth, attended private schools, and became a politician.

Maria: Working class Kevin: Working poor William: Upper, upper class

What is one of the factors complicating research on the effects of divorce on children?

Marriages in which the partners are unhappy but stay together may adversely affect children in ways difficult to detect in divorce studies.

The first systematic interpretation of modern organizations was developed by:

Max weber

Identify the theory: Inequality ensures that important jobs are filled by the most talented. High-income countries set prices for raw materials and labor. Parents teach children the habits and attitudes of their children.

Meritocracy Conflict perspective Symbolic interactionist perspective

Middle upper and lower classes

Middle Classes Upper-middle class—live on earned income, professional and managerial occupations Lower-middle class—non-manual, semiprofessional occupations, rely on two incomes, maintain comfortable lifestyle

Sharon and Luke, both IT workers, make a point to read to their children every night before putting them to sleep. Which explanation of the achievement gap does this example best illustrate?

Middle- and upper-middle-class parents tend to invest more heavily in their children's cognitive development.

Structural Mobility

Mobility resulting from changes in the number and kinds of jobs available in a society.

Question 35: The view that more "primitive" nations move from having traditional or less developed institutions to those characterized more developed and civilized of Western Nations indicates:

Modernization

theories

Modernization theory suggests that low-income countries lack modern, progressive cultures. Dependency theory contends that low-income countries are exploited and dominated by high-income countries. World systems theory argues that high-income countries extract raw materials from low-income countries and set export prices.

Wealth

Money and material possessions held by an individual or group. (assets)

Income

Money received from paid wages and salaries or earned from investments.

Why is a job important to most people?

Money, activity level, variety, structure time, social, personal identity, shape lifestyle.

What was the main finding in Richard Freeman and Joel Rogers's survey regarding the most desirable working conditions?

More than any other one thing, workers want more influence at work.

Question 10: Class systems differ from slavery and castes in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

Movement is possible in Class

Social Mobility

Movement of individuals or groups between different social postions

Intergenerational Mobility

Movement up or down a social stratification hierarchy from one generation to another

Intragenerational Mobility

Movement up or down a social stratification hierarchy within the course of a personal career

Question 41: The belief that free market forces, unimpeded by government restrictions on business, provide the only route to economic growth, is referred to as:

Neoliberalism

The first cities emerged about 3500 BCE in the:

Nile River valley

Police forces have grown steadily in the past 30 years in response to public demands for more protection. How has this affected the rate of violent crime in the United States?

No causal relationship between the number of police and violent crime rates has been identified.

Absolute Poverty

Not meeting the minimal requirements necessary to sustain a healthy existence

According to Charles Tilly, in what circumstance do revolutionary social movements tend to occur?

Occurs in situations of multiple sovereignty

How is unionization associated with average wages?

On average, workers in the union make more per week than those who are not.

What proportion of the world's population lives in poverty?

One fourth

What did Max Weber include among the bases of class divisions?

Ones control of the means of production, intangible set of non economic resources (set of skills, talents, etc)

According to sociologists, which are aspects of "lifestyle"?

Ones recreational activities, ones diet, and ones clothing

Question 32: Since the 1950's, womens participation in the labor force has risen more or less continuously, and now women:

Outnumber men in the labor force

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

People create and share stratification. Social position affects attitudes, behaviors, and lifestyle. People socialize their children to acquire and use the symbols of their class.

Homeless

People who have no place to sleep and either stay in free shelters or sleep in public places not meant for habitation

Bourgeoisie

People who own companies, land, or stocks (shares) and use these to generate econmic retuens

Proletariat

People who sell their labor for wages according to Marx

Working Poor

People who work but whose earnings are not enough to lift them above the poverty line

Natural resources flow from the_______ to the____________according to the world-systems theory.

Periphery , Core

Question 21: A situation in which ethnic cultures have a distinct and separate existence whereas there members participate in the economical and political life of the larger society is known as:

Pluralism

Question 23: Which of the following pairs are closest to being opposites?

Pluralism/Melting Pot

Which of the following research findings supports the chivalry thesis?

Police are less likely to arrest women than men for similar activities

Contradictory Class Locations

Positions in the class structure, particularly routine white collar and lower manager jobs, that share characteristics with the class positions both above and below them

conflict

Poverty creates desperation, forcing many to work for low wages under dangerous conditions. Capitalism results in a concentration of power among a small upper-class.

Relative Poverty

Poverty defined according to the living standards of the majority in any given society

Poverty

Poverty is increasing in America. 15% of the population lives in poverty.

Poverty line

Poverty line: the minimal level of income that the federal government considers necessary for basic subsistence Used to determine eligibility for government assistance 2010 poverty line was $22, 113 for a family of four

All political life is about_______.

Power

Power

Power: the ability of individuals to achieve goals, control events, and maintain influence over others despite opposition. Power is based on tradition, personal charisma, and social class. Power elite: a small group of white men who make the important decisions in U.S. society

Question 22: In the colonial model of migration:

Preferences are granted to immigrants from former colonies

What is an important difference between premodern cities and the kinds of cities that are characteristic of modern, industrialized societies?

Premodern cities were relatively small and had little to no connection with the surrounding rural areas or other cities, whereas modern cities are large and deeply connected with other cities, as well as with rural agricultural production.

Question 6: Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 systems of stratification:

Prestige

Prestige

Prestige: respect, recognition, or regard Based on wealth, family background, fame, occupation, and leadership. Prestigious occupations require more formal education, pay more, involve mental activity, offer autonomy, and are seen as more socially important.

During summer 2008, gas prices climbed to unprecedented levels. Demand for larger SUVs and trucks declined as consumers opted for smaller cars. Why is it difficult for car companies to make the shift in their production plants to accommodate this demand?

Production planning, changing inventory, and supply chain problems.

Question 43: Religion, according to Emile Durkheim, is based on a distinction between the _____________ and the ________________.

Profane, Sacred

Which type of sexual harassment involves the demand for sexual favors as a condition of the job or in return for work related benefits?

Quid pro quo

Question 17: Black feminism focuses on:

Race, Class, and Gender

Historically, europeans classified individuals they came into contact with in various parts of the world according to physical attributes. These then became the basis of systems that shaped and constrained the people's daily lives. This process is called:

Racialization

Question 20: Historically, Europeans classified the individuals with whom they came in contact in various parts of the world according to categories based on their physical attributes. These categories became the basis of the systems that shaped and constrained the people's daily lives. This process is known as:

Racialization

Which of the following hypotheses might be derived from Mark Juergensmeyer's research on the relationship between religion and violence?

Rather than causing violence, religious ideas are often used to justify and/or escalate violence that began as a material, real-world struggle.

Which U.S. sectors were hit the hardest by the recession in 2008?

Real estate, construction, ?

TANF Program

Recipients must begin working after two years to continue benefits. Families can only receive five years' worth of assistance.

Status

Refers to the differences among groups in the social honor, or prestige, that others accord them

relative poverty

Relative poverty: not having enough money to maintain an average standard of living

Question 2: A student drops a spoon on the floor as she carries her dish to the kitchen. As the spoon clatters loudly on the tile floor, she exclaims, "Oooooh, sorry!" This is an example of:

Response Cry

What changes in many non-U.S. industrialized nations have contributed to the shrinking of the average work week?

Restrictions on work hours, changes to retirement age

What does the "race to the bottom" refer to, according to Bonacich and Appelbaum?

Retailers and manufacturers will go anywhere in the world to find the lowest wages, the fewest environmental restrictions, and the most lax governmental regulations.

Reaction to the behavior of an individual meant to ensure that the individual complies with a given norm is called:

Sanction

Question 19: Tim is a construction worker who is unemployed. He blames the recent influx of Mexican immigrants for the reason he can't find a job. This is an example of:

Scapegoating

Question 52:______________ that survive overtime become institutionalized as ______________.

Sects, denominations

Question 29: What is the difference between the terms sex and gender?

Sex is a biological term, gender is a sociological term

What is the difference between "sex" and "gender"?

Sex: biological Gender: social, psychological etc.

Who believed that social inequality naturally rises and falls over the course of a society's development?

Simon Kuznets

Of the types of rights associated with the growth of citizenship, ____________refers to the right of individuals to enjoy a certain minimum standard of economic welfare and security.

Social Rights

When sociologists study the existence of structured inequalities in a society they refer to that structure as:

Social Stratification

The way in which social structure limits the range of activities and opportunities in individuals' lives is called

Social constraint

Structured Inequality

Social inequalities that result from patterns in the social structure.

What is one implication of Bourdieu's theory of cultural capital?

Social mobility is less about how hard you work and more about the kinds of tools you work with.

social mobility

Social mobility: a person's ability to move up or down in the stratification hierarchy

Question 42: Sociologists who study religion are concerned with:

Social reality of religion, i.e. are religions promoting solidarity or increasing conflict

Which two U.S. government programs have been especially important in keeping elderly people out of poverty?

Social security and Medicare

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Socioeconomic status (SES): an overall ranking of peoples positions based on their income, education, and occupation Classes differ in values, power, prestige, social networks, and lifestyle. Four general social classes in U.S.: upper, middle, working, lower

Which of the following is true about the sociological study of religion?

Sociological analyses of religion privilege social forces as explanatory factors for its appeal, rather than spiritual or psychological forces.

Characteristics of a nation-state:

Sovereignty, military control, nationalism.

Which of the following examples best supports a pluralist theory of democracy, as opposed to the theories of democratic elitism and the power elite?

State and national laws have been passed because of the efforts of Mothers Against Drunk Driving

What is the key feature of a public company?

Stocks of a public company are sold to individual investors.

Theories of Stratification in Modern Societies What functionalist explanation for social stratification do Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore offer?

Stratification has the benefit of matching the best qualified workers to the most important jobs.

Conflict Perspective

Stratification hurts individuals and society. Capitalism pits the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) against the proletariat (workers). Corporate welfare subsidizes business rather than workers—subsidies, tax breaks, direct assistance

Mobility is affected by:

Structural factors: changes in the economy, government policies and programs, immigration Demographic factors: education, gender, race and ethnicity Individual factors: family background, socialization, connections and chance

Question 5: Interaction Vandalism can be defined as a situation in which a:

Subordinate person breaks the tacit rules of interaction that are valued by the more powerful person

What primary role does technology play in economic change and development?

Technological innovations help businesses produce more goods more efficiently.

As unemployment rises

Tent cities have sprung up in places like Sacramento, CA

According to the text, what is one reason that processes of nation formation have been so problematic in postcolonial states?

Territorial boundaries in the colonial world were imposed externally on areas that often had no prior cultural or ethnic unity, leading to problems that are difficult to overcome.

__________ is directly challenged by the idea that structural forces shape the way resources are distributed.

The "culture of poverty" thesis

What do the high rates of HIV/AIDS infections in African countries suggest?

The African people already experience high rates of malnourishment, poor water quality, and other infectious diseases.

Indian system

The Indian system is the classic example of a caste system. The system was outlawed in 1949. Social distinctions persist.

Dependent Development

The Theory that poor countries can still develop economically, but only in ways shaped by their reliance on the wealthier countries.

Question 12: Which of the following nations consistently has the highest levels of income inequalities, especially since the 1970's?

The United States

What reasons do researchers give for why the United States has a lower unemployment rate than many European countries?

The United States has a stronger economy The United States has a large service sector. European countries provide a stronger social safety net, including unemployment benefits

Which of the following most accurately describes the number of people in U.S. prisons?

The United States has the highest incarceration rate per capita in the world.

At present, the United States has the highest incarceration rate per capita than any other country. What is one of the biggest challenges of this approach?

The annual cost of housing a prisoner is so high

According to world systems theory, why must the global economic system be approached as a single capitalist unit?

The current system of world capitalism is not a collection of independent countries.

Neoliberalism

The economic belief that free-market forces, achieved by minimizing government restrictions on business, provide the only route to economic growth.

In which form does most of the average American family's wealth exist?

The equity in a family-owned home

Exchange Mobility

The exchange of positions on the socioeconomic scale such that talented people move up the economic hierarchy while the less talented move down.

The text notes both a rising popularity in conservative Christian denominations and increasing numbers of both Catholics and Muslims in the United States. How do explanations for these phenomena differ?

The increase in number of conservative Christians seems to be largely a result of conversion from mainline Protestant churches, whereas the rise of Catholicism and Islam is largely a result of immigration.

Your text points to several factors that support the idea that the internet has important potential to facilitate widespread democratic participation. What is the underlying theme of those factors?

The internet creates pathways for communication and collective action that subvert or exist outside of established power structures

According to research on class and the family conducted by Annette Lareau, why might working-class families be more likely to follow the "accomplishment of natural growth" model, rather than the "concerted cultivation" model of child rearing?

The lack of financial resources held by working-class families prevents them from engaging their children in organized, developmental activities such as music lessons that they otherwise might choose to do.

What is Max Weber's definition of social status based on?

The lifestyle one is seen as leading. Certain lifestyles translate into social honor or prestige in the eyes of society.

How do class systems differ from slavery and castes?

The main basis of class is economics and individuals have the ability to move between social classes

What is true about the middle class in the United States?

The middle class represents a shrinking share of the total US population. Most households in the US are middle class

Question 38: With which of the following statements would a market-oriented theorist agree?

The most effective way for low income countries to develop economically is to mimic the successful capitalist practices of the United States

What is the basic meaning of democracy?

The people rule

Which of the following best describes Americans' beliefs about capital punishment?

The percentage of Americans supporting the death penalty has nearly doubled in the past 40 years.

Which of the following is true of the relationship between race and suburban communities?

The percentage of racial minorities living in suburbs has risen steadily over the past 35 years.

What are some characteristics of a "Knowledge Economy"?

The population is relatively highly educated The physical production of goods no longer plays a large part of a country's economy. Many workers are employed in research, technology, design, and marketing fields.

How did Jane Jacobs argue that cities meet the challenge of incorporating strangers in a way that does not overly compromise the sense of safety experienced by inhabitants?

The presence of many different, but respectable, people on the street ensures a constant succession of eyes and ears that tend to reinforce safe and acceptable behavior.

Why do sociologists often call poor inner-city neighborhoods ghettos, rather than calling them slums?

The present racial and spatial configuration of inner-city neighborhoods was created through coercive practices in the past, such as redlining, that forced racial and ethnic minorities into particular neighborhoods.

Colonialism

The process whereby Western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories

Means of production

The production of material goods is carried on in a society including technology and the social relations between producers

By which criteria does Erik Olin Wright differentiate the class locations of the workers who must sell their labor power?

The relationship to authority and the possession of skills or expertise

What is one cause of homelessness today?

The rising cost of housing

Which of the following best explains the relationship between wealth and income?

The same factors that limit people's incomes also limit their ability to accumulate wealth.

Surplus Profit

The source of profit which capitalists put to their own use

How does divorce impact the living standard of the spouses following their dissolution?

The standard of living drops by 27 percent for women and goes up 10 percent for men.

Intersectionality

The study of interacting effects of different sources of inequality, and the resulting experiences of oppression.

What is one shortcoming of all four theories (market-oriented, dependency, world-systems, and global commodity chains) of global inequality?

The theories under-emphasize the role of women in economic development.

How did Weber theorize the connection between Protestantism and economic development?

The value of worldly asceticism inherent in Protestantism favored the accumulation of wealth, which facilitated the concentrated resources needed for the spread of capitalism.

Question 1: Erving Goffman in his Impression Management uses the analogy of:

Theater and Drama

Latinos and Blacks and poverty

There are more poor whites than Latinos or blacks. The poverty rate is higher for blacks and Latinos (27%) than for whites (10%).

According to Max Weber, what conditions must be met in order for a democratic government to be effective?

There must be different political parties that represent different interests. There must be political leaders who can rise above governmental bureaucracy

Culture of Poverty

Thesis popularized by Oscar Lewis that states that poverty is not a result of individual inadequacies but is instead the outcome of a larger social and cultural atmosphere into which successive generations of children are socialized. Refers to the values, beliefs, lifestyles, habits, and traditions that are common among people living under conditions of material deprivation

Which of the following is true of new social movements?

They are a response to globalized risks resulting from the effects of large-scale systems that national democratic institutions are unable to fix.

In sub-Saharan Africa, what is likely to happen to children under 5 years of age?

They are more likely to die than to enter school.

Why do people use impression management?

They are sensitive about how others see them.

What do computer hackers and members of white supremacist groups have in common?

They constitute deviant subcultures.

Which of the following is true of global cities, as Saskia Sassen described them?

They contain vast economic inequalities marked by prosperous central business districts adjacent to deeply impoverished areas.

What roles do nation-states still play, even in the current era of globalization?

They form alliances with one another Enforce laws facilitate communication between their citizens and citizens of other countries

Durkheim argues that deviance allows us to understand the standards of a society. What solution to deviance does he propose?

To not eliminate it but keep it in acceptable bounds.

Wealth and income inequality

Top 1%: 43% of income / 36% of wealth Next 4%: 29% of income / 28% of wealth Next 5%: 11% of income Next 15%: 24% of wealth Next 10%: 10% of income Bottom 80%: 7% of income / 13% of wealth

Question 48: Race is socially constructed.

True

Question 49: Global inequality is increasing.

True

The United States spends much less of its total economy on government at the federal, state, or local level than other developed countries.

True

The current gap between the rich and the poor in the United States is the greatest since the Census Bureau started measuring income in 1947.

True

Which country is the exception to the general pattern of shorter working weeks in industrialized countries since the mid-1980s?

US

In 2011, what was the most common status of recent high school graduates who did not go on to college?

Unemployed and looking for work (37%)

Upper and lower class

Upper Classes Upper-upper class—enormous wealth, inherited fortunes, considerable economic and political power Lower-upper class—nouveau riche, engage in conspicuous consumption (lavish spending to display status)

William lives in Chicago but is visiting his sister, who lives in a small town some distance from the city. Driving through her town, he notices a skateboarding park built in the corner of a field. A little further on, he sees a large, colorful piece of graffiti art covering one wall of the town's power plant. The existence of these sights in a small town far from the metropolitan center is an example of what concept put forth by Louis Wirth?

Urbanism expresses and influences the nature of the wider social system.

vertical mobility

Vertical mobility: moving up or down the stratification ladder

Why are Americans less likely to vote than citizens in many other countries?

Voters lack candidates that address their concerns Registration process is more complex Voter burnout

Who said about American society, "The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line"?

W.E.B DuBois

According to dependency theories, why is colonialism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries important for understanding global inequality today?

Wealth and power built through colonialism was used to help corporations continue to exploit these countries' workers and natural resources.

Wealth, money and economic assets

Wealth: money and economic assets Includes property (what people own) and income (money that comes in regularly. Wealth is cumulative, passed on to the next generation, and produces income. Income inequality is increasing in the U.S.

wealth

Wealth: money and economic assets Includes property (what people own) and income (money that comes in regularly. Wealth is cumulative, passed on to the next generation, and produces income. Income inequality is increasing in the U.S.

Which of the following is a key conceptual difference between Weber's view of democratic elitism and Mills' theory of the power elite?

Weber emphasized the importance of quality leadership in meeting the interests of the people, while Mills emphasized the idea that those in charge constitute their own social, political, and economic interest group and make decisions accordingly.

When sociologists refer to a patriarchal society they are describing a society

Where men have dominance over women in economics and politics

What was the overall finding regarding the impact of automation on work in Richard Sennet's 1998 study of a bakery?

While automation takes care of the more tedious tasks and has resulted in a more highly skilled labor force, it has also removed much of the freedom of workers to make independent decisions in their work.

What is the most significant difference between the working class and the lower class?

While working-class families often struggle to get by, they tend to have significantly more job and neighborhood stability than those in the lower class.

What sociological question is most important to keep in mind when considering deviance?

Who's rules are being broken.

Feminist Perspective

Women are almost always at the bottom. Patriarchy benefits most men. Men control a disproportionate share of wealth, prestige, and power.

While there are many reasons why a relatively small number of women hold elected political offices in the United States, the text cites which of the following as a "critical factor" that explains why relatively few women run for office?

Women are less likely than men to be recruited by party leadership to run for office.

Which of the following assumptions is commonly held about women and work?

Women do better in supporting roles rather than managing positions.

South China has been turning into the?

Workforce capital

Working class

Working Class Working class—skilled and semiskilled laborers, possess high school education

Which theory looks at the whole world economy as integrated web relations, rather than focusing on individual countries?

World Systems Theory

Global Commodity Chains

Worldwide networks of labor and production processes yielding a finished product

Which of the following explanations for not cheating on this exam is supported by control theory?

You sit in the front of the class and are afraid of getting caught

meritocracy

a belief that individuals are rewarded for what they do and how well, rather than on the basis of their ascribed status.

social class

a category of people who have a similar standing or rank in a society based on wealth, education, power, prestige, and other valued resources.

In the first stage of most new religious movements, the movement usually derives most of its life from _________.

a charismatic leader

What is a conurbation?

a cluster of cities and towns forming a continuous network

A cluster of cities and towns forming a continuous network is called:

a conurbation

The sociologically defined characteristic of minority group is:

a disadvantaged group

Whereas psychologists study the emotions and behaviors of one person, sociologists study the patterns within groups. What is the smallest size that can make up a social group?

a dyad

Evangelicalism is:

a form of Protestantism characterized by a belief in spiritual rebirth (being "born again")

What Is Social Stratification?

a hierarchical ranking of people in a society who have different access to valued resources Resources: property, power, and prestige Can be relatively closed or open

Which of the following is an example of a primary group?

a high school girl's clique

The job that most closely illustrates the informal economy is:

a housekeeper paid "under the table" (not reported for tax purposes) in suburban communities

A person who has the ability to influence other members of a group is called:

a leader

Globalization in the twenty-first century is:

a level of interconnectedness that is historically unprecedented

Which of the following characterizes the shift to a global rather than a national outlook?

a man with a decidedly Italian accent telling a reporter he is from Europe

According to differential association theory, which kind of person is more likely to be a delinquent?

a middle-class person whose friends frequently commit crime

social mobility

a person's ability to move up or down the social class hierarchy.

What is secularization?

a process of the decline in the influence of religion and religious institutions

The person most likely to participate in the New Age movement is:

a recently divorced man who just dropped out of college

What does the term social structure refer to?

a regularity or pattern in people's behavior and relationships

What is the definition of civil religion?

a set of religious beliefs through which a society interprets its own history in light of some conception of ultimate reality

Meritocracy

a society that rewards individuals for what they do and how well, rather than on the basis of their ascribed status

Reference groups provide us

a standard for judging one's attitudes and behaviors

What is union density?

a statistic that represents the number of union members as a percentage of the number of people who could potentially be union members

closed stratification system

a system in which movement from one social position to another is limited by ascribed statuses such as sex, skin color, and family background.

open stratification system

a system that is based on individual achievement and allows movement up or down.

What is the definition of democratic elitism?

a theory of the limits of democracy that holds that in large-scale societies democratic participation is necessarily limited to the election of political leaders

What is state overload?

a theory that modern states face major difficulties as a result of being overburdened with complex administrative decisions

Consensual sex should be something desired by both participants equally, but the realities of sexual violence would suggest that between consensual sex and rape lies:

a willingness on the part of men to use pressure, threats, coercion, and force to obtain sex

Which of the following is a practical benefit of the study of sociology?

ability to assess the effects, including unintended consequences, of public policies

wealth

abundance of economic assets and material possessions that a person or family owns, including property and income.

You might want to be part of a secondary group to:

accomplish a specific goal, such as graduating from college

The use of the Internet, e-mail, chat rooms, and social networking sites such as Facebook:

adds a new and different dimension to the study of everyday life

The belief in romantic attachment as a basis for contracting marriage ties is known as ______.

affective individualism

Although social behavior is guided to some extent by forces such as roles, norms, and shared expectations, microsociology shows us how individuals also have:

agency

The phenomenon that explains why rural places have a disproportionately higher number of older adults is called:

aging in place

Among other factors, population decline in rural areas is in part caused by a phenomenon in which young people leave rural areas in search of opportunities, leaving older adults behind. This phenomenon is called

aging in place.

According to Karl Marx, capitalism reduces many people's work to dull, uninteresting tasks, over which workers have no influence or control. He referred to this situation and the feelings it engendered as:

alienation

What is wealth?

all of one's assets minus what one owes on them

Harriet Martineau is significant to sociologists today for insisting that an analysis of society must include:

all of society's members, including women

The United States is a liberal democracy because:

americans can choose between two or more political parties

corporate welfare

an array of subsidies, tax breaks, and assistance that the government has created for businesses.

Erving Goffman refers to an instance of focused interaction as:

an encounter

What is meant by the feminization of poverty?

an increase in the proportion of the poor who are female

socioeconomic status (SES)

an overall ranking of a person's position in the class hierarchy based on income, education, and occupation.

According to Émile Durkheim, the rapid process of social change gives rise to many social difficulties that he linked to

anomie

Class is most often used to analyze stratification in industrialized societies because industrialized societies:

are characterized by income, wealth, occupation, and education

Karl Marx argues that workers in capitalist societies:

are dehumanized by tedious and demeaning labor processes over which they have no control

Charles Darwin believed that basic human emotional expressions:

are innate and the same in all human beings

A commonly held assumption about women and work is that women:

are naturally better in support positions in office settings than in managerial positions

The recent rise of ISIS or ISIL—the Islamic State movement—in the Middle East has led to a broad attempt to exert forceful, military and cultural control over different parts of the region. The reason that ISIS cannot be considered a modern state is because they:

are not an authority backed by a legal system and governmental apparatus

Although today sociologists tend to use the terms interchangeably, ghettos are areas where particular people are forced to live whereas slums are:

areas populated by poor people

Karl Marx differs from Émile Durkheim in that Marx:

argued that social change is caused by economic influences as opposed to values and ideas

__________ have the highest percentage of median income, while __________ have the lowest percentage.

asians;blacks

According to Émile Durkheim, sociologists must study social facts, which are:

aspects of social life that shape our individual actions

Gender socialization begins:

at birth

The requirement on Facebook that people must send a request and have it accepted to be a "friend" is one way that social media allows the user to employ:

audience segregation

The term that refers to the rightfully executed use of power is called:

authority

Which crime has the highest reporting rate in the United States?

auto theft

The reading, research, and other preparation that your professor did to get ready for the lecture in your sociology class was done in what Erving Goffman refers to as:

back regions

Monica is nervous about walking alone at night and is wary of any new men that she meets. Some scholars would argue that this is a consequence of:

being a woman

Absolute poverty means, essentially, not having enough to eat. What does relative poverty mean?

being worse off than most in one's society

Voter turnout in the United States is among the lowest in the world. Many Americans say that they do not vote because they:

believe that voting takes too much effort

The parts of the U.S. economy in which the entrepreneur is still common are:

big corporations

A growing number of sociologists have argued that:

both gender and sex are socially constructed

Mislabeling of behavioral problems in school, according to sociologists, may have resulted in the placement in special education programs of dramatically higher numbers of:

boys

Alisa's neighborhood is usually quiet, but the local newspaper reported an increase in criminal activity there. One morning, Alisa found her garage vandalized and covered in paint and eggs. She did not have time to clean up the mess right away. Her neighbors offered to help clean up her garage in the hope that the crime might stop. Later that week, Alisa's neighbor found his car windshield shattered. What type of theorist would be the most likely to agree with the idea that a vandalized garage could lead to more crime?

broken windows

Which theory explains why focusing on minor crimes like traffic violations, drinking, or using illegal drugs in public underpinned proactive policing in the late 1980s and early 1990s?

broken windows

According to Max Weber, all large organizations tend to be:

bureaucracies

Minzee has just been promoted to head assistant of Technology Innovations for the Department of Sociology. She now reports directly to the chairperson of the Technology Committee. Minzee is in charge of digitizing movie clips and sending them to the chairperson, who then loads the clips onto the department website. This chain of command is an example of:

bureaucracy

according to Pierre Bourdieu, in a consumer society, lifestyle choices and taste:

can intensify class differences

According to Karl Marx, the modern era is shaped primarily by:

capitalism

The economic system in which conflict is inevitable because it is in the interest of the ruling class to exploit the working class and in the interest of workers to overcome that exploitation is called:

capitalism

The existence of the global cultural bazaar, the global shopping mall, the global workplace, and the global financial network, as theorized by Richard Barnet and John Cavanagh, suggest that ________.

capitalism is one of the primary drivers of globalization

People sharing a common characteristic—such as gender, occupation, or ethnicity—but not necessarily interacting with each other, are called a social:

category

One of the principal differences between Fordist corporations and post-Fordist corporations is that the former are _____ while the latter are _____.

centralized; decentralized

In Karl Marx's model, the primary source of the contradictions that lead to class struggle and revolution is:

changes in the forces of production

Despite the common perception that it is an urban problem, __________ is a particularly dire problem in rural America.

childhood poverty

The largest religion in the world, with 2.3 billion followers, is:

christianity

Roman Catholic Church

church

In modern societies, most of the population lives in:

cities

According to David Harvey, industrial capitalism continually restructures space in its pursuit of profits. This process is not found in traditional cities because:

city and country boundaries were clearly defined in traditional cities, but are blurred in modern cities

According to Elijah Anderson, the sight of "public mothering" is a cue that indicates a space is what?

civil

The right to a fair trial is a ________ right.

civil

Two people walking on a city sidewalk quickly glance at each other and then look away as they pass. Erving Goffman called this type of interaction:

civil inattention

Ownership of wealth, occupation, income, and education are the four main bases of which kind of stratification system?

class

Individuals and groups have unequal access to societal rewards based on their position within a stratified society, which is called:

class system structured inequalities

What phenomena does Charles Tilly's theory of resource mobilization seek to explain?

collective action

What was the original cause of underdevelopment in the low-income countries according to dependency theory?

colonialism

Despite the Equal Pay Act of 1963, the gender gap in pay has not been eliminated but has been partially changed by the implementation of:

comparable worth policies

The battle over same sex marriage is about who controls sexual norms. Denying same sex partners full marriage rights economically marginalizes people who do not follow mainstream sexual norms.

confict

As both men and women increasingly work outside the home, there is more frustration over women's "second shift" housework. As a result, men are doing more housework than they did in the past.

conflict

In a patriarchal society, men wield more power both inside and outside the home, which demotes women to subordinate statuses and tasks.

conflict

Sexual norms are a mechanism of control used to benefit those who fit the dominant heterosexual ideals.

conflict

The upper classes use their wealth and influence to maintain their prestige status. The wealthy exploit the poor and working class in order to gain wealth and power.

conflict

What type of theorist might argue that even the definition of crime is class biased, for example, that the crimes listed in the Uniform Crime Reports are crimes disproportionately committed by members of the lower class in the United States?

conflict

According to Robert K. Merton's strain theory, what are the majority of people in society?

conformists

Jessica and her husband, Jim, are working-class Republicans who are strongly opposed to same-sex marriage. Jessica works at a day-care center out of necessity, although both she and Jim would prefer it if she could stay home instead. Jessica and Jim are most likely ______.

conservative Protestants

What type of government has a king or queen whose power is severely restricted by a country's constitution?

constitutional monarchy

understanding and charting the transformations of family forms

contemporary perspectives

As world hunger has grown global food production __________

continues to increase above the growth of population

According to Erik Olin Wright, there are people in "in-between" classes of a society whose positions are ambiguous, which he analyzed using the concept of contradictory class locations. Bookending these groups of people are the capitalists and the working class, where the key difference is one of:

control

A researcher's study of the text messages exchanged among a group of friends can be referred to as:

conversation analysis

The technique used by Mitch Duneier and Harvey Molotch to compare interactions between street people and passersby in New York City was:

conversation analysis

In recent years, participants in social movements have learned to do something that is particularly worrisome to governments, which is the ability to:

coordinate international political campaigns by using the internet and other technology

According to the logic of Davis and Moore's functionalist theory of stratification, which of the following occupations must be functionally most important to society?

corporate lawyer

What effect did the Supreme Court decision in the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission have on elections in the United States?

corporations and unions can spend unlimited amounts of money expressing their political opinions as long as they do not coordinate with the campaigns.

What are the main features of global capitalism?

corporations conduct operations in more than one country shareholders, top management, and executive officers come from more than one country

What does Elijah Anderson call racially and ethnically diverse spaces that offer "a respite from the lingering tensions of urban life as well as an opportunity for diverse peoples to come together"?

cosmopolitan canopy

Which of the following is a social group?

couple married less than one year

Much of the contemporary theory and research in urban sociology focuses on cities as:

created environments or social constructions

Heaven's Gate

cult

Religion can be a cause of social change and is considered to be:

cultural

John is from an upper-middle-class home and has the benefit of extracurricular activities and the latest technology. He is a good student, but does not have an exemplary record. Clorista is a bright and energetic student who loves math and science. Her grades are strong, but they would be better if she had more time and resources. She has limited access to a computer and often has to care for her younger siblings while her mother is at work. John and Clorista both applied for positions on the Yearbook Committee. John was appointed, and Clorista was offered membership in the "Day of the Dead" committee, which is headed by the Spanish teacher. She is unable to accept because of her commitments at home. Sociologically speaking, in comparison to Clorista, John possesses more:

cultural capital

As a sociological concept, ethnicity refers to:

cultural practices and outlooks, including language, history, ancestry, religion, and styles of dress or adornment that tend to set people apart

Question 16: As a sociological concept, ethnicity refers to:

cultural practices and outlooks, including language, history, ancestry, religion, and styles of dress or adornment that tend to set people apart

Which of the following occupations is most likely to evoke a sense of alienation from those who perform it?

data entry clerk at a large corporation

The reduction of global interdependence by making economies as local as possible. (page 562)

deglobalization

The study of populations, including size, rates of growth, and other characteristics, is known as

demography.

Lutheran Church

denomination

Which theory draws primary attention to the exploitation of poor countries by rich ones?

dependency

After Jamaica gained independence from its colonial ruler, Britain, it was able to develop its banana industry by having access to the banana market in Britain. How would a dependency theorist describe this process?

dependent development

The sociological imagination encourages us to look at the way in which an individual's life is shaped by his or her social role, class, gender, and race. This emphasis on the position a person is born into is considered a(n):

deterministic framework

Nonconformity to a set of norms accepted by a significant number of people in a community is called:

deviance

Sociologists would classify a drug-dealing gang that follows some dominant social norms as:

deviant subculture

1 out of 1 points If you live in a high-crime area, many of the people you see in the course of a day and possibly get to know may be involved in criminal activities, thus increasing your opportunity to learn criminal behavior. The conceptual context for this phenomenon is known as:

differential association

The two theories explaining deviance that are classified as interactionist are:

differential association and labeling theory

Some claim that our rapid advances in communication technologies are creating a "devoiced" society, which suggests that there is a decrease in:

direct interaction

Which of the following arrangements facilitate(s) relationships and social interaction?

diverse and multifunction communities with extensive street traffic

According to Émile Durkheim, the following would gradually replace religion as the source of social cohesion in society:

division of labor

Chapter 6 defines a bureaucracy as a type of organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority, in which each position has a specific and clearly defined set of tasks. A bureaucracy is a good example of a formalized ______.

division of labor

_____________ negatively impacts women's class position far more than it impacts men's class position.

divorce

From a sociological perspective, women who are homemakers:

do work, although they are not part of the paid labor force

The collective Anonymous has mounted a wide range of disruptive events that have often shut down industries and parts of government. A sociologist would be unlikely to call this effort a revolution because the collective:

doe not use violence

According to W. E. B. Du Bois, African Americans' sense of self and identity are greatly influenced by the experiences of slavery and, after emancipation, segregation. Du Bois labeled this experience:

double consciousness

Since 1970, what has happened to the percentage of people on welfare in the United States?

dropped significantly

Modern societies have thousands of occupations and therefore a great deal of:

economic interdependence

Wilson primarily explained urban poverty as a result of __________, while Massey and Denton argued that it is mostly caused by __________.

economic restructuring; racial segregation

What is one of the strongest predictors of income and wealth in later life?

education

Regarding bureaucracies, Max Weber concluded that the closer they were to the ideal type, the more they would become:

effective in achieving their objectives

`The most far-reaching economic influence on social change is considered to be the:

effects of industrial capitalism

The most significant political factor in speeding up patterns of change in the modern world was the:

emergence of the modern state

in the colonial model of migration

emigration but not migration is allowed

Jared Diamond's explanation of the collapse of Rwandan society:

emphasizes environmental factors and minimizes political and cultural factors

An "opening" is necessary for the type of focused interaction that Erving Goffman calls a(n):

encounter

Strategic alliances formed among the largest corporations for the purposes of planning production and managing problems are known as:

enterprise webs

Technologies like 3D printing that allow mass-customization of products are created in part in response to which of the following?

ever changing demands of consumers as they are shaped by advertising

After failing to show up on time for a month straight, Joseph, the boss's nephew, was fired and replaced by Rodney, who had worked his way up from an entry-level position in the company.

exchange mobility

Suppose a society has truly equal opportunity, and w/i each generation, the more talented people move up in position while the less talented move down. What would such a society have?

exchange mobility

According to Weber, in a modern, bureaucratized democracy what is one of the most important characteristics for a government official to have?

expertise

According to the functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons, the family is most efficient when it operates with a clear sexual division of labor, with the males being the breadwinners and females providing care and security as well as emotional support, something he referred to as the:

expressive role

Tasha lives with her mother, father, and her father's parents. She lives in a/an _____.

extended family

Dangers that spring from the natural world and are unrelated to the actions of humans. Examples of external risk include droughts, earthquakes, famines, and storms. (page 554)

external risk

Market-oriented theories advocate for the greater involvement of government in setting labor market and business regulations.

false

One benefit of the Internet is that it has minimized the importance of socioeconomic differences between people within the United States and abroad; everyone has access to the Internet, and therefore can take part in online activities

false

The subprime mortgage crisis described in the beginning of this chapter has potentially contributed to the rapid growth rate of which of the following populations of homeless people?

families with children

Ownership and management of capitalistic enterprise is family based and passed down from one generation to the next.

family capitalism

While many Malthusians argue that high rates of population growth, such as we are currently experiencing, inevitably lead to misery and famine, a study by the UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) concluded that

famine is less a result of overpopulation than it is of unequal distribution of food supplies.

The number of children it is biologically possible for a woman to produce is known as __________, while the average number of live-born children produced by women of childbearing age in a society is known as __________.

fecundity; fertility

Dominant social institutions have historically refused women. This reduces women's career independence, and encourages marriage for economic support and a domestic role in the home.

feminist

In patriarchal societies, men enact mechanisms of sexual control, both formally and informally, in order to subjugate women.

feminist

Lack of economic opportunity and legal safeguards for women, particularly single mothers, leaves a disproportionate number of women in poverty.

feminist

Men have more access to positions of power, which they use to protect their status at the expense of women.

feminist

Same sex marriage challenges traditional gender and sexual norms, by legitimating relationships, which do not support patriarchal values.

feminist

Social structures founded on sexist principles place women in socially and economically vulnerable positions. Patriarchal societies devalue the skills and traits developed by women.

feminist

charting and analyzing the inequalities and power struggles inherent within families

feminist approaches

A sociologist who puts gender at the center of the analysis of the social world can be said to be using:

feminist theory

The number of live-born children the average woman has is known as:

fertility

According to Weber's analysis of organizations, the most significant relations between people as stated in the rules of an organization are:

formal

What type of sanction is applied only by people officially designated to enforce norms?

formal

When your professor is delivering a lecture, she usually displays professional behavior; that is, she does not scream, yell, or use excessive profanity. Erving Goffman refers to these behaviors as characteristic of:

front regions

assessing the role of the family within industrialized society

functionalism

Marriages with legal and social supports stabilize relationships. Government recognition of unions (marriage, civil union) must be extended to all to stabilize society.

functionalist

Social norms channel and control sexuality and are sanctioned by social institutions.

functionalist

Some poverty is necessary to motivate people to work hard and invest in education. Society needs the poor to do undesirable but necessary work for a functioning society.

functionalist

Stable societies have clear roles and expectations for each gender.

functionalist

Stratification ensures the most talented, hardworking people end up in important and valuable positions.

functionalist

The traditional home, with a male breadwinner and a female homemaker, mimics the division of labor in the professional world. As gendered workforce roles have blended, so have their domestic roles at home.

functionalist

Evangelicals who are highly anti-modern in many of their beliefs and adhere to strict codes of morality and conduct are called _____.

fundamentalists

Differences in status, power, and prestige between men and women in groups, collectives, and societies is known as:

gender inequality

According to the text, __________ and __________ are categories that contribute to structured inequalities.

gender; racial identity

Sherene lives in a poor neighborhood near downtown that is predominantly African American and Latino. Last spring a white couple bought the dilapidated Victorian house across the street and immediately began renovating it. This fall, Sherene noticed that similar renovations had begun on two more old homes within several blocks of her house. It is likely that Sherene's neighborhood is in the beginning stages of

gentrification.

What measures the extent to which the distribution of income in a country deviates from a perfectly equal distribution?

gini index

Sometimes a person will smile, but an observer notes that the person's eyes look sad. Erving Goffman would say the sad eyes are part of the expression the person:

gives off

Transnational corporations with an international body of shareholders lose tethers to particular nation states and roam freely in search of low labor costs and regulations.

global capitalism

Which theory has been characterized as overemphasizing the importance of business decisions in shaping a country's economy over other factors, such as the role of workers and governments?

global chains commodity

Many industrial workers have been unemployed and left without the skills required in a knowledge-based economy because of:

global trade and new forms of technology

Our daily lives, our sense of individualism, our work patterns, and even our popular culture are being affected by:

globalization

Which of the following is an important condition that facilitated the accumulation of unprecedented wealth in the twenty-first century?

globalization

Compared with other jobs, union membership is much higher in:

government

According to the text, the upper class in the United States:

has a variety of differing lifestyles and is easily able to influence politics

A skeptic believes that globalization:

has been occurring for more than a century, and its effects are overstated

Over the last 50 years women's participation in the paid labor force __________

has risen steadily

For a reference group to be effective, it must meet which of the following criteria?

have members who identify with each other or the group's goal

A status message allows people who are participating in unfocused interaction to:

have more control over how they are perceived

Human capital theorists reason that women choose occupations that are easy to move in and out of while still providing a decent income because women:

have primary allegiance to home and family

The gap in economic growth between the poorest and the richest countries could be best described a

having widened from about 10 to 1 a hundred years ago to more than 209 to 1 today

According to Durkheim, what is the most significant distinction in any religion?

he distinction between the sacred and the profane

The concept of global commodity chains attempts to describe what characteristic of the global economy?

he increasing globalization in manufacturing

According to your text, two main reasons for the higher urban growth rate in the world's less industrialized cities are __________ and __________

high fertility rates; internal migration from rural areas

Jonathan Kozol's (1991) study of American schools found that:

high levels of segregation within schools and great inequalities between them exist

The National Crime Victimization Survey has found that compared to rates reported by official agencies, actual crime rates are:

higher for both property and violent crime

dismantling overly romanticized views about previous family forms

historical perspectives

The idea of using understandings of history as a basis for creating informed social change is known as ______.

historicity

What is the principal asset in the net worth of most American families?

homes

Among America's working poor are

housekeepers. They earn less than 19,000.00 a year even in prestigious hotels

The fact that cultures are neither wholly isolated nor entirely distinct, but instead constantly borrow from one another. (page 541)

hybridity

Which of the following believe that globalization is challenging the power of nation-states?

hyperglobalizers

According to Max Weber, economic factors are very important to social change in society. What other variable is involved in social change?

ideas and values

Dyads are fragile social groups because:

if one person leaves, the group disappears

The foundational figures in sociology developed theories to address social inequality, exploitation, and stratification, but at the same time they:

ignored women and minorities

Because of tightened immigration laws, it is increasingly common to find that many industrialized countries have ________ models of immigration.

illegal

A major legacy of colonialism in the developing world is the high level of:

illiteracy

Global migratory patterns are a result of the combination of two separate forces—the movement of people into a country to settle, and the process by which people leave a country to settle in another, and these are a known as:

immigration and emigration

When a student texts his friends with familiar abbreviations and acronyms but e-mails his professors with carefully written and edited messages, he is using the media for:

impression management

At Jamie's high school, the "jocks" made fun of the drama club members. This increased the bonding and sense of loyalty among the jocks; therefore, we could consider the jocks a(n):

in - group

The cycle of social reproduction is created within the school because:

in many ways, working-class children have a more perceptive attitude toward the organization of the school than do middle-class children, but the latter group sees the school as a vehicle for upward mobility

Sometimes a female lawbreaker is able to avoid punishment by invoking the gender contract. This concept allows the female lawbreaker to play on the idea that women in general are both erratic and:

in need of protection

The rise in funding for the U.S. space program during the so-called space race:

increased scientific research and support for the U.S. economy

During the 20th century, the real income of blu-collar worker in Western societies

increased significantly, but dropped in the last 20 years

During the twentieth century, the real income of blue-collar workers in Western societies has:

increased significantly, but dropped in the last 20 years

The McDonaldization of society refers to the:

increased uniformity and rationality of society due to fast-food restaurant operating principles

The relationship between globalization and inequality is that globalization:

increases inequality as the expansion of global trade concentrates wealth within a small core of countries

Some sociologists argue that women are just as aggressive as men, but women display a different style of aggression that is consistent with gender norms. For women in the United States, this is called:

indirect aggresion

The early sociology theorists often differed in their analyses of social behavior and social institutions. Nevertheless, Auguste Comte, Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber strove to explain the new relationships that emerged as an outgrowth of the:

industrial revolution

The success of unions associated with service jobs and the decline of unions associated with manufacturing jobs that have moved overseas suggests that ______.

industries subject to global labor competition are those in which workers are the most vulnerable

According to the sociological perspective, people's behavior is:

influences by the social context

Peter Blau studied government agencies and discovered what factor that allowed more flexibility than was possible within the formal structure of the bureaucracy?

informal relations

A society no longer based primarily on the production of material goods but rather on the production of knowledge. The notion of the information society is closely bound up with the rise of information technology. (page 560)

information society

What powerful force today is changing the face of many organizations, enabling them to avoid layoffs by allowing workers to telecommute or work from home as independent contractors?

information technology

Which of the following is problematic in a traditional bureaucratic organization?

innovation

The World Trade Organization's position on free trade is that it:

insists that poor countries open their markets while industrialized countries maintain barriers

Large corporations are highly interconnected through partial mutual ownership, creating large blocks of corporate power transcending single corporations.

institutional capitalism

A sex worker repeatedly tries to initiate conversation with a businessman despite his obvious unwillingness to respond. This is an example of:

interactional vandalism

A student who sends a photograph of himself drinking with a suggestive message to his boss can be considered to be engaging in an electronic form of:

interactional vandalism

If a person has a different class position from that of his parents or grandparents, he has experienced

intergenerational mobility

Rosario's working-class parents saved money for years to send her to college, where she developed an interest in law; in the private firm she works for now, she earns more than both her parents combined.

intergenerational mobility

The work of gender scholars discussed in this course demonstrates how gender is performed differently by those embedded in variant, sometimes overlapping, statuses (age, race, class, sexuality, etc.). This approach to the analysis of social status is referred to as __________________.

intersectionality

After being laid off from her well-paying job in 2009, Anita was unable to find another job like it, and eventually had to sell her house and move into a small apartment.

intragenerational mobility

how far an individual moves up or down the socioeconomic scale in her lifetime is called:

intragenerational mobility

The campaign for global justice:

is a movement to protest the World Trade Organization's emphasis on economic issues over human rights issues

In India, individuals who fail to carry out the duties of their caste are doomed to be reborn in an inferior caste in the next life. How does this describe how social status is held in India?

it is held for life

The "new" economy in which ideas, information, and forms of knowledge support and sustain innovation and growth is most commonly called the:

knowledge economy

A common term for information society referring to a society based on the production and consumption of knowledge and information. (page 560)

knowledge society

In the movie "One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest," one of the patients in the mental hospital tells the other inmates that they are not crazy and they should not act as though they are just because the head nurse tells them they are. Which of the following theories best explains the patients' behaviors?

labeling

Lower-class households typically have an annual household income below $20,000, and due to their employment being unstable, are most likely to:

lack health care and social security

Which problems are associated with "megacities"

large homelessness populations difficulty transporting fuel, food, and water over long distances

Schools originally arose:

largely as a result of the development of printing and the ensuing need for broader literacy

Worker strikes are a means of ________.

leveraging collective power over employers

Which of the following conceptualizes the idea that your probability of economic success is largely dependent on your background?

life chances

which of the following conceptualizes the idea that your probability of economic success is largely dependent on your background?

life chances

Which of the following does an interest group use to try and accomplish its goals?

lobbying member of legislative bodies

Texas is famous for the strong state pride held by its inhabitants. The importance of the shared identity of being a Texan could be thought of as an example of ______.

local nationalism

Which types of countries contained 12 percent of the world's population but produced only seven-tenths of a percent of the world's GDP in 2013?

low-income

What kinds of jobs are primarily replacing the disappearing blue-collar manufacturing jobs in the new economy?

low-skilled service-sector jobs

What did Max Weber liken bureaucracies to?

machines operating according to rational rules

Which of the following is most likely to significantly increase voter turnout in the United States?

making voting legally compulsory

Corporations become more defined economic entities as managers gain a much more central position than owners.

managerial capitalism

As a result of globalization, humans now face risks created by the effects of their own knowledge and technology on the natural world, or:

manufactured risk

Dangers that are created by the impact of human knowledge and technology on the natural world. Examples of manufactured risk include global warming and genetically modified foods. (page 554)

manufactured risk

Which theory or set of theories has been criticized for ignoring how ties between poor and wealthy countries can inhibit the economic growth of poor countries?

market oriented

Neoliberalism is derived from which theoretical perspective?

market oriented theories

The Internet is an exciting tool that facilitates communication between people. A latent advantage to electronic communication is that it:

masks a person's membership in a traditionally disadvantaged group

Sales of products that allow consumers freedom in choosing television shows and movies on their own schedules, such as Netflix, are examples of what post-Fordist business trend?

mass customization

What is the primary goal of scientific management (Taylorism)?

maximize output

In Karl Marx's theory, a class is made up of people who have the same relationship to the:

means of production

Women are so often the targets of sexual violence because:

men are socialized to feel sexual entitlement and insensitive to the difference between consensual and nonconsensual sex

According to Thomas Piketty's Capital in the 21st Century, ever-increasing wealth inequality is argued to be a necessary and inevitable feature of almost all capitalist economic systems. The one major exception to this rule was the:

mid-twentieth century

Ming Wei has been given an assignment to write a paper explaining how Christianity and Islam spread across the world. What are the most important explanatory factors she should include in her paper?

military force and missionary work

Neoliberalism holds that only through unfettered global free trade will the world economy prosper and allow all countries to grow. What theory does neoliberalism originate from?

modernization

Which type of theorist would argue that a low-income society can develop if people give up their traditional ways and adopt modern economic institutions, technologies, and values?

modernization

Belief in a single, all-knowing, all-powerful god is called:

monotheism

According to estimates by the United Nations, approximately how many people worldwide lived in urban slums in 2010?

more than 1 billion

Closed stratification systems

movement from one social position to another is limited due to ascribed statuses Based on sex, skin color, or family background Include slavery and caste systems

In the preceding 350 years or so, there have been at least four massive population shifts. The following example that most closely represents these massive shifts is the:

movement of europeans to other parts of the world

Social mobility refers to the:

movement of individuals and groups between class positions

horizontal mobility

moving from one position to another at the same class level.

intragenerational mobility

moving up or down the class hierarchy over one's lifetime.

intergenerational mobility

moving up or down the class hierarchy relative to the position of one's parents.

vertical mobility

moving up or down the class hierarchy.

Sociologists use the phrase "racial literacy" to refer to the fact that:

multiracial children can learn methods of dealing with racial hierarchy

Research indicates that ___________ families are most likely to have elders playing active roles in rearing their grandchildren?

native american

When a professor is delivering a lecture and some students begin to whisper back and forth, the professor may stop the lecture, remain silent, and stare at the students. What is the professor's behavior an example of?

negative sanction

A common criticism of labeling theory is that labeling theorists:

neglect the processes that lead to acts being defined as deviant

For a religious movement to survive after its leader dies, usually the:

new leaders establish regulations and formalize structures

The statement "Protest is an end in itself. It helps us establish who we are and what we are about," accurately reflects the underlying attitude of:

new social movements

evangelical political activism is an example of

new social movements

According to sociologist William Julius Wilson, one potentially negative consequence of the civil rights movement is that black middle-class families have left the central cities, leaving only poor black families in the urban areas. This happened because:

newly won civil rights opened up new chances outside of ghetto environments

As a form of social interaction, the exchange of information and meaning through facial expressions, gestures, and movements of the body is called:

nonverbal communication

One of the ways in which electronic media changes impression management is that:

nonverbal language plays much less, if any, part in many communications

absolute poverty

not having enough money to afford the most basic necessities of life.

relative poverty

not having enough money to maintain an average standard of living.

Most rapes in the United States are

not reported to the police

Since the 1950s, women's participation in the labor force has risen more or less continuously, and now women

now outnumber men in the labor force

"The discourse of family values tends to privilege the ____________, regardless of the fact that it represents only 38% of American households. "

nuclear family

The domination of a small number of firms in a given industry is known as ______.

oligopoly

What is the term for a small number of firms that dominate the market in a given industry?

oligopoly

At the time of the Revolutionary War, ______ Americans belonged to a religious organization. In the 1990s, that number was ______.

one in six; two in three

n a counterargument to the claims made in The Bell Curve, a team of sociologists from the University of California, Berkeley asserted that the factor that is more important than intelligence in determining how well people do in life is:

one's parents' socioeconomic status

A large group of people that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve specific objectives is called a(n):

organization

As people in modern societies, what do we depend on to take care of everything from how we are born to our daily supply of running water, and even to the way we die?

organizations

The rich and varied group life of societies reflects:

our need to congregate and belong

Sociologists use the term organization to refer to a group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve a common purpose. What is most likely to make up an organization?

out - group

Class systems differ from slavery in several ways. Class systems allow for movement within the social structure, are economically based, are large and impersonal, and are built around income, ownership of wealth, education, occupation, and lifestyle. Which of these characteristics of class as a system is most closely tied to the defining characteristic of slavery as a system?

ownership

What is Pierre Bourdieu referring to when talking about cultural capital?

parents reading to their children and helping them with homework

According to the leading research findings on academic achievement, which of the following has the greatest influence on a student's success in school?

parents' socioeconomic status

One common characteristic of all societies with regard to gender relations is that they are systems of:

patriarchy

Recent sociological studies on the relationship between social networks and health outcomes such as obesity demonstrate that:

people develop their ideas about what is acceptable behavior by looking at those in their social groups

Which of the following is a social aggregate?

people waiting at Terminal C for Flight 181

underclass

people who are persistently poor and seldom employed, residentially segregated, and relatively isolated from the rest of the population.

Within those of the same age group, who is more likely to get married?

people who have been married and divorced compared with people who have never been married

Research (see Klinenberg's study) suggests that people who live alone do not tend to feel lonely and socially alienated, because:

people who live alone actually tend to have more social interactions than their married counterparts.

working poor

people who work at least 27 weeks a year but receive such low wages that they live in or near poverty.

According to Émile Durkheim, societies must have organic solidarity based on cooperation and a general agreement on basic values and customs in order to:

persist over time

A situation in which ethnic cultures have a distinct and separate existence even while their members participate in the economic and political life of the larger society is known as:

pluralism

In most countries, the establishment of social rights takes place after the exercise of other rights. This is due to the fact that in most cases, civil and political rights were something that:

poor and underrepresented groups had to achieve prior to obtaining social rights

In which places is one most likely to encounter a food desert?

poor, inner-city neighborhoods, which tend to have fewer grocery stores and health food outlets

Who are the most common victims of murder and other violent crimes?

poor, young african americans in large cities

The rate that is calculated by subtracting the number of deaths per thousand from the number of births per thousand in a year reflects:

population growth or decline

A notion advocated by those who believe that processes of social change are taking us beyond the industrialized order. A postindustrial society is based on the production of information rather than on material goods. According to postindustrialists, we are currently experiencing a series of social changes as profound as those that initiated the industrial era some 200 years ago. (page 560)

postindustrial society

Quality of a technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images. (page 560)

postmodern society

Those who would argue that we have come to the end of history are the:

postmodernists

What is relative poverty?

poverty defined according to the living standards of the majority in any given society

President Dwight Eisenhower delivered a farewell address in 1952 that warned of an impending change in the nature of our democracy, and suggested that the large corporations and the military, in cooperation with the government, would soon run the United States and exercise a huge amount of power. Just as sociologists have suggested, this same unified group is referred to as the:

power elite

When listing countries in the order of money spent on the military, the United States spends more than 15 countries combined. The public figure who warned the country to beware of the expanding military and the industries that cater to it was:

president Dwight D. Eisenhower

A mother and daughter enrolled in a large introductory sociology class would be considered a:

primary group

Which is more likely to be an in-group?

primary group

Labeling theorists interpret deviance as a(n):

process of interaction between deviants and nondeviants

The case of Rachel Dolezal, former head of the Spokane, Washington, NAACP chapter, generated controversy in 2015 when she was outed as having white parents despite having publicly identified herself as black. Her case brought to the fore the ways in which race is not only biological but also performed and enacted in daily interactions. Her case could thus be analyzed through which type of theory?

processual

Postmodernists argue that we have reached the end of history because:

progress is no longer unified and linear

The theory that offers an understanding of race as a form of inequality that emerged through past political struggles establishing and contesting white dominance is:

racial formation theory

Historically, Europeans classified the individuals with whom they came into contact in various parts of the world according to categories based on their physical attributes. These categories became the basis of systems that shaped and constrained the people's daily lives. This process is known as:

racialization

Recent media analysis of police departments across the United States found a huge backlog of "rape kits" in evidence rooms. There are many reasons for this, including the cost of testing and the difficulty in linking forensic evidence to the crime. One other aspect to this problem might be that:

rape is often seen as a sexual offense and not a violent crime

According to Robert K. Merton's structural strain theory, anomie results from the strain on behavior that is imposed through norms that conflict with social reality. Looking at the figure in the text (Figure 7.2, Merton's Deviance Typology), in which of the four types listed would we see the higher levels of anomie (note that conformity is excluded on the basis of this group being the largest)?

rebellion

In 2011, the Occupy Wall Street movement drew large numbers of people to New York City to protest rising income inequality. To make their point, these protesters marched on the city streets, built tent cities where they lived and slept while the demonstrations were ongoing, and actively worked to disrupt the flow of life. In Robert K. Merton's view, these people would be what kind of deviants?

rebels

The goal of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and Empowerment is to:

recognize that equality for women and girls is a human right and a social and economic imperative

Audience segregation allows people to:

reconcile their role in one part of life with their role in another part of their social world

Protesters against the World Trade Organization claim that it:

reflects only the interests of the richest nations

Evidence that social advantage results in higher IQ scores ________ Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray's view on intelligence.

refutes

The scenario in which students sleep in their bedrooms from 2:00 A.M. to 9:00 A.M., rush to a 9:30 A.M. class at the university, grab a quick lunch at the cafeteria, nap on the grass at about 3:30 P.M., return to class at 4:00 P.M., collapse in bed at 6:30 P.M., study in a library study room from 8:00 P.M. to 10:00 P.M., and go to a club from 10:15 P.M. to 1:30 A.M. illustrates the sociological concept of:

regionalization

Education institutions are active participants in social reproduction because they

reinforce the cultural advantages of upper- and middle-class families

The process of bringing community and family members into court to publicly state their condemnation of a criminal's behavior and to accept the responsibility for reintegrating the offender back into the community is called:

reintegrative shaming

Sociologists would term a set of beliefs adhered to by the members of a community and that incorporates symbols regarded with a sense of awe or wonder together with ritual practices as:

religion

Martina's church slowly began losing members several years ago to a new, nondenominational worship center that opened in the same community. As a result, her pastor made some changes designed to appeal to a wider, more contemporary congregation, including changing the music selection and beginning a spiritual study group open to all members and nonmembers that became a dynamic weekly group. This is an example of ___________.

religious revitalization as a consequence of competition

What played the fundamental role in developing the capitalistic outlook, according to Max Weber?

religious values

Social change is a unique type of change because it

requires a significant transformation of society's institutions and culture

prestige

respect, recognition, or regard attached to social positions.

A student drops a spoon on the floor as she carries her dish to the kitchen. As the spoon clatters loudly on the tile floor, she exclaims, "Ooooooh, sorry!" This is an example of

response cry

The "race to the bottom" in relation to the global economy means that:

retailers and manufacturers will go anywhere to find the lowest wages

Additional income received in the workplace for each additional year of schooling or academic degree is referred to as:

returns on education

Ideal bureaucratic systems that Weber describes tend to reinforce the:

rise of numerous unofficial ways of doing things because of the lack of flexibility in completing tasks in a bureaucracy

"A group of sociologists are collecting data on single-parent families and comparing thier lives to two-parent families. in the same communities They are focusing on the who does the housework, cooking, bill paying, and home repairs. These variables are what is referred to as the family ____________. "

roles

Socially defined expectations of a person in a given social position are referred to as social:

roles

Oligarchy means

rule by the few

Your friend has requested you as a bridesmaid at her wedding, and asks that you wear a full-length dress, something that is physically uncomfortable for you. When you tell her you plan to wear a knee-length version, she is mortified, and says that she expects you to agree to her request. To get you to comply, she may use a:

sanction

Formal systems of education developed in modern societies because:

schools promoted the development of personality traits such as self-discipline and obedience, which employers needed in their employees

What should knowledge of society be based on, according to Auguste Comte?

scientific evidence

Early Mormanism

sect

The physical separation of a racial or ethnic group is called

segregation

In terms of people's working lives, globalization makes it more likely that individuals will experience a:

self-made career path with several changes over their lifetime

A concept related to postindustrial society, it refers to a social order distinguished by the growth of service occupations at the expense of industrial jobs that produce material goods. (page 560)

service society

New information technologies and the growth of the knowledge economy will affect education by:

shifting the emphasis toward active, lifelong learning in diverse settings

What is the primary difference between a caste system and slavery?

slaves are owned, whereas caste members are not

The idea of the welfare state has generated a lot of debate in the United States over the past 50 years, especially during an election. The idea of the welfare state, though, is an integral part of our ________ rights.

social

Alteration in basic structures of a social group or society. Social change is an ever-present phenomenon in social life but has become especially intense in the modern era. The origins of modern sociology can be traced to attempts to understand the dramatic changes shattering the traditional world and promoting new forms of social order. (page 541)

social change

Open stratification systems

social classes are relatively fluid Based on achieved statuses A social class is a category of people who have a similar rank based on wealth, education, power, or prestige.

We can say that something is socially constructed when it is based on:

social context

Incidences of rape increase significantly during war. This happens because for men:

social norms condemning rape do not apply during war

The norms, beliefs, and values that we learn through socialization make ________ possible

social order

Which types of rights are usually established last?

social rights, because the establishment of civil and political rights underpinned the fight for social rights.

A child's father is likely to tell the child to "say thank-you" when the child receives a gift. This is an example of:

socialization

When sociologists visit college campuses, they witness a variety of behaviors and social relationships that are not necessarily immediately apparent to the members of the college community. The ability to interpret all the events taking place within the campus is referred to as:

sociological imagination

The significance of a sociological imagination is that:

sociology attempts to connect individual experiences to a conception of a larger social structure

When we look at the micro and macro connections that shape social issues such as the harassment of women on the street, we see that the:

solution must address the larger underlying issues, such as gender inequality

The undisputed political rule of a state over a given territorial area is called ______

sovereignty

Elijah Anderson would most likely characterize a ________ as a cosmopolitan canopy

state fair

The potential of the internet to encourage democratic exchange that may oppose or question existing power structures is most challenged by which of the following observations?

states are able to use the internet to spy on and control their own citizens

A family in which at least one partner has children from a previous marriage, living in the home or nearby, is known as a/an _____.

step-family

Elijah Anderson's study (1990) of everyday life in two adjacent urban neighborhoods showed that tensions in social interaction are often based on the:

stereotypes about the presumed statuses of the individuals involved

During the post-World War II economic boom in the United States, the quality of life and financial resources of the average American rose considerably.

structural mobility

Harold Garfinkel developed "ethnomethodology," which is the:

study of folk or lay methods people use to make sense of what others say and do

Based on Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore's concept of functional importance, one occupation that would be most important to society, and consequently should receive greater rewards, is:

surgeon

Information about our lives is gathered by all types of organizations. This might be called a ________ society.

surveillance

The extent to which information about our lives is gathered by all kinds of organizations today has led some analysts to conclude that we now live in what kind of society?

surveillance

Placing limitations on economic growth to proceed only insofar as natural resources are recycled rather than depleted; maintaining biodiversity; and protecting clean air, water and land are all considerations contained in the notion of

sustainable development.

Caring or nurturing traits often associated with women are used as insults among powerful groups. This is often seen in language (being "sissy").

symbolic interactionalist

Each gender's household roles are socially constructed from a very young age by rewarding gender conformity. For example, girls play house while boys play sports and war games.

symbolic interactionalist

Individual tastes reflect class position and status.

symbolic interactionalist

Sexual norms are always changing, are socially constructed as a response to shifting social conditions

symbolic interactionalist

Social divisions are maintained by displays of cultural competency, making it difficult for poor people to fit in with the upper class.

symbolic interactionalist

The institution of marriage has undergone substantial changes over time, thus new marriage arrangements should be expected as societies change.

symbolic interactionalist

Putting locks on mailboxes is an example of

target hardening

Which of the following is part of the hidden curriculum in schools?

teaching students to respect authority

Harnessing science to machinery to achieve greater productive efficiency is known as:

technology

A characteristic of the Tea Party is:

that it is not actually a party at all

The high rates of births to unmarried women in African American, Puerto Rican, and Native American communities suggests ___________.

that people who live in poverty are less likely to get married, even when they have children or cohabitate

In China in 2012, an estimated 538 million people used the Internet. The authoritarian Chinese government has banned the publication of "state secrets" online. Much of the Internet filter is facilitated by companies in

the US

power

the ability of individuals or groups to achieve goals, control events, and maintain influence over others despite opposition.

What is the definition of power?

the ability of individuals or the members of a group to achieve aims or further the interests they hold

According to the text, what does biological sex refer to?

the anatomical differences distinguishing males from females

Karl Marx defined the relationship between those who own the means of production and those who make their living by selling their own labor power for a wage as two classes that he referred to as:

the bourgeoisie and the proletariat

In matrilocal societies, newly married couples set up their household with or near ______.

the bride's family of orientation

Most cities of the ancient world had an outer wall offering defense and separation, and did this largely because:

the buildings at the core were religious and political

What important event signaled the near irreversibility of a single, global capitalist society?

the collapse of the soviet union

Max Weber contended that a bureaucratic structure is the most efficient organizational type. Which of the following exemplifies a bureaucratic organization?

the college or university you attend

The idea that globalization is bringing about the end of the nation-state is countered by _________________.

the continual rise in the number of independent nation-states

An environment made up of constructions established by human beings to serve their needs, including roads, railways, factories, and other buildings is called

the created environment.

A central argument of Ulrich Beck's Risk Society is that:

the decline of social traditions and institutions make risks more pervasive and more global

What appears to be one of the biggest incentives for the wave of business mergers and acquisitions in the past two decades?

the desire to eliminate competition and productive overcapacity

Secularization is:

the diminished influence and power of religion in society

Émile Durkheim analyzed the social changes transforming society in his lifetime in terms of:

the division of labor

What is the strongest evidence offered by the text in support of C. Wright Mills's position that the military plays a central role in the power elite in the United States?

the enormous size of the U.S. military budget relative to other countries

Jeremy buys a new iPhone each time a more advanced model is introduced. His discarded phones are sent out to a recycling company that ships them to India, where poorly paid workers disassemble them, releasing toxic materials into the land and water as well as into their own bodies. This is one way in which

the environmental hazards of consumption patterns in rich countries are disproportionately borne by poor countries.

Nonverbal communication is:

the exchange of information through facial expressions and movements of the body

life chances

the extent to which people have positive experiences and can secure the good things in life because they have economic resources.

Davis-Moore thesis

the functionalist view that social stratification benefits a society.

A large, well-known Wall Street investment banking firm is seeking good candidates to fill a newly created position in upper management. Among the criteria are that the individual must have had at least 15 years of experience and an advanced degree. One factor that may affect the chances of a woman being hired into this position might be:

the glass ceiling

The "glass ceiling" prevents women from improving their salaries and positions. At the same time, men who enter a field that is usually dominated by women find that they encounter:

the glass escalator

According to the text, which of the following was arguably a consequence of the third religious disestablishment in the 1960s and 1970s?

the growing strength of conservative religious denominations during and after that period

social stratification

the hierarchical ranking of people in a society who have different access to valued resources, such as property, prestige, power, and status.

feminization of poverty

the higher likelihood that female heads of households will be poor.

Globalization

the increased economic, political, and social interconnectedness of the world

Alan Krueger and Stacy Dale found in their 2002 study comparing the average yearly income of students who had been admitted to and attended an Ivy League college with the average yearly income of students who had been admitted to but did not attend an Ivy League college that:

the individual matters, despite an apparent disparity in opportunities between Ivy League and non-Ivy League colleges

Which of the following was a focus of Max Weber's research?

the influence of cultural ideas and values on social change and individual behavior

In sociological terms, economic transactions carried on outside the sphere of orthodox paid employment are known as _____.

the informal economy

Individuals and families living in shantytowns and favelas are more likely than their better-off urban counterparts to find work in

the informal economy.

The specialization in producing goods for the world market that divides regions into zones of industrial or agricultural production or high- or low-skilled labor is called ______.

the international division of labor

Religious nationalism is _________.

the linking of strongly held religious convictions with beliefs about a people's social and political destiny

poverty line

the minimal level of income that the federal government considers necessary for basic subsistence.

The term economic interdependence implies that ___________________.

the modern division of labor has made individuals dependent on many others to produce many or most of the goods they need to live

The feminization of migration patterns refers to the fact that:

the number of women migrants has increased in part because of changes in the global labor market

What theories of democracy are best supported by the overwhelming influence of the pharmaceutical lobby in shaping health care legislation in 2010?

the power elite

Current fears regarding the depletion of energy resources are greatly exacerbated by

the rapid economic growth of countries like China and India.

Emerging Economies

the rapidly growing economies of the world, particularly in East Asia but also in Latin America

A sociological analysis of education would include:

the relationship between education and social inequality

According to Karl Marx's materialist conception of history, which of the following would be considered a source of social change in society?

the relationships between the working class and the owning class

What is status, according to Max Weber?

the social honor or prestige a particular group is accorded by other members of a society

What are some of the important factors that have led to the development and increasing popularity of the Islamic State, or ISIS?

the social, political, and economic destabilization of the Middle East as a result of Western presence and civil war

What is the definition of civil society?

the sphere between the state and the marketplace occupied by family, community associations, and other noneconomic institutions

The ultimate ruling of the Supreme Court in 2015 that individuals have a constitutional right to same-sex marriage was predated by what other important event?

the striking down of DOMA in Windsor v. United States of America in 2013

Demography is:

the study of populations

Global inequality

the systematic differences in wealth and power among countries

According to the text, social change is:

the transformation of social institutions and culture of a society over time

Marx identified surplus value as the source of profit in a capitalist system. What is surplus value?

the value of a worker's labor power left over when an employer has repaid the cost of hiring the worker

Unemployment is increasingly a standard condition in the U.S. economy because:

the worldwide economic recession was combined with a reduced need for labor power

Erving Goffman and other theorists who focus on social interaction often use the analogy of:

theater and drama

One of the main reasons that rape is difficult to track statistically is because:

there is a large difference between men's and women's definition of forced sex

real income for most of the working population in the US increased over the 20th century. What is the most important reason for this?

there was an increase in productivity due to technological change

Distribution of white-collar crime is very difficult to measure in contrast to other types of crime primarily because:

these crimes rarely appear in any statistical reports

Your text authors talk about some of the wealthiest people in the world. What do these people have in common?

they are all men

Some researchers argue that people often "get religion" when:

they have established a sense of discipline that they can devote to religious practice

The term minority group is potentially ambiguous and confusing, particularly for sociologists, because:

they use the term to mean disadvantaged, not necessarily a group of less than 50 percent of the population

bourgeoisie

those who own and control capital and the means of production.

One of the differences between the nature of household work among men and women is that women's work around the home often:

ties them down to a regular schedule

According to Michel Foucault, organizations "efficiently distribute bodies" and activities through the use of:

timetables

Henry Ford paid his workers well. He did this to ensure compliance in the workforce and:

to enable workers to afford to buy the products they made

A reason why having a job is important to people is

to make social contacts

Business corporations located in two or more countries. (page 550)

transnational corporations

What is the primary legacy of colonialism from the perspective of a dependency theorist?

transnational corporations

College students who graduate in the years following the 2008 recession are likely to experience long-term negative consequences in terms of earning and social mobility.

true

For one of his business classes, Wallace was asked to develop a corporate business plan. The main components of the plan he presented in class involved creating strategic partnerships with other corporations in the same industry and contracting smaller companies to perform services and/or provide materials, rather than doing them within the corporation itself. Wallace's business plan illustrates the characteristics of ______.

twenty first century corporation

The increasing use of "high tech" in the workplace is leading to the development of what kind of worker structure?

two classes

What is the definition of cohabitation?

two people living together in a sexual relationship without being married

Theda Skocpol believes that revolutions are not the direct result of a deliberate pursuit of interests, but instead are ambiguous in nature and result from the more limited aims of different groups as:

unintended consequences

Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience to authority occurred more than 40 years ago. Scientists do not replicate his experiment and update the findings because:

universities have installed increased research protocols to protect subjects

In which social class are you most likely to find midlevel corporate managers and high-income professionals?

upper-middle

Industrialization generated the movement of population from the countryside into towns and cities, which is known as:

urbanization

The connection between religion and violence is that:

violence exists in most religions and is couched in terms of the forces of good against the forces of evil

In Marxian analysis, which group makes up the largest component of society?

wage workers

In general, what kind of ties do women within the job market tend to have in comparison to men?

weaker

The dimensions of stratification are

wealth, power, and prestige.

Consciously or unconsciously, a person may use impression management to influence other people's reactions to them. An example of this is:

wearing a business suit to a community business meeting

Corporations provide social goods and securities to employees, rather than leaving such provisions to unions or the state.

welfare capitalism

There is often a clash of ideas when a government attempts to provide material benefits for those who are unable to support themselves, and the result is what we refer to as a:

welfare state

A stereotype threat occurs:

when people believe they are being judged not as individuals but as members of a group

Organic solidarity is:

when the institutions of society function together as a whole

According to sociologists of religion, under what circumstances do cults flourish?

when there is a breakdown in well-established societal belief systems

The most essential type of employee in the postindustrial order, according to Daniel Bell, is a ________ worker.

white collar

An unintended consequence of school busing is that:

white families fled from the city into suburban areas, leaving the center cities to decay

In the classical period of sociology, ________ were rarely allowed to hold academic positions or to do sociological research, so their contributions have been neglected.

women and minorities

Providing a meaningful sense of social identity, and constructively structuring people's time are two of the individual benefits of _______.

work

What are portfolio workers?

workers who are able to move easily from one job to another because they possess a diversity of skills and/or qualifications

proletariat

workers who sell their labor for wages.

In which class does the family income just cover basic living expenses and perhaps a summer vacation?

working

in which does the family income just cover basic living expenses and perhaps a summer vacation?

working

The text refers to companies such as State Farm Insurance and Walmart that deny women the ability to advance in their companies as:

workplace gatekeepers

Mae just joined a religious group that holds weekly support groups for divorced people; has workshops on bringing spirituality into our everyday lives; and provides life coaches who help members learn to invest, train for new jobs, and set and maintain goals in their lives. This religious group would be an example of a:

world-affirming religion

Who are the most common victims of murder and other violent crimes in the United States?

young African American urban males

When sociologists analyze the contexts of social interaction, it is often helpful to look at how people move through

zones of time and space

How large is the American "upper class" according to the U.S. Census?

~ 6 million