SOCIOLOGY CHAPTER 12 FAMILY
MEN were associated with the public world of wage-earning work. WOMEN were relegated to the private world of managing a household and raising children, work for which they were not paid
The Industrial Revolution created a division between work and home.
NUCLEAR
A _________ family is a family consisting of a father a mother and their biological children.
8 %
About ____ % of all households are occupied by couples who are cohabitating (living together as a romantically involved, unmarried couple).
W. E. B. DUBOIS argued that the high rate of female-headed families in the African American community was a result of racial oppression and poverty, not a cause of it. William JULIUS WILSON has shown that there is an outright shortage of employed, un-incarcerated black men with whom black women could hope to form a stable family unit, thus leaving them with little choice in terms of taking responsibility for their families.
Compare the "matriarchal thesis" presented by social scientists in the 1960s to analyses of female-headed African American families offered by scholars such as W. E. B. DuBois and William Julius Wilson.
There have been numerous studies on the effects on children of having a mother who works, and the findings have varied enormously. A new way to approach the topic is to ask how having a working mother affects children within the same family differently.
Describe some of the different findings about how HAVING A WORKING MOTHER affects children and explain how these findings are influenced by the types of questions asked.
Preindustrial families tended to depend heavily on KINSHIP-NETWORKS, which are strings of relationships between people related by blood and marriage. These networks weakened as families became more mobile.
Define KINSHIP NETWORKS.
ENDOGAMY-marriage to someone within one's social group. EXOGAMY-marriage to someone outside one's social group. MONOGAMY- the practice of having only one sexual partner or spouse at a time. POLYGAMY-the practice of having more than one sexual partner or spouse at a time.
Define endogamy, exogamy, monogamy, and polygamy.
A NUCLEAR FAMILY OR TRADITIONAL FAMILY is a family consisting of a father and mother and their biological children. EXTENDED FAMILY refers to familial networks that extend beyond the nuclear family and may extend beyond the home.
Define nuclear family and extended family
Women are more likely than men to think about divorce and to have very specific reasons for why they want to divorce, yet women may stay in an unhappy marriage longer than men because divorce often puts women in a more precarious financial position.
Describe how a woman's rising income affects the division of labor in the family.
Even though many women who are married or live with a male partner work outside the home, they usually take on a disproportionate share of domestic duties. This inequality plays out in terms of the time women spend on household tasks, the types of tasks they take on, and in the way the tasks or work are perceived.
Describe how domestic tasks tend to be divided unequally between the male and female partner in a family both in terms of time and type of work.
African American communities tend to have expanded notions of KINSHIP, which is perhaps rooted in the slave experience, in which biological families were often separated and people formed family bonds with nonblood relatives
Describe notions of family and KINSHIP in African American communities and their possible origins.
It is difficult to speak of one LATINO COMMUNITY in the United States as Latinos come from many different countries and cultural backgrounds, but some characteristics can be identified as common to Latino families, including strong family and community ties, adherence to traditional gender roles, devout Catholicism, high marriage rates, and low divorce rates.
Describe some characteristics of LATINO FAMILIES in the United States
Studies show that a more equal distribution between men and women of the responsibility for domestic chores makes for happier and more stable marriages.
Describe some of the consequences of the "supermom strategy."
Our choice of a romantic or life partner doesn't depend solely on our attraction to someone, how well we get along with him or her, or our shared life goals. Whether we realize it or not, there are also legal and cultural factors that affect our choice.
Describe some of the personal, practical, and cultural factors that affect our choice of a romantic or life partner.
SINGLE, WORKING MOTHERS face many challenges, among them the attitude of welfare critics who think that they prefer being on welfare to working. Most women would prefer not to be on welfare, but the system is such that often they end up with less income and fewer benefits when they move from welfare to work.
Describe the difficult options that SINGLE WORKING MOTHERS have to grapple with when it comes to moving from welfare to work.
Factors that have brought about significant changes in the organization of work and family life since the 1970s include increasing divorce rates, decreasing marriage and fertility rates, and the increased participation of women in the workforce.
Describe the factors that brought about SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE ORGANIZATION OF WORK AND FAMILY LIFE SINCE THE 1970S.
Bronislaw Malinowski and Talcott Parsons both argued that the family was a functional necessity in modern society because it fulfilled society's need for productive workers (fathers) and child rearers (women).
Describe the findings and theories of Bronislaw Malinowski and Talcott Parsons with regard to the role of the family in society.
Divorce is a constant in our society, and debates will continue about its effects on children. The only certainty may be that high levels of parental conflict—whether between married or divorced parents—are not good for children. Families today come in many forms—blended families with step- or half-siblings, families headed by same-sex partners, interracial families, intergenerational families. So perhaps the optimal description of the "ideal" family is one that best serves the needs of all its members.
Describe the many variations on the "traditional" family that exist today in the United States and in other Western nations.
The PREINDUSTRIAL FAMILY- functioned like a miniature economy. Everyone worked to produce the food, clothes, and other items the family needed to survive, and this work took place in or right around the home.
Describe the typical structure and functioning of a PREINDUSTRIAL FAMILY.
KINSHIP NETWORKS
Early modern families depended heavily on __________ ____________, which are systems of relationships between people related by blood and marriage. These networks weakened as families became more mobile.
Feminist theorists have shown how gender roles are learned in the family and how the family can be a battleground for power over decisions about household chores, where to live, raising children, spending money, and much more.
Explain how GENDER ROLES ARE LEARNED IN THE FAMILY AND how the family can be a battleground for power.
There is no real "typical" family in Western society today. Multiple generations can live together; families can consist of step-siblings and half-siblings; there are single-parent families; and individuals and couples can choose not to get married or not to have children.
Explain how divorce and remarriage rates and choices about having children have changed the notion of the "traditional" family.
The size of a family and its resources can affect how parents relate to each of their children and can create INEQUALITIES AMONG SIBLINGS. Birth order and "natural" abilities also play a role, but the bottom line is that in the home, a status hierarchy often fosters inequality.
Explain how sociological factors can contribute to INEQUALITY AMONG SIBLINGS.
The TRADITIONAL NUCLEAR FAMILY IS NOT A TIMELESS AND UNIVERSAL CONCEPT, but one that developed in response to conditions in a specific time and place—the post-World War II economic boom in the United States.
Explain how the ideal of the TRADITIONAL FAMILY IS NOT A TIMELESS CONCEPT, but a recent development rooted in a specific time and place.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CREATED a division between work and home, with men being associated with the public world of wage-earning work and women relegated to the private world of managing a household and raising children, work for which they were not paid.
Explain how the onset of THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION affected family structure, the division of domestic labor, and the value placed on men's and women's work.
It best serves the needs of all its members.
Families today come in many forms - blended families with stepsiblings or half-siblings, families headed by same-sex partners, interracial families, intergenerational families - so perhaps the optimal description of the "ideal" family is that:
Latinos
In 2003, which minority group passed African Americans as the largest minority group in the United States?
Blended family
Josephine's parents divorced when she was five years old. By the time she was eight, both her parents had remarried and she had two stepsiblings on her father's side and a half-brother on her mother's side. Josephine's two new families are examples of what type of family?
ANTI-MISCEGENATION
Loving v. Virginia is the 1967 supreme court case that ended ____-_______________ laws. (Laws that said interracial couples could not marry.)
LEGAL AND CULTURAL
Our choice of a romantic or life partner does not rely solely on our attraction to someone, how we get along with him or her, or our shared life goals. Whether we like it or not there are also ________ and __________factors that affect our choice.
-INCREASING DIVORCE RATES -DECREASING MARRIAGE AND FERTILITY RATES -INCREASING PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE
Several factors have brought about significant changes in the organization of work and family life since the 1970s: increasing divorce rates decreasing marriage and fertility rates increasing participation of women in the workforce
Most women would prefer not to be on welfare, but the system is such that often they end up with less income and fewer benefits when they move from welfare to work.
Single, nonworking mothers face many challenges, among them the attitude of critics of welfare, who think that they prefer being on welfare to working;
FUNCTIONALISTS
Talcott Parsons's claim that the traditional family was necessary to modern industrial society because it fulfilled society's need for productive workers (fathers) and child rearers (women) is an example of a ________ approach to sociology.
POLYGYNY
The more common form of Polygamy is __________, a system of marriage that allows men to have more than one wife.
A father and mother and their biological children.
The nuclear family consists of __________.
INEQUALITIES
The size of a family and its resources can affect how parents relate to each of their children and can create ___________ among siblings. Birth order and "natural" abilities also play a role, but the bottom line is that in the home, a status hierarchy often fosters inequality.
THE POST-WORLD WAR II ECONOMIC BOOM IN THE UNITED STATES
The traditional nuclear family is not a timeless and universal concept. It developed in response to conditions in a specific time and place:
-Multiple generations can live together -Families can cosist of step siblings and half siblings; there are many single-parent families. -Individuals and couples can choosevnot to get married or not to have children.
There is no real "typical" family in Western society today because;
CIVIL UNIONS
______ _______ legally recognized unions explicitly intended to offer similar state-provided legal rights and benefits as marriage.
Families produced the food, clothing, and other goods they needed to survive.
Which of the following are characteristics of the preindustrial family?
PAID LABOR OUTSIDE THE HOME AND UNPAID LABOR INSIDE THE HOME.
Women today have two jobs: ______________________________and________________________________. Second shift refers to unpaid labor inside the home that is often expected of women after they get home from working at paid labor outside the home.
CULT OF DOMESTICITY
_____ ___ ____________ the notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and child rearing.
SECOND SHIFT
_____ ________ women's responsibility for housework and child care—everything from cooking dinner to doing laundry, bathing children, reading bedtime stories, and sewing Halloween costumes.
AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN
________ ________ _______ HAVE OFTEN TAKEN A LEADING ROLE IN providing for their families. In the 1960s some social scientists presented this as a negative, arguing that this strong role for women undercut the role of the father in black families and ultimately led to a host of social problems.
FEMINIST THEORIES
________ ________ suggest gender roles are learned in the family. The family can be a battleground for power over decisions about chores, housing, raising children, spending money, and so on.
AFRICAN AMERICAN
__________ ____________ women have often taken a leading role in providing for their families. African American communities tend to have expanded notions of kinship, including even non-blood relatives.
EXTENDED
__________ family refers to familial networks that extend beyond the nuclear family and may extend beyond they home.
DIVORCE
__________ is a constant in our society, and debates will continue about its effects on children. The only certainty may be that high levels of parental conflict — whether between married or divorced parents — are not good for children.
EXOGAMY
__________ refers to marriage to someone outside their social group.
POLYANDRY
__________, a system of marriage that allows women to have multiple husbands at one time, this is a rarer form of polygamy.
DOMESTIC PARTNERSHIPS
___________ ______________ legally recognized unions that guarantee only select rights to same-sex couples.
LATINOS
____________ come from many different countries and cultural backgrounds, but some characteristics can be identified as common to ________ families, including: strong family and community ties adherence to traditional gender roles devout Catholicism high marriage rates low divorce rates
ENDOGAMY
____________ refers to marriage to someone within their own social group, race , ethnicity, class, education, religion, region, nationality.
POLYGAMY
________________ is a system of marriage that allows people to have more than one spouse at a time.
MONOGAMY
_________________ is the practice of marring or being in a relationship with only one person at a time.
MISCEGENATION
____________________ the technical term for interracial marriage, literally meaning "a mixing of kinds"; it is politically and historically charged—sociologists generally prefer the term exogamy or outmarriage.
COHABITATION
___________living together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning.