Sociology Chapter 16

In elementary schools, tracking is often referred to as ___________ and is based on the assumption that it is easier to teach a group of students who have similar abilities.

ability grouping

A large number of minority students receive a higher-quality education in _____ schools than they would in the public schools.

charter

According to French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, students from diverse backgrounds come to school with different amounts of __________, which refers to social assets that include values, beliefs, attitudes, and competencies in language and culture.

cultural capital

The _____ movement has influenced some schools and teachers, stressing that students should be deliberately placed in classes of mixed ability.

detracking

can be thought of as a means of mass educational consumption that allows students to consume educational services and eventually obtain "goods" such as degrees and credentials.

detracking

One goal of Obama's blueprint for education is to increase the role of _____ in raising standards for all students and providing them with a well-rounded education so that they can contribute as citizens to the process of democracy and learn to thrive in a global economy.

government agencies

Through the _____, schools for middle-class students stress the processes (such as figuring and decision making) involved in getting the right answer.

hidden curriculum

In preliterate societies, parents and other members of the group provide information about how to gather food, find shelter, make weapons and tools, and get along with others. This is accomplished through direct __________ education.

informal

Some functions of education are _____ functions —open, stated, and intended goals or consequences of activities within an organization or institution.

manifest

A MOOC is a __________.

massive open online course

One of the greatest challenges facing community colleges today is _____.

money

All of the following are manifest functions of education EXCEPT:

restriction of some activities.

Durkheim asserted that moral values are the foundation of a cohesive social order and that __________ are responsible for teaching a commitment to the common morality.

schools

A _____ is an unsubstantiated belief or prediction resulting in behavior that makes the originally false belief come true.

self-fulfilling prophecy

Schools are responsible for teaching values such as discipline, respect, obedience, punctuality, and perseverance. Schools teach conformity by encouraging young people to be good students, conscientious future workers, and law-abiding citizens. This illustrates which manifest function of education?

social control

Schools are responsible for identifying the most qualified people to fill available positions in society. As a result, students are channeled into programs based on individual ability and academic achievement. This illustrates which manifest function of education?

social placement

In kindergarten, children learn the appropriate attitudes and behavior for the student role. This illustrates which manifest function of education?

socialization

One concern in education has been how to provide better educational opportunities for _____, involving any physical and/or mental conditional that limits students' access to, or full involvement in, school life.

students with a disability

Special programs for students who are disadvantaged (such as the Head Start program) or have disabilities are funded by:

the federal government.

Looking at the future of education, experts say that __________ is here to stay. This will include both the export of students from countries such as India and China to other countries to study, and the development of top-tier research universities in countries, including China, Singapore, and Saudi Arabia, where students may study without living abroad.

university globalization

In 2010, the Obama administration issued _____ in an effort to reauthorize the Elementary and Secondary Education Act.

"A Blueprint for Reform"

can be thought of as a means of mass educational consumption that allows students to consume educational services and eventually obtain "goods" such as degrees and credentials.

"McUniversity"

For students who take out financial aid loans, the average amount of debt is approximately _____.

$23,000

The term used to describe a situation in which a person who is better qualified but denied enrollment in an educational program or employment in a specific position as a result of another person receiving preferential treatment as a result of affirmative action is called:

(NOT discrimination.)

A key component of Obama's "Race to the Top" program is that it _____.

(NOT strengthens No Child Left Behind)

From the _____ perspective, there is an emphasis in higher education on how to make colleges and universities more efficient and how to bring these institutions into the service of business and industry.

(NOT symbolic interactionist)

schools are primary or secondary schools that receive public money but are free from some of the day-to-day bureaucracy of a larger school district that may limit classroom performance.

Charter

is the abolition of legally sanctioned racial-ethnic segregation.

Desegregation

is the social institution responsible for the systematic transmission of knowledge, skills, and cultural values within a formally organized structure.

Education

education refers to providing free, public schooling for wide segments of a nation's population.

Mass

The earliest education in ________ societies, which existed before the invention of reading and writing, was informal in nature.

Preliterate

Education keeps students off the street and out of the full-time job market for a number of years, thus helping keep unemployment within reasonable bounds. Which latent function of education does this illustrate?

Restriction of some activities

programs are programs in which public funds (tax dollars) are provided to parents so they can pay their child's tuition at a private school of their choice.

School voucher

One study of five elementary schools in different communities found significant differences in how knowledge was transmitted to students. Which of the following observations was NOT found?

Schools for middle-class students emphasize procedures and rote memorization without much decision making, choice, or explanation of why something is done a particular way.

Regarding the status dropout rates, which of the following statistics is NOT correct?

The South has the lowest dropout rates in the United States.

Which of the following is NOT a reason given by parents for preferring to home-school their children?

The cost of public education

refers to the practice of assigning students to specific curriculum groups and courses on the basis of their test scores, previous grades, or other criteria.

Tracking

To date, the most deadly school shootings occurred on the campus of:

Virginia Tech.

Lyotard conceptualized knowledge as _____ that is exchanged between producers and consumers.

a commodity

A MOOC can have as many as _____ students at the same time.

(NOT 1,000)

According to the American Association of Community Colleges, there are a total of 1,132 community colleges (including public and private colleges) in the United States, and these institutions enroll almost 13 million students in credit and noncredit courses. Community college enrollment accounts for __________ percent of all U. S. undergraduates.

45

There appears to be a lack of faculty diversity. White Americans make up 79 percent of all full-time faculty members, as compared with _____ percent of African Americans, 4.2 percent of Hispanic Americans, and 0.5 percent of Native Americans.

7

In the early 1990s, the AAUW highlighted inequalities in women's education and started a national debate on gender equity. Which of the following has NOT taken place since that time?

Boys' scores have suffered as a consequence of the improvements in girls' performance.

In many areas of the United States, schools remain racially segregated or have become resegregated after earlier attempts at integration failed. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in _____ that "separate but equal" segregated schools are unconstitutional because they are inherently unequal.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

theorists believe that tracking seriously affects many students' educational performances and their overall academic accomplishments. In elementary schools, tracking is often referred to as ability grouping and is based on the assumption that it is easier to teach a group of students who have similar abilities.

Conflict

theorists examine educational practices that undermine female students' self-esteem and discourage them from taking certain courses, such as math and science, which were usually dominated by male teachers and students.

Conflict

typically offer a general education curriculum that gives students exposure to multiple disciplines and ways of knowing, along with more in-depth study (known as a "major") in at least one area of concentration.

Four-year schools

theorists believe that education is one of the most important components of society.

Functionalist

President Obama's 2009 American _____ was established to create a community-college challenge fund to allow opportunities for people to complete two-year or certificate programs to provide them with specific credentials for middle-skill jobs.

Graduation Initiative

allows children with disabilities to work with a wide variety of people, including a regular education teacher, a special education teacher, a speech therapist, an occupational therapist, a physical therapist, and a resource teacher.

Inclusion

With the rapid growth of capitalism and factories during the __________, it became necessary for workers to have basic skills in reading, writing, and arithmetic.

Industrial Revolution

education is defined as learning that occurs in a spontaneous, unplanned way.

Informal

Because schools bring together people of similar ages, social class, and race/ethnicity, young people often meet future marriage partners. Which latent function of education does this illustrate?

Matchmaking and the production of social networks

is a social system in which status is assumed to be acquired through individual ability and efforts.

Meritocracy

of all African American public school students in Illinois, Michigan and New York State attend predominantly black schools.

More than half

Founded to overcome racism experienced by this population of students in traditional four-year colleges and to shrink the high dropout rate among college students of this same population, 31 colleges are now chartered and run by the _____.

Native American nations

During the __________, the focus of education shifted to the importance of developing well-rounded and liberally educated people.

Renaissance

focus on the process of labeling and how it is directly related to the power and status of those persons who do the labeling and those who are being labeled.

Symbolic interactionists

As student populations diversify over time, new educational programs are introduced to meet societal needs. For example, sex education, drug education, and multicultural studies have been implemented in some schools to help students learn about pressing social issues. This illustrates which manifest function of education?

change and innovation

All of the following are examples of latent functions EXCEPT:

change and innovation.

Functionalists acknowledge that education has certain _____ that are evident by lagging test scores.

dysfunctions

Overall, __________ typically advocate the importance of establishing a more rigorous academic environment in which students are required to learn the basics that will make them competitive in school and job markets.

functionalists

The implementation of specific action to change the racial-ethnic and/or class composition of the student body is referred to as:

integration.

The hidden curriculum affects _____ students more than it does students from middle- and upper-income families.

low-income

Education serves an important purpose in all societies. At the __________, the social institution of education is an essential component in maintaining and perpetuating the culture of a society across generations.

macrolevel

Unequal funding can be a source of inequality in schools because _____.

of the small proportion of school funding that comes from the federal government, most funds are earmarked for special programs that specifically target disadvantaged students or students with disabilities

Although __________ societies have a written language, few people know how to read and write, and formal education is often reserved for the privileged.

preindustrial

The percentage of people in a specific age range who are not currently enrolled in high school and who do not have a high school degree or its equivalent is referred to as the:

status dropout rate.

Race, class, language, gender, and many other social categories may determine the placement of children in elementary _____ as much as or more than their actual abilities and interests.

tracking systems

Cultural _____ is the process by which children and recent immigrants become acquainted with the dominant cultural beliefs, values, norms, and accumulated knowledge of a society.

transmission

Schools play an active part in the process of assimilation, whereby recent immigrants learn dominant values, attitudes, and behavior so that they can be productive members of society. This illustrates which manifest function of education?

transmission of culture

The _____ is the transmission of cultural values and attitudes, such as conformity and obedience to authority, through implied demands found in the rules, routines, and regulations of schools.

(NOT educational indoctrination)

education is defined as the learning that takes place within an academic setting such as a school, which has a planned instructional process and teachers who convey specific knowledge, skills, and thinking processes to students.

Formal