Sociology Chapter 3: Doing Sociological Research

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Sir Francis Bacon

Defined and elaborated the sociological research derives from what is called the scientific method

Hawthorne Effect

If people know they are being studied they might change their behavior

replication study

Research that is repeated exactly, but on a different group of people or in a different time or place

Overt Participant Observation

When the members of the group being studied do know that they are being researched

variable

a characteristic of a person or group that can have more than one value or score

reliability

a measurement is reliable if repeating the measurement under the same circumstances gives the same result

Informant

a person with whom the participant observer works closely in order to learn about the group

Hypotheses

a prediction or a hunch, a tentative assumption that one intends to test

Participant Observation

a sociological research technique in which the researcher actually becomes simultaneously both participant in and observer of that which she or he studies

Content Analysis

a way of measuring by examining the cultural artifacts of what people write,say, see and hear

inductive reasoning

another source of sociological insight, it arrives at general conclusions from specific observations

Evaluation Research

assesses the effect of policies and programs on people in society

deductive reasoning

creating specific research question about a focused point that is based on a more general or universal principle

informed consent

getting agreement to participate from the respondents or subjects after the purposes of the study are explained in detail to them

random sample

gives everyone in the population an equal chance of being selected

Controlled Experiments

highly focused ways of collecting data and are especially useful for determining a pattern of cause and effect

scientific method

involves several steps in a research process, including observation, hypothesis

independent variable

is one that the researcher wants to test as the presumed cause of something else

quantitative research

is that which uses numerical analysis

validity

of a measurement is the degree to which it accurately measures or reflects a concept

dependent variable

one on which there is a presumed effect

serendipity

something that emerges from a study that was not anticipated

indicators

something that points to or reflects an abstract concept

Qualitative Research

somewhat less structured than quantitative research, yet still focuses on a central research question

Generalization

the ability to draw conclusions from specific data and to apply them to a broader population

research design

the overall logic and strategy underlying a research project

data analysis

the process by which sociologists organize collected data to discover the patterns and uniformities that the data reveal

Covert Participant Observation

when members of the group being studied do not know that they are being researched


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