Sociology Chapter 4

Parkinson's Law?

"work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion"

agricultural

-animal assisted farming -irrigation -established armies -written language -landowners and peasants

Ferdinand Tonnies said what about Gemeinschaft?

-community -close bond of members in a society (preindustrial)

Strengths of bureaucracies?

-defines job tasks -provides stability -coordination of people

What are the parts of Weber's model of bureaucracies?

-division of labor -ranking of authority -employment based on formal qualification -rules and regulations -specific lines of promotion and advancement

What is secondary group?

-impersonal -temporary

Industrial Society?

-larger division of labor -urbanization (no more farming, people live closer to work) -organized educational system -better chance of self-improvement -standard of living increase because of wage increase

Weaknesses of bureaucracies?

-loss sight of original goals -favor self-continuation -"red tape"

What is time?

-no minimal amount -most meet periodically

horticultural

-planting food -provides stability -more permanent, large group -division of labor

What is primary group?

-secondary continuum -close relations -small group

hunter/gatherer

-small nomadic groups who spend a lot of time searching for food -shared workloads and decision making -equality -most members are related -family is main social unit

Ferdinand Tonnies said what about Gesellschaft?

-society -based on needs rather than emotion (industrial and post industrial) -weakened traditional values

pastoral

-some domesticated animals (food source) -nomadic -division of labor -trade -inequality and wealth -no government

What is social network?

-sum of all a person's interactions -6 degrees of separation: connect yourself to anyone else with 6 connections

Post Industrial?

-very few involved in food production -increased equality -technology larger part of life

True or False: Cooperation is often used with competition as motivation.

True

What is an example that a conflict is goal oriented?

World War II- defeat Hitler

What is role performance?

actual role performed by someone

What is an example of an ascribed status?

age, gender, height

What are two types of groups?

aggregate and social category

What is role set?

all the different roles attached to a status

What are three types of statuses?

ascribed, achieved, mastered

What is conlict?

attempt to control by force, oppose, or harm

What is an example of a reference group?

band or political party

Why did society abandon the barter system?

barter is the exchange of a good or service and it helped trade

What is a role?

behavior expected of someone holding a status

What is an example of role strain?

boss needs to keep up morale while having employees work overtime

What is an example that a conflict is not goal oriented?

bullying someone

What is social interaction?

can promote change (good or bad) or create stability or instability

What is an example of aggregate group?

check-out line at Walmart or concerts

What are four types of accommodation?

compromise, truce, mediation, arbitration

What is a reciprocal role?

corresponding roles that define patterns of interaction

What is a status?

defined position

What is role strain?

difficulty in meeting role expectations of a single status

What is an ascribed status?

don't have control over

What is an example of social institutions?

emotional support, production of goods/services, passing down of knowledge

What are 5 types of social interaction?

exchange, competition, conflict, cooperation, and accommodation

What are two types of leaders?

expressive and instrumental

What is the main focus of preindustrial?

food production is the main focus

What is organization?

formal- meeting for an association informal- hangout with friends

What is role conflict?

fulfilling the role of one status makes it difficult to fulfill role expectations of another status

What is an example of role conflict?

good parent vs. good employee

What is an in-group?

group a person belongs to (symbolic usage)

What is an out-group?

group a person doesn't identify with

What is small group?

group of 15 or less

What is dyad?

group of 2

What is traid?

group of 3

What is social category?

group of people with a shared trait but no interaction

What is an aggregate group?

group of people with no organization or lasting interaction

What is an achieved status?

have control over

What is an example of subsistence strategy?

how to provide food, shelter, etc.

What are the 4 subcategories of preindustrial?

hunter/gatherer, pastoral, horticultural, and agricultural

What is an example of an achieved status?

husband or wife, athlete

What did Emile Durkheim say about organic solidarity?

impersonal relationships due to division of labor and job specialization; people must rely on others for goods and services (based on needs rather than values)

What is social structure?

interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction

What is an expressive leader?

lead with emotion, keeps a positive mood

"The function of a leader is to produce more _________, not ___________." -Ralph Nader

leaders, followers

What is the main focus of industrial society?

manufactured goods

In exchange, what can rewards be?

material or non-material

What does the exchange theory do?

maximize rewards and minimize costs

Does online groups match the definition of a group?

maybe

What is an example of a reward?

money, pat on the back, new car, toy

What is a mastered status?

most singularly defines you and how society places you

What are examples of role?

mother taking care of her kids, boyfriend/girlfriend going out together and being loyal, and students studying, respecting their teachers, and going to school

What are examples of statuses?

mother, president, student

Voluntary Association?

much more relaxed, still a hierarchy (used to maintain the group over time)

What is compromise?

nobody wins

What are examples of role performance?

parents abusing their children, coaches teaching bad habits

What is an example of role expectation?

parents loving their children, coaches improving their athletes

What is exchange?

people interacting in an effort to receive a reward or return for their actions

What did Emile Durkheim say about mechanical solidarity?

people share values and tasks and are united (preindustrial)

Family and friends is primary or secondary?

primary

What are the types of groups?

primary, secondary, reference, in-group, and out-group

What is exchange based off of?

reciprocity

Why are they motivated?

rewarded behavior is repeated and if reward doesn't outweigh action, the interaction will usually stop

What is present in competition?

rules of conduct

What is an example of rules of conduct in conflict?

rules of war- no chemical biological warfare

What is the focus of post industrial?

services and information

What is a group?

set of people who interact on the basis of shared expectation and who possess some degree of common identity

What is an example of a mastered status?

slave, president, Lance Armstrong

What is red tape?

so many processes and approvals and signatures that you have to get before you can do what you want to do

What is an example of competition?

soccer game- violate rules you get a card, warning, injured

What is role expectation?

socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role

Does conflict follow rules of conduct?

sometimes

Is conflict goal oriented?

sometimes

What is accommodation?

state of balance between cooperation and conflict

You occupy a _________, but you play a ________.

status, role

What is an instrumental leader?

task/goal oriented, maintains group focus and helps group reach goal

What is an example of social category?

teenagers, students

What is a truce?

temporary halt

Iron Law of Oligarchy?

the tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people

What is subsistence strategy?

the way a society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members

What is exchange theory?

theory that people are motivated by self interest

Leaders?

too many chiefs, but not enough Indians

What is competition?

two or more people or groups in opposition to achieve a goal only one can attain

What is cooperation?

two or more people working together for benefit of all

What is arbitration?

two sides are having a disagreement and asking a 3rd person and agreeing with whatever the 3rd person decides they would have to go get even they don't like it

What is mediation?

two sides are having a disagreement and asking a 3rd person, but you don't have to take their advice

What is an example of a truce?

two sides decide to stop fighting while our government gets together to figure out a peace treaty; if the government can't figure out a peace treaty, they go back to fighting

What is an example of conflict?

war

What is social institutions?

when statuses and roles are organized to satisfy one or more basic needs of society

What is a reference group?

who an individual adopts its values and identifies with

Can an E-community really exist?

yes

Can conflict be both negative and positive?

yes