Sociology Chapter 4 quiz
Émile Durkheim worried that individuals would feel less and less connected to groups in an increasingly fragmented modern world, which would lead to
anomie or normlessness
In his book Streetwise, Elijah Anderson argues that young African American men are more likely to be arrested because they
are perceived as more criminal than others
Why would sociologists who study social networks and employment pay attention to the frequency with which a person has been in contact with each member of his or her social network?
to see if a particular tie is strong or weak
Corporal punishments like branding or amputation were commonly used in colonial America. What were these punishments designed to do?
they were designed to mark the offender
What is one of the principal reasons people turn to deviant behavior in the United States according to the structural strain theory of deviance as articulated by Robert Merton?
The goal of success is shared by a majority of people, but not everyone has equal means for achieving that goal.
In terms of job leads and social networks, how are men's networks different from women's?
Women are less likely to hear about quality job openings if their social networks are composed of more women than men.
Imagine that a powerful and influential person living in San Francisco decides to heavily tattoo her face with symbols. Would she be seen as deviant?
Yes, but only because she lives in the United States where face tattoos are not the norm.
Which of the following authority figures still derives legitimacy from traditional sources?
a parent
University leaders ignore rumors and complaints about the football coach sexually abusing students in order to uphold the reputation of the university's award-winning football program. This action to preserve public image over protecting the safety of students is a result of
groupthink
What are group members engaging in when they withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sake of consensus?
groupthink
What sort of group dynamic may have led officials at NASA to ignore warnings and launch the space shuttle Challenger, which exploded shortly after takeoff
groupthink
In what aspects of stigma are symbolic interactionists interested?
how people manage their stigmatized identities on an everyday basis
The new graduate students in a university program often gather after class for beer and pizza. What is it an example of if one new graduate student doesn't like beer or pizza but accompanies the group anyway because he wants to make friends?
identification
A woman is hired at a restaurant. On her first day, she is given strict instructions to always wear black pants with a white shirt, to never carry a notepad, and to always address customers as "Sir" or "Madam." All of these things are elements of the waitress's
personal front
Some subcultures have adopted branding as a form of body art, though it is no longer used as a form of punishment in the United States. This demonstrates that
what is considered deviant changes over time.
Under what circumstances does a deviant label transition from primary to secondary deviance?
when the deviant label is internalized
Although individuals always feel loyalty toward their in-group, under what circumstances would this loyalty be particularly strong?
when the differences between the in-group and the out-group are sharply defined
If a sociologist measured group cohesion within a neighborhood and found a high level of group cohesion, which response would you LEAST expect to find on the survey?
"I feel comfortable in all sorts of neighborhoods."
Why does the family have such a powerful impact as an agent of socialization?
Family begins the socialization process before there are any other competing influences.
What evidence shows that the number of women who commit crimes is related to social structure?
Female arrest rates have increased as women have more presence in the labor market.
How do sociologists distinguish a group from a crowd?
Individuals associated with a group feel a shared identity
What is the danger of too much group cohesion?
It can lead to groupthink, in which dissenting opinions are strongly discouraged
Most sociological studies of deviance focus on elements of an individual's background that would predispose him or her to act in deviant ways. What is the key problem with such an approach?
It cannot explain why some people with very similar backgrounds act differently.
What term did sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life?
McDonaldization
Why is it increasingly difficult to use sociological models that assume that interaction involves copresence?
New technology makes it much more common to interact with someone without being physically in the same place.
Social networks can influence people through contagion. What does that mean?
People who are connected to social networks are more likely to be affected by them.
What did Sigmund Freud suggested in his book The Interpretation of Dreams?
The conscious level of awareness is the tip of the iceberg, and just below the surface are the subconscious and the unconscious.
What happens to individuals who are NOT socialized?
They are unable to fully develop without contact with others.
Which factor makes sociologists question the relationship between youth and crime?
Young people may commit crimes that are more visible and, therefore, are arrested more often
Which of the following is best suited to preventing groupthink?
a leader who encourages and rewards the presentation of alternative opinions
Research has been conducted regarding why teens engage in smoking and other deviant behaviors. The most important factor in statistically predicting whether a teen will take up a particular deviant behavior is the presence or absence of peers who also engage in that behavior. This is probably because the other teens are acting
as agents of socialization
Given Jack Katz's theory of crime, what do you think would be the best subtitle for his book The Seductions of Crime?
attractions of doing deviance
What must we do before we can experience role-taking emotions?
be able to see things from another person's point of view
Samantha believes corporations are not punished enough for polluting the planet, manufacturing unsafe products, and manipulating prices. At the same time, she sees homeless people imprisoned for stealing food; she believes we should all have access to regardless of wealth. Samantha has taken a ________ perspective to explain the way deviance is viewed in society.
conflict theory
What must behavior, trait, or belief do in order to be considered deviant?
depart from a norm and generate a negative reaction
Almost any ________ can have a stigmatizing effect, including a physical disability or a battle with addiction or mental illness.
departure from the norm
What is the justification for harsh sentencing guidelines like California's controversial "three strikes" law?
deterrence of future crimes
After a woman's teenage son engages in deviant behavior, she says the reason for her son's behavior is that "he fell in with a bad crowd." Which symbolic interactionist theory of deviance does this explanation MOST closely resemble?
differential association
In Los Angeles you may see cars sporting a bumper sticker that reads, "My favorite teams are UCLA and whoever's playing USC." What is this an example of?
hostility towards an out-group
Leaders whose personal styles make them more task oriented or goal oriented and less concerned with people's feelings are called ________ leaders.
instrumental
An individual who works at a bookstore routinely takes home ballpoint pens and Post-it notes, uses the copy machine to make personal copies, and makes long-distance phone calls on the store's line. However, he would never consider stealing money from the cash register, even if he knew he could get away with it. What is this behavior called?
pilfering
Martin Luther King Jr. went to jail many times for acts of civil disobedience, such as ignoring court orders prohibiting marches and boycotts. Some people, even those who agreed with him, criticized him for disobeying the law. Today, however, most people view these actions as a form of
positive deviance
What type of group provides most of our emotional satisfaction?
primary
Which type of group is characterized by long-term, intimate, and face-to-face relationships?
primary
A high school football coach is worried about how he should handle his roster. On the one hand, it's his job to try to win as many games as possible, which means playing the best players. On the other hand, his contract also requires him to try to allow every member of the team to meaningfully participate. The tension he feels is the result of
role strain
To what type of group does an individual belong if the members are mostly anonymous to one another?
secondary group
David Rosenhan argues that misdiagnosis is particularly a problem for psychologists, as a diagnosis of a mental illness is as influential on the patient as it is on his or her relatives and friends. It should not surprise anyone that the diagnosis acts as a(n)
self-fulfilling prophecy
Which of the following is a factor that can lead to increased group cohesion?
shared values
Who argued that the personality passes through four distinct psychosexual stages of development?
sigmund freund
Individual members of a large group often neglect their responsibilities when a task needs to be completed because it is impossible for any one person to receive credit or blame. This phenomenon is called
social loafing
Students often grumble when they hear their instructor assign group work. One of the biggest problems associated with group assignments is that one person often ends up doing most of the work while others take it easy. This is called
social loafing
In all probability, the sociology professor who is giving this test would be totally unable to grade a test given in the chemistry department. What aspect of bureaucracy does this illustrate?
specialization
A position in a social hierarchy that comes with a set of expectations is called a(n)
status
The term "master status" is defined as a
status that seems to override all other statuses a person possesses.
Asian American students are more likely to be placed in Advanced Placement classes, score higher grades, and be treated well by teachers. This is called
stereotype promise
What has a child learned to do when he or she can internalize the expectations of other specific people?
take the role of the particular or significant other
Which of the following is an aggregate?
the audience at a broadway show
Some people worry about maintaining a tan. Sometimes, if they do not have the time to tan naturally, they go to a tanning salon or use chemicals to simulate a tan. This might seem bizarre in some cultures, which can help us realize that
the line between beauty and deviance is fluid and changes across time and place
What do sociologists call the idea that all individuals act like mirrors to each other?
the looking-glass self
Which of the following would sociologists consider the best definition of deviance?
violations of the social norms
People today are more likely to identify themselves through personal characteristics than through group membership or affiliation. Why is this cause for concern to some sociologists?
People who identify themselves through personal characteristics might care less about the common good.
Which of the following statements about bureaucracies is true?
People who work in bureaucracies may feel alienation as a result of being treated in terms of roles, rules, and functions rather than as individuals.
Which of the following is true regarding prison as a mechanism for punishing crime?
Prison was rarely used before the nineteenth century.
What did David Rosenhan describe in "On Being Sane in Insane Places"?
Researchers posing as "pseudo-patients" in a mental hospital but otherwise acting normally were treated as mentally ill by the hospital staff.
How do fast-food restaurants rationalize the process of providing food to customers according to Robin Leidner in Fast Food, Fast Talk?
They developed standardized scripts for employees to use when dealing with customers.
How have social networking websites affected social groups?
They help people make the most of both their primary and secondary groups.
Which of the following is a quality of charismatic leaders?
They possess extraordinary personal qualities.
Which of the following statements about secondary groups is true?
They tend to be based on specific roles or activities.
Why might teenagers shoplift according to Jack Katz's Seductions of Crime?
They want the thrill of getting away with breaking the rules.
What happened to the pseudo-patients in David Rosenhan's "On Being Sane in Insane Places"?
They were all finally released, but their "illnesses" were considered "in remission."
Construction crews are constantly annoyed at the way people, mostly teenage boys, steal orange cones and flashing pylons that mark construction zones. According to Jack Katz, why does this sort of deviance happen?
This sort of deviance produces a rush of energy and excitement.
Why does actual group productivity never equal potential productivity?
Time is lost to coordinating and organizing group members.
How do self-fulfilling prophecies work?
We respond not only to the objective features of a situation but also to its meaning. Once meaning has been assigned to our behavior, the consequences of that behavior are determined by the meaning.
What kind of power is exhibited by a police officer who pulls over a suspect after a high-speed pursuit?
coercive
What kind of power is a football coach wielding when he threatens to kick a player off the team unless the player works harder?
coercive power
A college professor has a large collection of controversial counterculture T-shirts but makes sure to never wear these shirts to class. What is this kind of conformity called?
compliance
A man arrested for driving under the influence must attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings in accordance with a court order. He attends the meetings so as to avoid a jail sentence and a hefty fine, but not because he wants to. What do sociologists call this kind of conformity?
compliance
Stealing avocados or almost any other agricultural product is a felony in California if the product is worth more than $100. A ________ would say that such laws target homeless people who have little power in society and are simply trying to eat.
conflict theorist
John, the CEO of a large bank, is charged with fraud. John pays $13 billion to settle the case and he does not go to jail. Andy is arrested for stealing money out of a parked car. Since Andy is unable to pay his bail or bond, he spends a month in jail while waiting for his trial. John and Andy exemplify the perspective of
conflict theorist like richard quinney
A student at a university explains that he doesn't want to join a fraternity because he believes they create negative in-group and out-group dynamics. What perspective best describes his views?
conflict theory
What theory argues that punishments for rule violators are unequally distributed, with those near the top of society subject to more lenient rules and sanctions than those at the bottom?
conflict theory
Which theory suggests crimes committed by the upper classes are typically treated more leniently than crimes committed by the lower classes because laws represent the interests of those in power?
conflict theory
Increasingly, even very significant events in our lives take place online. It is now common to hear stories of couples breaking up through an instant message or even a text message. What is missing from these interactions compared with similar interactions in the past?
copresence
Traditionally, most of the sociological literature on deviance focuses on
crime
What do we call norm violations that are codified into law?
crimes
In the United States, the ________ is made up of legislatures, the police, courts, and prisons.
criminal justice systems
Some people utilize social media as an enhanced form of condescending attacks known as
cyberbullying
A man's computer is hacked; by stealing his identity, the hacker is able to steal money from the man's bank account. The man is a victim of
cybercrime
What kind of leadership style is typically expected of women in contemporary society?
expressive
According to sociologists, our genetic makeup determines what kind of personality and character traits we develop in life.
false
Our social networks consist of just our closest friends and family
false
Secondary groups cannot be geographically dispersed
false
Sociologists are making both a social and a moral judgment when they use the term "deviant.
false
There are many members of social groups who are not influenced by peer pressure
false
Throughout history, prison has been the most common means of punishment for criminals and deviants.
false
Which of the following strategies could be used as a way to minimize social loafing?
finding ways to recognize individual effort
According to the Uniform Crime Report, murder is MOST likely committed by a
friend or relative
Only 25 percent of subjects in the Asch experiment were "independents" who refused to
give the wrong answer
Which of the following strategies might help solve or at least alleviate the problem of social loafing?
giving names to teams and T-shirts to their members
The sense of solidarity or team spirit that an individual feels toward his or her group is called
group cohesion
What do sociologists call patterns of interaction between groups and individuals?
group dynamics
The Solomon Asch experiment, in which groups of participants were asked to compare the lengths of lines, demonstrated that
groups have great power to induce conformity.
What is a parent experiencing when he has to decide between being on time for work or helping his child with a homework assignment?
role conflict
A person who leaves his or her job of twenty years to retire is undergoing what process?
role exit
Which of the following phenomena is a reason why group efficiency declines as groups increase in size?
social loafing
The sociologist Duncan Watts examined the way people may change their minds about whom to vote for based on the opinions of friends and acquaintances. What concept was Watts studying?
social network
What do sociologists call the webs of direct and indirect ties that connect individuals to others who may influence them?
social network
Parents often buy their children gender-specific toys. Boys are given action figures that encourage active and aggressive play, while girls are given dolls and toy ovens that reinforce traditional gender roles. This is part of what process?
socialization
Robert Putnam's research can be exemplified by his description of a decline in bowling leagues. Which of the following might serve as evidence that Putnam's concerns about anomie are overblown?
the growth of online support groups to help people with rare diseases share information and find emotional support
Which of the following agents of socialization has the most enduring, lifelong impact on the individual?
the family
Which of the following sources of socialization forms the foundation for all other socializing agents?
the family
Which of the following is one of the steps in Charles Cooley's model of the looking-glass self?
we interpret others reactions to us
In what way is a game of football like society according to George Herbert Mead?
In both football and society, individuals have to take into account the roles and points of view of everyone else.
Sociologists are interested in how social groups have changed over time. Of particular note is the degree to which individuals base their identities on group membership. How has this changed in recent American history?
Americans are less likely to identify themselves as group members today than in the past.
Robert Merton's structural strain theory sees deviance as the result of a person's position in a social structure. What do you think Jack Katz, author of Seductions of Crime, would say about structural strain theory?
A focus on social position fails to consider the emotional appeal that a deviant act has for an individual.
Which of the following is an example of McDonaldization as George Ritzer used the term?
A worker says, "Sometimes I felt just like a robot. I push a button and I go this way. It was like I was a mechanical nut."
Which of the following describes how deviance can be explained from the functionalist perspective?
Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms.
What is one reason imprisonment was such a rare type of punishment before the nineteenth century?
Earlier societies did not have sufficient resources to operate prisons.
How does the FBI's Uniform Crime Report measure crime?
Every crime reported by over 17,000 law enforcement agencies in the United States is tabulated.
Robert Merton suggested that some white Americans who praise Abraham Lincoln for being frugal and thrifty might describe an Asian American with the same qualities as being stingy and penny pinching. What explains this double standard?
For these white Americans, Lincoln was a member of their racial in-group, whereas an Asian American would be a member of an out-group.
Why is playing organized games an important part of an older child's development of the self according to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead?
Game playing involves learning to anticipate and coordinate with other players' actions.
According to Jack Katz, what do muggers gain from their crimes aside from material objects?
He argues that they mug for a sense of satisfaction and excitement.
The Asch experiment yielded different results when other researchers tried to replicate it decades later, but a recent replication of Milgram's experiment had virtually the same results. What important implications does Milgram's research have for contemporary society?
It demonstrates that the power of conformity can still lead to real-life instances of obedience such as Abu Ghraib and the telephone hoax at fast-food restaurants.
In Mama Lola: A Vodou Priestess in Brooklyn, Karen McCarthy Brown studied practitioners of the Vodou religion living in the United States. However, she went far beyond the usual role of scientific observer and became a member of the religious group she was studying. She also gave her key informant veto power over certain elements of her work. Why would this be helpful?
It helped her set aside preconceived notions about Vodou to understand it on its own terms.
There are usually serious consequences when a politician is caught cheating on his spouse. In some cases, the politician is forced to resign from his office when his constituents loudly express their unhappiness with such behavior. According to Émile Durkheim, what function does this reaction serve?
It helps to clarify moral boundaries and reinforce the idea that marital infidelity is wrong.
According to labeling theory, why were none of the pseudo-patients in David Rosenhan's "On Being Sane in Insane Places" discovered?
It is difficult for anyone to see past the label once a person has been labeled "mentally ill."
Martha Stewart was convicted of obstruction of justice after lying to the FBI during an investigation of her sale of a stock that dramatically fell in value immediately after she sold it. Her conviction was unusual, as this sort of white collar crime is much more likely to be dealt with in civil, rather than criminal, court. How does the tendency to deal with white collar criminals in civil court bias our understanding of the demographics of crime?
It leads us to overestimate the relationship between poverty and crime.
In colonial America, a pickpocket might have had a hand cut off as punishment. Why was this particular method of punishment chosen?
It was considered symbolically appropriate to punish the part of the body most directly connected with the crime.
The Twenty Statements Test asks respondents to make twenty true statements about themselves that begin with the phrase "I am." Why is this test discussed in a chapter about social groups?
It was developed to measure the extent to which we base our identity on membership in groups.
The Amish have neither the resources nor the desire to use prison as a sanction against members of their community who violate the rules. What sanction do they use instead?
Meidung or shunning is used, which is a process whereby community members will not associate with a rule breaker for a set period of time.
One of the baristas at José's local coffee shop always greets him by name. She often asks how school is going and seems to care about his answer. How would we characterize José relationship with the barista?
She is a "consequential stranger" who bridges the gap between primary and secondary groups.
In one nation's campaign to improve public health in rural areas, one key challenge was to convince isolated villagers to boil their drinking water in order to kill parasites. The only families who adopted the practice were not well integrated into the village and had few connections to their neighbors. What does this example demonstrate?
Social ties don't just connect us to others but also influence our behavior.
Which of the following statements would be most convincing to a sociologist if you were trying to explain the shift from A-mode and B-mode responses to C-mode responses on the Twenty Statements Test?
The accelerated pace of social change makes it increasingly difficult to think about the self in terms of group membership.
What does social identity theory suggest about teamwork?
The most efficient teams are made up of members with a strong shared social identity.
The sociologist Joseph Conti studied the World Trade Organization as a social network. According to Conti, how is power measured within this type of social network?
The most powerful members have the most connections to other members
What might a conflict theorist conclude about deviance if an upper-middle-class, white college student is sentenced to rehab for the same drug crime that a lower-class, black man is sentenced to jail for committing?
The rules are applied unequally and those with power or influence are punished much less harshly.
Which of the following statements helps describe how Jack Katz's book Seductions of Crime explained deviance in a new way?
The social science literature contains only scattered evidence of what it means, feels, sounds, tastes, or looks like to commit a particular crime.
When studying deviance, sociologists often focus on the most obvious and extreme forms of deviant behavior. What are the consequences of this approach?
The values and norms of the powerful are left unexamined while the deviance of the poor is scrutinized.
A twenty-eight-year-old woman is on the verge of a big promotion at work. She didn't finish college until she was twenty-five and the entry-level job she currently has is not impressive. She decides to attend her ten-year high school reunion only if she is promoted. What do sociologists say her high school classmates represent if they can have this much influence on her decision to attend the reunion?
a reference group
What do sociologists call a group that provides standards by which an individual can judge his or her own accomplishments?
a reference group
Which of these statements about roles is true?
a role involves behaviors
What did Robert Merton call a prediction that came true only because the prediction was made?
a self-fulfilling prophecy
Members of a table tennis club in upstate New York seem to have come together as much for connections with others as for the love of the game. This club can be viewed as a counterpoint to the message of Robert Putnam's Bowling Alone because it is an example of
a type of civic engagement that brings people together.
What kind of group consists of group members who share information and advice, provide support to one another, and have common interests, but never meet in person?
a virtual community
Which of the following actions would be an example of in-group orientation?
a woman writes on her social media, "I am black, trans, and proud!"
How do sociologists define positive deviance?
actions initially considered deviant, but later deemed appropriate
There are several ways in which gays and lesbians in the United States have chosen to manage their stigma. When gay rights activists chant the slogan, "We're here, we're queer, get used to it," what strategy are they using?
an in-group orientation
According to Robert Putnam, what does the decline in bowling leagues indicate?
an increase in anomie and decline in collective bonds
What is the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?
an official measure of crime in the United States
Mark Granovetter has argued that the people you know best are likely to possess only information you already have. This is why he believed that when looking for employment, it is advantageous to have
casual acquaintances who are connected to different social networks
Nowhere to Grow by Les Whitbeck and Dan Hoyt explored the lives of homeless and runaway teens in the Midwest. The authors found that "associating with deviant peers" had a dramatic effect on a wide range of deviant behaviors including increasing "the likelihood of serious substance abuse almost 32 times." What theory of deviance considers the way such interpersonal relationships help to predict deviant behavior?
differential association
The idea that individuals learn to be deviant by interacting with others who are already deviant is called
differential association theory
Sociologists would not consider fans of the rock musician Bruce Springsteen to be a group because they
do not interact regularly
A nightclub has several types of employees, each with a specialized task. Bartenders make drinks, bouncers check identification, bussers clear away used glasses, and so on. Unlike the other employees, bouncers can get their friends in for free. In many ways, the club is a bureaucracy, but there is at least one significant element of bureaucratic organization missing. What is it?
impersonality
Google has implemented employment policies like increasing the use of women interviewers for female job applicants and expanding maternity leave from three months to five in order to hire and retain more female employees. Which characteristic of bureaucracy is Google attempting to address with these changes?
impersonality
According to Erving Goffman, stigmatized individuals who do not believe that they should have to change or conceal their identities to make "normal" people more comfortable have
in-group orientation
Many people today argue that convicted sex offenders should be chemically castrated or held in protective custody beyond their original sentences. What is the logic of these punishments?
incapacitation
A man tries to find unconventional and even illegal ways of making money. Into what category does this fit according to Robert Merton's typology?
innovation
Robert Merton's typology of deviance outlines the strain that people experience as they attempt to access cultural goals through legitimate, institutionalized means. In which of the following categories would gangsters and con artists be found?
innovation
A producer for a cable news show is feeling insecure. She complains to her boss that she isn't very smart and that she only does well because she's scared of being yelled at. Her boss tells her to stop whining and not worry about it. He says, "I'm a results guy. I don't care why it works as long as it works!" What leadership style do you think her boss has?
instrumental
What is the strongest type of conformity that can occur as a result of social influence or peer pressure?
internalization
Which type of conformity has occurred when someone joins an animal rights group and then adopts a vegan diet?
internalization
Today, using the wrong fork to eat a salad at a dinner party would NOT usually qualify as deviance because
it is not a serious enough norm violation to provoke sanctions.
The term "socialization" refers to the
lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture.
A gay man joins a dating website. He tells his friends that he is frustrated when other men on the website describe themselves as "straight-acting, straight-appearing." He believes that these men are treating gay identity as a stigmatized identity by
passing
In 1978, cult-leader Jim Jones forced more than 900 of his followers to drink poisoned Flavor Aid, leading to their deaths. In the run-up to this event, Jones had strictly enforced discipline, mocked and ridiculed anyone who expressed doubts, and even had doubters sedated. This extreme effort to enforce conformity is an example of
peer pressure
What do sociologists call it when members of groups are influenced by other members?
peer pressure
As children get older, which agent of socialization tends to replace parents as their most intense and immediate influence?
peers
In "The Strength of Weak Ties," what are the implications of Mark Granovetter's findings?
people tend to form homogeneous social networks
A person arrived at a company party dressed in a bunny costume only to discover that the party was not a costume party. Although he had been tricked by a co-worker, from then on everyone saw him as crazy and eccentric and eventually he came to think of himself in this way too. The initial mistake at the party is an example of
primary deviance
Many sociologists have worried that the modern economy demands both geographic and occupational mobility, which in turn means bureaucratic organizations have become the norm. What sort of groups might become weaker or strained if people have to move frequently throughout their lives for work?
primary group
People who associate with each other on a regular basis because they enjoy spending time together are usually members of a
primary group
Which of the following is an example of a total institution?
prison
Some Americans are angry about the number of immigrants who enter the country every year. An adherent of structural functionalism would argue that this anger
promotes social cohesion among nonimmigrants as they come together and label immigrants as outsiders.
A high school decides that its band needs to wear uniforms. To be more efficient, the school only buys uniforms in three sizes and forces each student to pick the size that comes closest to fitting. What does this exemplify?
rationalization
The definition of what constitutes a group is being transformed as a result of new technology and the Digital Age. Which of the following is evidence of this?
reddit subgroups
When people attend high school class reunions, they often compare their own personal and professional successes and failures with those of their former classmates. This means that classmates are a(n) ________ group.
reference
What do we call groups that are used as standards to evaluate ourselves-either positively, in terms of the qualities we aspire to achieve, or negatively, in terms of the qualities we wish to avoid?
reference groups
According to Jack Katz, there are several reasons why adolescents might shoplift. One reason is the material appeal of the objects that are taken, but more importantly, they
regard "getting away with it" as a demonstration of personal competence.
Jewish families as well as African Americans and Hispanics were not permitted to purchase houses in the suburb of Lakewood, California, when it was first built in 1950. However, within a few years, the developers reversed this policy and started selling homes to families regardless of religious faith or ethnicity. What does this tell us about stigma?
stigmatized identities changed over time
Robert Merton developed structural strain theory to explain why deviance happens. To what sort of strain does the theory's name refer?
strain between socially approved goals and the means of achieving them
Members of a fraternity believe that they help create social cohesion by bringing together students with shared values. What perspective best describes their views?
structural functionalism
Which of the following is an example of bureaucratic organization at colleges and universities?
students being issued id numbers
The mother of a university student encourages her son to join a fraternity. She hopes that peer pressure and groupthink may lead her son to do things he hasn't tried before, such as volunteering and attending formal events. What perspective best describes her views?
symbolic interactionism
The mother of a university student is worried about her son joining a fraternity. She worries that peer pressure and groupthink may lead her son to do activities he wouldn't normally do, such as binge drinking. What perspective best describes her views?
symbolic interactionism
The nature vs. nurture debate helps us understand
the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning.
What does the sociologist Jack Katz think sociologists should study when trying to understand deviance instead of solely examining background factors?
the deviant's own experience of committing a deviant act
Some students at a college form an intramural softball team. They play other teams from their school and from the area every Sunday in a conveniently located park. What might a sociologist consider if he or she wanted to determine whether the team was a primary group or a secondary group?
the interaction of team members off the field
Charismatic authority is unlike either traditional authority or legal-rational authority in that it is rooted in
the personal qualities of a leader
What was the Asch experiment measuring?
the power of peer pressure
Brooke is a PhD candidate in the field of nanophysics. She is aware that only 4 percent of physics professionals are women. Brooke has heard peers and even instructors say that this is because women struggle to comprehend complex mathematics. When Brooke scores below her male counterparts on an exam, she may be experiencing
the stereotype threat
Simon Langlois studied government employment in Quebec. He found that even though the government had made efforts to formalize recruitment, more than 40 percent of the people he surveyed found their jobs through personal contacts. In the majority of cases, the personal contacts were fairly casual acquaintances, not close friends. What principle is demonstrated here?
the strength of weak ties
W. I. Thomas famously argued that if people define situations as real, then
they are real in their consequences
Which of the following is a characteristic of primary groups?
they involve a strong sense of belonging
According to Max Weber's typology of power, what type of authority does a king wield?
traditional authority
Who proposed social control theory, which suggests that individuals who have stronger bonds are LESS likely to commit crime?
travis Hirschi
Hate crimes targeting Arab Americans and those mistakenly identified as Arab increased after Arab identity became stigmatized. What sort of stigma was this?
tribal
Deviance can be considered relative because whether a behavior is considered deviant depends upon the historical, cultural, and situational context in which it occurs.
true
Sociologists argue that no behavior, not even one designed to kill a great number of people, is inherently deviant.
true
There is a social tie between my best friend's uncle and me even though I've never met him
true
The vast majority of crimes come to the attention of the police in response to citizen complaints. Citizens do not usually bother to inform the authorities if they do not think a crime is serious enough or feel that nothing can be done. This means that there might be serious bias in the
uniform crime report
John gets a job with a large firm that audits small businesses. While working at the firm, he becomes friends with Dave who invites him to attend a weekly poker game. The game soon becomes a meaningful part of John's social life. This is an example of the
way secondary group ties can lead to membership in primary groups.
A research study examined how teachers at community colleges handled retirement. The study found that the unique culture of such institutions had a significant effect on how retirees coped with their new situation. Which of the following could be the title of a paper written about this study?
"The Role Exit Process of Community College Faculty: A Study of Faculty Retirement"
Which of the following statements about the process of socialization is true?
Society shapes the individual and the individual shapes society.
What did Harvard Medical School researchers conclude about the effects of the media on young people in Fiji who until recently lacked widespread access to television?
Television affected young women's body image.
Which of the following statements about grief is true according to the sociological explanation of emotions?
The experience of grief is universal, but expressions of grief vary.
What is the relationship between Sister Pauline Quinn's program, in which prison inmates train service and therapy dogs, and sociological concepts of the self and of interaction?
The process of training dogs helps resocialize prisoners.
A college student plans to go to graduate school because she thinks of herself as having excellent critical thinking skills and a brilliant mind. Where would Charles Cooley's theory of the looking-glass self suggest that she got these ideas?
These ideas come from teachers and fellow students expressing admiration.
Which of the following is true of expressions given off as defined by Erving Goffman?
They are typically nonverbal, but they are observable in various ways.
Recent research by marine biologists suggests that bottlenose dolphins have names for themselves. Scientists played sounds they had identified as the names of particular dolphins by putting them through a synthesizer so that they did not sound like the voices of particular dolphins. The researchers found that dolphins would respond to the names of other dolphins to which they were related or with which they were associated, but they ignored the names of strangers. This discovery suggests a much greater degree of self-awareness in aquatic mammals than was previously suspected. If this research is accurate, what does it suggest about dolphins?
They have a sense of self similar to that of humans.
Which theorist argued that if people define a situation as real, it is real in its consequences?
W.I Thomas
Why might expressions given off seem like more trustworthy guides than expressions given when we try to understand how other people define a situation?
We tend to believe that it is harder to manipulate expressions given off.
What might sociologists argue family members are violating if a bride is upset on her wedding day because her family members don't seem excited enough for her?
a feeling rule
Members of which of the following think of themselves as belonging together and interact with one another?
a group
Which of the following would be considered a group in the sociological sense?
a high school chess club
Young army recruits arriving at boot camp are about to enter which of the following?
a total institution
Which of the following is an example of resocialization?
a woman relearning basic skills after a car accident
Churches usually teach their members rules and often codify these rules into formal commandments to be followed. Given this, churches can be considered
agents of socialization
How does a person come to possess an achieved status?
an achieved status is earned
A student sitting through a boring class glances over at a friend and rolls his eyes. What would Erving Goffman call this?
an expression of behavior
Appearance, manner, style of dress, race, gender, and age are all elements of
an individuals personal front
According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, the generalized other is
an understanding of the rules that govern a network of different players in related roles.
Which of the following is an example of a feeling rule?
boys don't cry
All left-handed people in the United States would be classified as a(n)
category
A famous monologue from Shakespeare's As You Like It begins as follows: All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts. Which theory of social life could be seen as taking its inspiration from these lines?
dramaturgy
Considering that impression management relies so much on strategies of performance, scholars have called Erving Goffman's ideas
dramaturgy
Sigmund Freud once said that the id was like a wild horse and that the ________ was like a rider astride the horse struggling to keep it under control.
ego
What sort of status would having a physical disability be?
embodied
One of the most striking contrasts in restaurants is between the demeanor of cooks and that of servers. Servers are paid to be nice, pleasant, and courteous. Cooks, on the other hand, are usually not required to act this way. The part of a server's job that does not apply to a cook is called
emotion work
What do sociologists call it when people's jobs require them to manage their feelings as part of their official duties?
emotion work
Some researchers have argued that in highly individualistic cultures, such as that of the United States, the emotion of shame is usually triggered by individual actions. However, in more collectivist cultures, like Japan's, shame is linked to groups. This would seem to indicate that
emotions aren't only personal because the expression of emotions can also be social and cultural.
Resocialization is particularly necessary when people are cut off from society and their former identities are stripped away. Which of the following is an example of a life change that would lead to this more dramatic form of resocialization?
entry into a total institution
Kenneth Gergen coined the term "the saturated self" to describe the type of self that results from
exposure to more points of view and sources of information
It is silly to tell your opponents that you have a good hand when you play high-stakes poker. However, particularly good poker players say they can read other players' "tells." These are subtle and unintentional facial expressions, mannerisms, and body language that reveal what players are thinking. What would Erving Goffman call tells?
expressions given off
Agents of socialization are mutually exclusive and do not overlap.
false
Children are taking on the role of the generalized other when they pretend to be a firefighter, mommy, or doctor.
false
Formal subjects like math and reading are part of schools' hidden curriculum
false
Stereotyping involves judging others based on their character and past behaviors
false
Children raised without human interaction or with minimal human contact are referred to as ________ children
feral
The University of California, Santa Barbara, is located near the Pacific Ocean and many students live within walking distance to the beach. Although the students feel that it's perfectly normal to wear a bathing suit while at the beach, most of them put on a cover-up or wrap themselves in a towel to make the short walk back to their apartments. This is because the beach, unlike the street, is a(n) ________ where wearing nothing but a bathing suit is considered normal and acceptable.
front
What was Sigmund Freud's greatest contribution to the understanding of the self?
his theory of the unconscious mind
The concept of the looking-glass self explains
how we develop a self-concept based on our perceptions of others' judgments of us.
Erving Goffman theorized social life as a kind of con game in which we work to control the impressions others have of us. What did Goffman call this process?
impression management
Many people are afraid of picking up hitchhikers. Imagine that a hitchhiker, to get a ride, makes a suitcase out of a gasoline can so that he looks like he's a stranded motorist rather than a hitchhiker. A sociologist would say that the hitchhiker was working on
impression management
Susie isn't old enough to go to school yet, but she loves to play house. She has a toy stove and she pretends to be a mother. Sometimes, when playing house gets boring, she goes outside, takes a garden hose, and pretends to be a firefighter. George Herbert Mead would say that Susie is
in the play stage
"Each to each a looking-glass, / Reflects the other that doth pass." This line of poetry, associated with sociologist Charles Cooley, indicates that our sense of self originates in
interactions with other people
Several cases of children who grew up in extreme social isolation, such as the case of Genie in 1970, suggest that
most of our mental capacities, and perhaps even the ability to think, are learned through social interaction.
Role conflict occurs when an individual has
multiple roles in conflict with each other
What are some examples of things students learn from a school's hidden curriculum?
punctuality, neatness, and discipline
Someone who is newly divorced after a long marriage and now wants to start dating again may find that many of the norms of dating have changed. Behaviors like splitting the check or talking about safe sex may be new for this person. This process of having to learn and adjust to the new rules of dating is an example of
resocialization
A traffic cop pulls over a speeder only to discover that the driver is a close friend. The police officer is torn because her professional obligations demand that she punish the speeder, but her personal obligations suggest that she should give a friend a break. This is an example of
role conflict
In 1998, former NFL linebacker Chris Spielman was forced to choose between staying with his sick wife or playing professional football. What sort of sociological phenomenon was he experiencing?
role conflict
Victor of Aveyron was a feral child who wandered out of the woods in 1800 when he was approximately twelve years old. After being reintroduced to human society, Victor was incapable of talking and never fully adjusted to life with other humans. This case shows the importance of
socialization
In 2000, Campbell Soup Company launched an ad campaign that showed prepubescent boys offering soup to prepubescent girls. The girls declined because they were concerned about their calorie intake. The boys explained that "lots of Campbell's soups are low in calories," which made them OK for the girls to eat. The ads were pulled after parents expressed concern. Why were parents worried?
the ads taught girls to worry about their weight
According to George Herbert Mead, what are children learning when they begin to take the perspective of a generalized other in their games?
the attitudes and expectations of society as a whole
How do sociologists define the self?
the experience of an individual's personal identity distinct from other people
A sociologist observes that kindergartners are not just being taught about arts and crafts. They are also being taught how to be students including how to follow rules, remain in their seats, and other skills that will be necessary for the rest of their education. What are these other things that are taught in kindergarten called?
the hidden curriculum
According to Sigmund Freud, which part of the mind is composed of biological drives and is the source of psychic energy?
the id
Read the quote from Freud below, which describes a part of the mind as he theorized it. It is the dark, inaccessible part of our personality, what little we know of it we have learnt from our study of the dream-work and of the construction of neurotic symptoms. . . . We all approach [it] with analogies: we call it a chaos, a cauldron full of seething excitations. Which part of the mind was he talking about?
the id
Which part of the mind of feral children would Sigmund Freud expect to be MOST fully developed?
the id
What are the parts of the mind according to Sigmund Freud's theoretical perspective?
the id, the ego, and the superego
Imagine a child who consistently gets mediocre grades and is often picked last for team games. He likes to make silly jokes and play pranks and he notices that people laugh when he does so. The child starts to think that others are laughing with him, not at him. This is part of the process that Charles Cooley called
the looking- glass self
The indie rock band the Halo Benders once sang the following: Part environment And part heredity What we're born with And what's been fed to me What issue is being referenced in this song?
the nature vs. nurture debate
In the psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud, which part of our mind is responsible for representing culture within us and serving as the moral component of our personality?
the superego
Which part of the mind would Freud have described as being like a type of conscience that punishes misbehavior with feelings of guilt?
the superego
Sociologists examine financial collapses such as those of the 1930s. These often occurred because rumors of insolvency, when believed by enough depositors, resulted in real bank failures. What sociological concept describes this phenomenon?
the thomas theorem
Why are adults unable to be completely socialized?
there will always be new situations and roles to learn
Which of the following is one of the goals of socialization?
to teach norms, values, and beliefs
Both sides are partially right in the nature vs. nurture debate
true
Our sense of self is largely created through social processes.
true
According to George Herbert Mead, the dual nature of the self refers to the idea that
we experience the self as both subject and object