sociology: chapter 9

rape culture

a set of beliefs, norms, and values that normalizes sexual violence against women

binary

a system of classification with only two categories

gender expression

an individuals behavioral manifestations of gender

sex

an individuals membership in one of two categories (male or female)

gender identity

an individuals self definition or sense of gender

mens rights movement

an offshoot of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men

pro feminist mens movement

an offshoot of male liberationism whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women

conflict theory

because of the traditional division of labor in families, males have had more access to resources and privileges and have sought to maintain their dominance -male-dominated occupations generally hold more prestige and are better paid; women may encounter difficulties entering male-dominated occupations, whereas men may more easily succeed in female-dominated occupations

feminism

belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief

cisgenderism

belief in the superiority of cisgender persons and identities

heterosexism

belief in the superiority of heterosexuality and heterosexuals

queer theory

social theory about gender and sexual identity; emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects ideas of innate identities or restrictive categories

first wave

the earliest period of feminist activism, from the mid-19th century until american women won the right to vote in 1920 -suffrage movement -stanton, mott

feminization of poverty

the economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of childcare

sexual orientation (identity)

the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders

gender role socialization

the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through agents of socialization

third wave

the most recent period of feminist activism, focusing on issues of diversity, globalization, and the variety of identities women can possess

suffrage movement

the movement organized around gaining voting rights for women

second wave

the period of feminist activism during the 1960s and 1970s often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education

gender

the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members

expressive role

the position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing

instrumental role

the position of the family member who provides material support; often an authority figure

social learning

the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction

second shift

the unpaid housework and childcare often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor

essentialists

those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed

constructionists

those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous binary system is just one possibility among many

mens liberation

a movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss challenges of masculinity

microaggression

everyday uses of ordinary language that may send denigrating messages to members of certain social groups

same sex marriage

federally recognized marriage between members of the same sex; made legal in the united states in 2015

symbolic interactionism

gender is learned through process of socialization; gender inequalities are reproduced through interactions with family, peers, schools, and the media -girls and boys are socialized differently and may be encouraged to seek out gender-appropriate training, college majors, and career goals, leading them to enter the male and female dominated occupations

patriarchy

literally meaning "rule of the father"; a male-dominated society

functionalism

sex determines which roles females (expressive) and males (instrumental) are best suited to -women are naturally more nurturing and thus make better nurses and teachers of young children; men are naturally more logical and thus make better lawyers and computer programmers

intersex

term used to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male or exclusively female

cisgender

term used when gender identity and/or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth

gender nonconforming

term used when gender identity and/or expression differs from societal expectations about gender roles

transgender

term used when gender identity and/or expression is different from the sex assigned at birth

heteronormativity

the belief that heterosexuality is and should be the norm

sexism

the belief that one sex, usually male, is superior to the other

sexuality

the character or quality of being sexual