Sociology - Chapters 12, 13, 14 & 16

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild has used which phrase to describe the double burden that many women face and few men share equitably: work outside the home followed by child care and housework.

"second shift"

The functions of the education system (functionalist perspective) - latent functions

1) Transmitting culture 2) Social and political integration 3) Maintain social control 4) Serving as an Agent of Change

Trends with families over the last decade; which has seen a significant increase:

1) cohabitating 2) single parent families 3) adoption/foster families 4) stepfamilies 5) same sex families 6) never married/no children 7) grandparents raising children **Stepfamilies has seen a significant increase

Functions of the family:

1) reproduction 2) protection 3) socialization 4) regulation of sexual behavior 5) affection and companionship 6) provision of social status

Traits of minority groups as applied to the elderly:

1. Older people experience unequal treatment in employment and may face prejudice and discrimination. 2. Older people share physical characteristics that distinguish them from younger people. In addition, their cultural preferences and leisure-time activities often differ from those of the rest of society. 3. Membership in this disadvantaged group is involuntary. 4. Older people have a strong sense of solidarity, as is reflected in the growth of senior citizen centers, retirement communities, and advocacy organizations. 5. Older people generally are married to others of comparable age.

Until the _____, the federal government had very little involvement in public education.

1940's

Currently, close to what percent of all men and women in the United States marry at least once during their lifetimes?

95%

According to the text's observations concerning marriage and family,

A) about 75 percent of all men and women marry eventually. B) the most consistent aspect of family life in American society has been the high rate of divorce. C) during the latter decades of the twentieth century, there are indications of a decline in marriages in the United States, fueled by apprehensions about the economy. D) none of the above. Answer is D: Close to 95 percent of all men and women in the United States marry at least once during their lifetimes.

The functional perspective on education emphasizes all but which of the following?

A) culture B) Integration of society C) promotion of desirable social change D) bestowal of status Answer: D

Sociologist Max Weber noted five basic characteristics of bureaucracy, all of which are evident in the vast majority of schools, whether at the elementary, secondary, or even college level. Which of the following is not one of these?

A) division of labor B) written rules and regulations C) impersonality D) shared decision-making Answer: D

According to the functionalist view, which of the following is NOT one of the paramount functions performed by the family?

A) mediation B) reproduction C) regulation of sexual behavior D) affection and companionship Answer is A

According to the text's discussion,

A)functionalists portray the elderly as socially isolated with reduced social roles. B) interactionists see older people as being involved in new networks of people in a change of social roles. C) conflict theorists regard older people as being victimized by social structure, with their social roles relatively unchanged but devalued. D) all of the above Answer is D

The number of gay and lesbian adults in the U.S. according to the Census Bureau.

Census from 2000 shows a minimum of at least 600,000 gay households, and a gay and lesbian adult population approaching 10 million

Expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.

Gender roles

An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity.

Glass Ceiling

Occupations where women are overrepresented:

High school teachers, cashiers, social workers, elementary teachers, file clerks, librarians, tellers, RN's, receptionists, word processing/typing, child care workers, dental assistants

How does the academic achievement of homeschooled students compare to that of public school students?

Homeschooled students perform significantly better, on average, than public school students.

_____ is the conscious or unconscious tendency to select a mate with personal characteristics similar to one's own.

Homogamy

Type of household that has seen the largest decrease since 1940.

Households - married couples 1940 - 84% 1980 - 61% 2010 - 50% Now approx. 49% of households are made up of married couples period of decline - society and families are in a period of decline

The sociological perspective concerned with teacher-expectancy effect.

Interactionist view

Which of the following is NOT one of the aspects of the male gender role?

Openly flaunt the trappings of success.

the double burden- work outside of the home followed by child care and house work- that many women face and few men share equitably.

Second Shift

The ideology that one sex is superior to the other.

Sexism

A family is defined in the text as:

a set of people related by blood, marriage (or some other agreed-upon relationship), or adoption who share the primary responsibility for reproduction and caring for members of society.

The term glass ceiling refers to

an invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified worker because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity.

Is a type of marital union where the bride and groom are proposed by a third party rather than by each other.

arranged marriage (divorce rate in India is 5%)

What are examples of the education system from the functionalist perspective:

benign institution; integration of society; promote social norms, values, sanctions; promote desirable social change

Reasons why men typically leave a job:

change in career, earning a degree/other training, work not enjoyable or satisfying, not interested in field, family time (least rated)

Traits of schools as bureaucratic organizations (Max Weber):

characteristic's of bureaucracy in schools: 1. division of labor - specialized teachers 2 hierarchy of authority - principles, superintendents, etc. 3. written rules and regulation -forms to fill out instead of teaching 4. impersonality - larger class sizes 5. employment based on technical qualifications -expertise; tenure

The __________ perspective on aging maintains that other approaches fail to consider the impact of social structure and social class on the lives of the elderly.

conflict

Which sociological perspective views the family as a reflection of the inequality in wealth and power found within the larger society?

conflict

Which sociological perspective views the family as an economic unit that contributes to societal injustice?

conflict

An increase in the lowest level of education needed to enter a field (colleges and employers benefit from this).

credentialism

an increase in the lowest level of education required to enter a field. Based on: - complexity of the job - all applicants have achieved the minimum credential so degree requirements are raised - may reinforce social inequities (conflict perspective) - e.g., can't afford to get the advanced degree - bestowal of status e.g. - new police officers - require B.A. - future nurses - R.N. (not LPN) - social services - CADC- - retail - B.A. in retail mgmt - university professor - Phd or EdD

credentialism

Fifty years ago, a high school diploma was the minimum requirement for entry into the paid labor force of the United States. Today, a college diploma is virtually the bare minimum. This change reflects the process of

credentialism.

Research by anthropologists Margaret Mead and Peggy Reeves Sanday has shown that?

cultural conditioning is the most important factor in demonstrating the social roles of males and females

Anthropologist Margaret Mead, in examining cross-cultural data, found that

cultural conditioning is the most important factor in determining the social roles of males and females.

The trend regarding divorce in the U.S. since 1980.

divorce began to increase in the late 60's, but then leveled off since the late 1980's, it has declined by 30%.

When learning is explicit and formalized-when some people consciously teach, while others adopt the role of learner-the process is called

education.

The restriction of mate selection to people within the same group (race, faith, social class).

endogamy

A family in which relatives-such as grandparents, aunts or uncles - live in the same home as parents and their children.

extended family

Disengagement theory has its roots in which sociological perspective?

functionalist

What sociological perspective distinguishes between instrumental and expressive roles.

functionalist perspective

Which social logical perspective distinguish between instrumental and expressive rules?

functionalist perspective

Both males and females are physically capable of learning to cook and sew, yet most Western societies determine that these tasks should be performed by women. This illustrates the operation of

gender roles

Activity theory has its roots in which sociological perspective?

interactionist

Sexism is generally used to refer to

male prejudice and discrimination against women.

transmission of knowledge and bestowal of status

manifest functions of the educational system

In which type of society, do women have greater authority than men?

matriarchal

A society in which women dominate in family decision making.

matriarchy

What is the term for the examination of your life--have you done everything you want to do

mid-life crisis

Most crucial agents of socialization in teaching gender roles and the United States are?

parents

During the late 1990s, growing attention focused on adults who simultaneously tried to meet the competing needs of their parents and their own children. Collectively, this group has become known as the

sandwich generation

the impact that a teacher's expectations about a student's performance may have on the student's actual achievements

teacher-expectancy effect

Psychologist Daniel Levinson has studied the developmental periods or life stages involved with the aging process. According to Levinson, men and women often experience a stressful period of self-evaluation that he termed

the midlife crisis.

The most basic manifest function of education is

the transmission of knowledge.

Suppose that a school places students in specific "ability groups" on the basis of test scores and other criteria. This reflects the practice of

tracking

What are norm violations committed by men?

wear fingernail polish, do needlepoint in public, throw Tupperware party, cry in public, have pedicure, apply to babysit, and shave body hair

According to the text's discussion of home schooling,

while the practice is legal in all 50 states, 10 states require no notification that a child will be homeschooled, and another 14 require notification only.