Sociology chapters 4-7

6.5.2 - I can describe how the symbolic-interaction theory applies to sexuality.

- A century ago our society's norm was for women's virginity before marriage. Was strong because there was no birth control - With birth control, people separate sex from reproduction which weakened virginity norm - Sex education among children is more accepted - Constructed character of familiar social patterns

4.2.1 - I can apply how people hold the different status sets throughout their life.

- A person may have status of a daughter, wife, mother, student, worker, church member and a citizen.

4.3.1 - I can differentiate between variables impacting the different roles people take on in society.

- Being disabled can become a master status for some - Gender can also be a master status

4.1.1 - I can explain the importance of the concept of social interaction.

- Creates social structures and cultures - People interacting with others designs rules, institutions, and systems

7.6 - Identify patterns of crime in the United States and around the world.

- Crimes against the person (violent crime) include murder, aggravated assault, and rape - Crimes against property include burglary and arson - 80% of people arrested for violent crimes are male - Street crime is more common among people with lower social position. - More white people than African Americans are arrested for street crimes - African Americans are arrested more often than white people in relation to the population - Asian Americans have lower rate of arrest

4.4.2 - I can describe how people make sense of their surroundings.

- Depends on our interests, social background, and surrounding culture - Ethnomethodology is the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings

7.2.1 - I can explain Durkheim's essential functions of deviance.

- Deviance affirms basic insight - There can be no good without evil no justice without crime - Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries - By defining some people as deviant people draw a boundary between right and wrong - Responding to deviance brings people together - People react to serious deviance with shared outrage which reaffirm moral ties that bind them - Deviance encourages social change - Deviant people push society's moral boundaries suggesting alternatives to status quo encouraging change

7.2 - Apply structural-functional theories to the topic of deviance.

- Deviance is a normal element of society - Affirms cultural norms + values, clarifies moral boundaries, encourages social change, and brings people together in response to deviance - There can be no good without evil - Conformity & Innovation & Rebellion

7.3.4 - I can describe Sutherland's Differential Association Theory.

- Deviant behavior is learned and takes place in groups - A person's tendency towards conformity or deviance depends on amount of contact with others who encourage or reject conventional behavior - If associates are prone to violation of norms one is more likely to take part - Conformity reaps rewards while lack of it reaps punishments

7.4.2 - I can differentiate between the different categories of crime that leads to labeling within conflict theory.

- Deviant labels applied to people who interfere with operation of capitalism - Applied to people who resist authority (ex skipping school or talking back to parents) - White collar crime = crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their job/position. Use their power to illegally enrich themselves (ex bank embezzlement, business fraud, bribery). Can usually escape punishment - Corporate crime = illegal actions of a corporation. (ex knowingly selling faulty/dangerous products). Makes people lose jobs and potentially die. - Organized crime = a business supplying illegal goods or services. Sometimes criminal organizations force people to do business with them. Involves sex, drugs, gambling, selling false identification papers to illegal immigrants - Crimes against the person (violent crimes) include murder and manslaughter, aggravated assault, rape, robbery. - Crimes against property (property crimes) include burglary, auto theft, arson - Victimless crimes are violations of law where there are no obvious victims (crimes without complaint) includes illegal drug use, prostitution, gambling. Victimless crime is misleading ex, young people stealing to support drug habit

4.5 - Apply Goffman's analysis to several familiar situations.

- Dramaturgical analysis explores social interaction in terms of theatrical performance. - Status = a part in the play. - Role = the script. - Performances = the way we present ourselves to others. - Gender differences involve demeanor

6.3.1 - I can explain what research evidence suggests related sexual orientation in our society.

- Every society have different patterns for homosexuality - Sexual expression is constructed by society

6.5.3 - I can describe how the social-conflict and feminist theories apply to sexuality.

- Feminism is a social-conflict approach that focuses on gender inequality. Link sexuality to the domination of women by men - people with less power are more likely to be defined in terms of their sexuality (women, people of color, gays + lesbians) - Pornography supports idea that men have power over women - Sexuality is described in terms of sport and violence (ex scoring with women, banging, hitting on)

4.4.1 - I can describe how The Thomas Theorem impacts our interpretation of situations.

- If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences - People's behavior can be determined by their subjective construction of reality rather than by objective reality - For example, a teenager who is repeatedly given a label—overachiever, player, bum—might live up to the term even though it initially wasn't a part of his character

6.2.2 - I can explain the impact of wealth and technology on sexual openness.

- Introduced birth control - Condoms prevented STDs - Opportunities for women increased (wealth)

4.6.4 - I can identify how humor can be used as tool to express hostility and tension.

- Jokes about sexual orientation cause conflict - "Put down jokes" are jokes that come at the expense of others

7.3 - Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic of deviance.

- Labeling theory claims deviance depends less on what someone does and more on how others react to that behavior - People responding to deviance by stigmatizing a person may result in person continuing deviance - Medicalization of deviance replaces deviant labels (good, bad) into (sick, well) - People who are well integrated into society are less likely to engage in deviant behavior

7.4.3 - I can explain the impact of gender on crime.

- Law enforcement may be reluctant to define women as criminals - Greatest gender differences in crime rates occur in societies that limit opportunities of women - Sexual equality is increasing - Every society in the world places stricter controls on women - According to labeling theory gender influences how we define deviance because people use different standards to judge behavior of females and males - Society puts men in positions of power so then they try to escape responsibility for actions that victimize women

7.4 - Apply social-conflict theories to the topic of deviance.

- Laws and other norms operate to protect the interests of powerful members of any society - White collar offences are committed by people of high social position. These are rarely prosecuted - Corporate crime is illegal actions by corporations. Most cases go unpunished - Organized crime happens among people with few opportunites - Hate crimes are motivated by racial or other bias. Targets people who are disadvantaged based on race, gender, or sexual orientation - Society controls behavior of women rather than men

7.6.2 - I can explain the concept of community-based corrections.

- Like parole

6.4.1 - I can describe the sociological factors impacting sexual controversies in the United States.

- Low levels of parental education and income increase likelihood of teen pregnancy. Blended families also increase this risk - People believe that pornography lead to the breakdown of morals. Today it is seen as a power issue because it degrades women by portraying them as sexual playthings to men. - In prostitution people find the idea of sex for money disturbing as a result it's illegal in most places. It is common in poor countries where patriarchy is strong and traditional cultural norms limit women's ability it earn income. Is considered a victimless crime.

7.3.1 - I can explain the concept and impact the labeling theory.

- Main contribution of symbolic-interaction is labeling - The idea that deviance and conformity result not from what people do but from how others respond to those actions - Primary and secondary deviance - Stigma (can be a master status) - Impact of labeling is receiving stigma's, retrospective labeling, projective labeling - Retrospective labeling = interpreting someone's past in light of some present deviance - Projective labeling = using the person's deviant identity to predict future actions. - It affects who responds to deviance. Medically they are patients who need treatment

7.5.1 - I can describe the description of categories people most likely to arrested for violent and property crimes.

- Majority involve young males - People with lower social class/standing - People in poor communities - Few are committed by repeat offenders - Majority are white - People living in the midst of wealth perceive society as unjust and are likely to turn to crime to get their share - People with blended families - Prejudice prompts police to arrest black people

4.6.1 - I can identify how language defines gender differently in power and value.

- Men use female pronouns to convey control + ownership - Feminine terms more likely to change to negative meanings. (ex king has higher meaning than queen) - We use language to demonstrate and convey what society wants from both sexes_

6.3.2 - I can describe how society has reacted towards diverse sexual orientations.

- Moving towards greater acceptance - The term homophobia was made - Homosexuality is no longer defined as a mental illness

4.5.2 - I can describe how overall performance messages impact the information we reveal to others about ourselves.

- Non verbal communication is hard + offers clues to deception. Facial expressions are important (ex smiling shows pleasure) - Demeanor (gender as well) is the way we act and carry ourselves, clues to our social power - Eye contact is used to invite social interaction

6.2.3 - I can describe how attitudes on specific issues regarding sexuality have changed over time in the United States.

- People are more open about their sexualities

4.6.2 - I can explain how humor uses both conventional and unconventional definitions of reality.

- People creating contrast between two different realties - Conventional is what culture leads people to expect in a specific situation - Unconventional is an unexpected violation of cultural patterns

4.4 - Describe how we socially construct reality.

- People shape reality through social interaction. - We present self in terms that suit the setting + personal purposes. - Ethnomethodology = strategy to reveal assumptions people have about their social world.

7.4.1 - I can explain how deviance relates to power.

- People we define as deviant are typically not as bad or harmful as they are powerless - Social conflict theory explains that all norms (laws of society) reflect the interests of the rich and powerful. People who threaten the wealthy are likely labeled deviant (ex taking someone's property or advocating for a more egalitarian (all considered equal) society) - The powerful have the resources to resist deviant labels

4.4.3 - I can describe the factors that influence how we construct social interaction.

- Power dynamics - Social structure - Social status - Social roles - Institutions

4.5.1 - I can explain the concepts of Dramaturgical Analysis: The Presentation of Self and how they relate to one another.

- Presentation of self used to create specific impressions in the minds of others - Like a theatrical performance - Status = a part in the play. - Role = the script. - Performances = the way we present ourselves to others. - Gender differences involve demeanor (is central element in personal performances)

7.3.2 - I can differentiate between primary and secondary deviance.

- Provoking slight reaction

6.5.1 - I can describe how the structural-functional theory applies to sexuality.

- Regulates who you reproduce with (Incest taboo) - The invention of birth control allowed sexual norms to be more permissive - Prostitution is one way to meet the sexual needs of people (ex soldiers, travelers, not attractive people) allows for sex with hassle of a relationship

7.6.1 - I can describe the justifications for punishment.

- Retribution (1) , deterrence (2), rehabilitation (3), and incapacitation (4) 1. Punishment is society's revenge for a moral wrong. Punishment should be equal to crime. 2. Crime is considered social disruption society acts to control it. People are viewed as rational + self-interested. Works because pain of punishment outweighs pleasure of crime 3. Crime + other deviance are viewed as result of social problems (like poverty) or personal problems (mental illness). Social conditions are improved treatment is tailored to offenders condition 4. People are protected by the imprisonment or execution of offender

4.3 - State the importance of role to social organization.

- Role = behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status. - Role conflict = tension among roles linked to two or more statuses. - Role strain = tension among roles linked to single status.

6.1.1 - I can explain the scope of the impact sexuality has on society.

- Sex is treated as a taboo - Can cause pleasure, confusion, anxiety, and fear - Affects what is considered modest - Marriage before sex

7.1.2 - I can compare the three social foundations of deviance. NEED HELP WITH

- Social control are attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior (ex parents scolding kids or friends making fun of you for something)

4.6.3 - I can explain the dynamics of culture related to the use of humor.

- Social diversity of our own country means that different people find humor in different situations (ex humor is different for 50 and 15 years olds)

4.1 - Explain how social structure helps us to make sense of everyday situations.

- Social structure = social patterns that guide our behavior in everyday life. - Building blocks of structure are status + role.

7.7 - Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system.

- Society's formal system of social control - Police use personal discretion in deciding how to handle situations. Police are more likely to make arrests if offense is serious, bystanders are present, suspect african american or latino - Courts mostly resolve cases through plea bargaining. This puts less powerful people at a disadvantage - SEE JUSTIFICATIONS FOR PUNISHMENT

7.5 - Apply race-conflict and feminist theories to the topic of deviance.

- Some law enforcement officials are reluctant to define women as deviant - Greatest gender differences in crime rates occur in societies that limit opportunities for women - People of color and women generally have a lower social class - Lower social positions have higher chances of people committing street crimes, people of color usually have a lower social standing - Connection between social standing and criminality depends on the type of crime - People living in the midst of wealth perceive society as unjust - African American children growing up poor is a reason for high crime rates - People with high arrest rates are at higher risk of being victims of crime

6.1.4 - I can describe where cultural norms differ and are similar throughout different cultures.

- Some places allow child marriage -

4.2 - State the importance of status to social organization.

- Status defines our relationship to others. (ex mom or coworker). - Ascribe status (involuntary) (ex teenager or Asian American). - Achieved status (earned) (ex honor student or pilot). - Master status has special importance for a person's identity (ex blind or female) shapes your life.

6.4 - Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality.

- Teen Pregnancy - Pornography - Prostitution - Sexual Violence

7.2.2 - I can describe the types of deviance identified in Merton's Strain Theory.

- The type and extent of deviance depend on if society provides the means (schooling and jobs) to achieve cultural goals - Conformity is conventional goals through normal means - Innovation is unconventional means to achieve culturally approved goals - Ritualism is accepting institutional means and rejecting goals - Rebellion defines new goals and means to achieve goals

7.1 - Explain how sociology addresses limitations of a biological or psychological approach to deviance.

- What is deviant varies from place to place according to cultural norms - Behavior and individuals become deviant as others define them that way - What and who a society define as deviant reflect who has and who does not have social power

4.5.3 - I can explain how genders use performance differently.

- Women tend to be more sensitive than men - Women read people better - Men use more space than women (man spreading) - When men stare at women they claim social dominance and define women as sexual objects

4.6 - Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor.

Emotions: - Social construction of feeling. - Culture defines what triggers emotions. - Companies can regulate employee's behaviors AND emotions. Language: - The social construction of gender - Men use female pronouns to convey control and ownership - Feminine terms are more likely to change to negative meanings than masculine terms. Humor: - Is unconventional - Violation of cultural norms - Tied to a common culture and does not translate easily. - "Not getting it" involves the inability to understand a joke's conventional/unconventional realities - Fosters conflict - Comes at the expense of others - IMPORTANT good way to uncover assumptions is to "break the rules" break social rules

6.5 - Apply sociology's major theories to the topic of sexuality.

Structural Functional: - Highlights society's need to regulate sexual activity especially reproduction - Ex, incest taboo Symbolic Interaction: - Emphasizes meanings people attach to sexuality - Social construction of sexuality can be seen in sexual differences between societies Social Conflict: - Links sexuality to social inequality Feminist Theory: - Claims men dominate women by devaluing them to sexual objects