Sociology - Exam 2

According to the U.S. Census, about what percentage of Americans fall below the poverty line?

12%

In what decade did India's laws change to prohibit strict discrimination based on what social group you were born into?

1950's

In what year did the U.S. radically reform its immigration laws in order to end the previous system of national, racial, and ethnic quotas?

1965

In what year did the Census start to allow people to self-identify as Hispanic in addition to identifying with a racial category?

1970

When did the idea that prisoners could and should be rehabilitated enter into the U.S. understanding of criminal justice?

20th Century

As of 2010, how many people identified as native American?

5.2 million

Kaitlyn's job has transferred her within the company to a new city, where she will do the same work for the same pay. Here, she will have to meet new friends and form new social relationships. What kind of mobility is Kaitlyn experiencing?

Horizontal Mobility

What is one way that sex status shapes life in the U.S.?

It determines whether you are eligible for the military draft

In the U.S., the largest number of Latinos trace their heritage to

Mexico

What region of the world is responsible for the most illegal drug sales?

North America

In what kind of system does power and privilege come from the effective leadership of important organizations?

Party System

What strategy did Booker T. Washington suggest for African Americans to achieve their political goals?

Patiently focus on education, job skills, and economic self-improvement in order to convince white people that they were responsible and reliable.

What kinds of occupations do people in the upper-middle class hold?

Physicians, lawyers, engineers

Which theory analyses modern Western—and especially American—society as structured by a historically developed "racial common sense"?

Racial formation theory

Why did Europeans come to view race as so important by the 1700s?

Racial hierarchies justified the permanent enslavement of Africans—even over generations.

Which of the following statements about deviance is accurate?

Sometimes, breaking rules many improve how a society functions

What nation has the largest number of people in prison in the world today?

The U.S

What is the thesis of Travis Hirschi's Causes of Delinquency (1969)?

The more meaningful social connections we have, the less likely we are to break norms because we don't want to risk those relationships

What is one reason why comparisons of crime rates between U.S. cities are difficult to make?

There is a more trusting relationship between citizens and police in some cities, so cities are more likely to report crime there

From a sociological perspective, race is

a category of group memebrship

In general in the U.S., since the early 1990s,

both property and violent crimes have been decreasing

The first poverty line measurement was calculated by

calculating the minimum amount of food it would cost to feed each member of a family and considering other costs, such as housing, relative to food, and multiplying it by three, and then making that the poverty line

"To queer" means to

challenge the binary notions of sexuality and gender and disrupt the idea that one's sex determines one's gender and one's sexuality

Laws that govern disputes between individuals and organizations rather than the breaking of government laws comprise

civil law

Jonah is a gay man who chooses not to share information about his sexuality with his work colleagues. His co-workers assume that he is straight, and he makes considerable efforts to foster this impression to benefit from the gender order in his workplace, where women and men viewed as not sufficiently masculine are often given fewer opportunities for advancement. Jonah is participating in

complicit masculinity

When you follow a gender script, you

comply with expectations about how people of your gender are to act, think, feel, think, and appear

Maxwell is a rising real estate agent. He wants to signal to his clients and potential clients that he is successful so that they trust him with their business. In order to do this, he leases an expensive luxury car to drive when he gives them tours of houses. Maxwell is participating in

conspicuous consumption

When a behavior violates our idea of what is normal, we call it

deviant

Corrine is married to a man who is abusive. He does not allow Corinne to work outside the home, travel on her own, or manage her own money. Any time she challenges her husband on any of these things, he physically and verbally attacks her, calling her too stupid, naïve, or lazy to have a job, travel, manage her money, or be independent in any other way. Corinne has learned that she is less likely to face his abuse if she behaves the way that he thinks a "good wife" should—by being submissive, prioritizing his desires over her own needs, having few opinions of her own, and presenting herself in a way that he finds attractive and pleasing. For her own short-term safety, Corinne is participating in

emphasized femininity

Compared to class systems, status systems display

equivalent levels of rigidity but higher levels of ascriptiveness, and much higher levels of crystallization across categories of privilege

The forced removal of a people from a society because of their race, ethnicity, or religion is termed

ethnic cleansing

According to Steven Seidman in Beyond the Closet (2002), "the normal gay" is a

gay person who does not challenge the gender binary or sexual conventions, and so has an easier time being accepted by mainstream society

Very few things are true about all human cultures, but one thing that is true across every society that we have studied is that every culture

has some moral expectations around sexuality

Today, most white people in the U.S.

have an ethnically mixed ancestry

The form of power that enshrines an ideal standard of masculinity and justifies all the ways our society is organized to reinforce the leading role of men, so that gender distinction prioritizes men and masculinity and devalues women and femininity, is called

hegemonic masculinity

What explanation of social inequality did Aristotle offer?

inequality reflects natural differences in people's abilities

A baby born with physical sex characteristics that cannot be easily classified as "male" or "female" is described as

intersex

Attempts by the government to establish a formal system of rules about how people are allowed to behave, as well as a system of punishments for when they break those rules, are termed

laws

Societies with higher levels of inequality also tend to have higher levels of all of the following EXCEPT

literacy

Compared to violent crime, property crime is

much more common

In a binary gender system,

only two genders are recognized

According to Max Weber, class systems function most effectively when they are

organized around status groups

David has been charged with murder, but his lawyer has persuaded the prosecutor to charge him with manslaughter, a charge that carries a lesser punishment, in exchange for David pleading guilty and avoiding a trial. If the prosecutor and judge accept this arrangement, David will have engaged in

plea bargaining

A tax system that taxes wealthy people at a higher rate than poor people is called a

progressive tax

Which of the following is a secondary sex characteristic?

pubic hair

Leo is Latino and his wife Jessie is white. They are searching for housing in a small town that is predominantly white. Their realtor discourages them from seeking a house in a private, gated community, though they can afford it, saying that they would likely feel "unwelcome" there due to their status as a mixed-race couple. Instead, the realtor encourages them to consider purchasing a house in a more racially integrated section of town, even though property values are lower here. Though the realtor presents herself as concerned about the racism they might face in a predominantly white neighborhood, they suspect that she may actually be attempting to prevent people of color from moving into the gated community by pushing them toward housing in other neighborhoods, a practice called

racial steering

The decarceration movement seeks to

reduce the number of people in prisons

Which kind of deviance is a strong predictor of future rule-breaking behavior?

secondary deviance

Worldwide, 1% of the global population owns what percentage of all household wealth?

slightly more than 50%

The most racially and ethnically diverse nations in the world are located in

sub-Saharan Africa

The difference between sex and gender is

that sex is our understanding of biological traits, whereas we recognize gender as a creation of culture

What was the name of the U.S. federal policy that brought Mexican workers to the U.S. to address a labor shortage brought on by World War II?

the Bracero Program

What did the Wagner Act of 1935 guarantee?

the right to unionize, engage in collective bargaining, and to strike

In a multicultural society,

the society recognizes and promotes cultural diversity rather than merely tolerating it

The term "second shift" describes

the unpaid housework and child care women perform in addition to their paid work

Racial determinism is a theory that says that

the world was divided into biologically distinct races, which are fundamentally different in their abilities

What is one way that TV shows about crime reinforce norms about deviance?

they show that the villain are almost always punished

So-called "bathroom bills" are attempts to require

transgender people to use the restroom associated with the sex assigned to them at birth

Horizontal occupational segregation is present when

women are concentrated into jobs that are female-typed and lower-paying.

In a meritocracy, you advance in status based on

you abilities on exams and other formal tests of your ability