Sociology exam #2 content
William Julius Wilson
turned the focus from welfare to factors such as deindustrialization, globalization, suburbanization, and discrimination as causes of urban poverty
Susan Mayer
wrote that she found very little evidence to support the widely held belief that parental income has a significant effect on children's outcomes
Biomedical Culture
Medical professions hold a lot of power now, but wasn't always like this. IN ancient Rome, medicine was a low level occupation due to technology and knowledge advancements
Oscar Lewis studied who
Mexicans
Third gender according to Navajo Tribes?
Nadle
Intersectionality
Overlapping of social categories such as race, class, gender as they apply to a given individual or group. Creates interdependent systems of discrimination/disadvantage
Tristan Bridges and C.J Pascoe
"Hybrid masculinities" young white men may try to distance themselves from hegemonic masculinity
Herbert Spencer
"Survival of the fittest"; Social Darwinism between societies and cultures -> nature to dominate inferior races
Kristen Barber
"The Well-Coiffed Man" -> metrosexual male who is typically white and wealthy and spends a large amount on grooming activities
Eugenics
"well born"; a pseudoscience that postulates that controlling the fertility of populations could influence inheritable traits passed on from generation to generation
CVS minute clinics
-remote locations where you get to see a practitioner -less expensive than the emergency room -less expensive way to be seen for both those with and without health care
Oscar Lewis: Culture of Poverty
-Worried about poverty and crime from folks from South -1914-1970: Five Families -Easy to think certain people are culturally predisposed to crime. "That's first, how they grew up" -Close connection between race and class in US -Why do some families escape poverty, while others stay in it? -Culture of poverty that all people share → outlook -Poverty perpetuating value system -Exists across different cultures (Mexico, US) 70 characteristics -Disinterest in future and related lack of investment (not caring about college) -Favor immediate gratification over delayed gratification (obesity) -Disconnection from other poor communities -Resignation and fatalism- Do not feel like they can change -Female headed households
Barbara Reskin and Patricia Roos argue that changes in a job's _______, pay, and ________ level lead to changes in the __________ composition.
-autonomy -skill -gender
Comte de Buffon
-ethnocentrism -anyone different from Europeans es a deviation from the norm
African Americans
2nd largest minority group
Medicaid
A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them.
Feminism
A female movement for gender equality.
Patriarchy
A form of social organization in which males dominate females
Race
A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics.
homeopathic medicine
Administering doses of substances (remedies) that would produce manifestations of the disease state in a well person to ill clients to bring about healing -> "poison is medicine"
ACA
Affordable Care Act
Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique
An American feminist, activist and writer, best known for starting what is commonly known as the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of a book.
Don Kulick
An anthropologist who studied the lives of a group of transgendered prostitues in Brazil.
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
An economic legislation that created many social programs to help provide funds for youth programs antipoverty measures, small-business loans, and job training; part of the Great Society.
Erving Goffman describes the masculine of mid-twentieth-century America as a young man who is
Married, white, urban, northern, heterosexual, protestant...
CHIP
Children's Health Insurance Program
Patricia Hill Collins claims
Claims gender intersects with race, class, nationality, religion, and so for the
Primordialism
Clifford Geertz's term to explain the strength of ethnic ties because they are fixed in deeply felt or primordial ties to one's homeland culture
Eduardo Bonilla-Silva
Color blind racism > racism without color. "I'm not racist but"
Anthony Marx
Concern over segregation grew during World War II as Amelia was caught in the embrassing contradiction of espousing anti racist rhetoric against its Nazi foes while upholding a racist doctrine at home
Herrstein and Murray
Determined parents having good genes make for good parenting -> IQ
Kevin Lewis
Determined people more open to interracial interactions than we might think
Lisa Wade- "American Hookup"
Determined there are not "so many" hook-ups
DSM
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Matthew Desmond, the author of Evicted, reported that millions of families are evicted from their homes each year. According to Desmond's findings, identify the factors that contributed to this high rate of eviction.
Factor(s) landlords force out tenants they don't want the high cost of housing
Racialzation
Formation of a new racial identity by drawing ideological boundaries of difference around a formerly unnoticed group of people
Micheal Kimmel credited for what?
Hegemonic masculinity
Serena Nanda and Gayatri Reddy studied what
Hijra a group in India
Economist Heidi Hartmann and Legal Theorist Catharine MacKinnion determined:
How capitalism combines with patriarchy to make women economically dependent on a man's income
Asian Americans
In the 1980s, this group became the fastest growing minority population.
Symbolic enthnicity:
Is largely a matter of choice on how you want to identify your nationality
Christina Hoff Sommers
Manne has also imbibed the lessons of intersectionality: "Patriarchy and hence misogyny in the United States cannot be understood apart from white supremacy. Neither can misogyny be understood in isolation from anti-trans bigotry." So would that mean that we could not understand misogyny in the United States ten or fifteen years ago, when few people knew about transgender identity?
Robert Merton on prejudice
Prejudice + discrimination = an active bigot
Moving to Opportunity (MTO)
Randomized social experiment Includes 4,600 low-income families with children living in high poverty public housing projects Key findings: 1. Improved housing satisfaction - adults felt safer and more satisfied with new housing arrangements 2. Improved adults' mental and physical health 3. Had no effect on labor market outcomes 4. Had negative effects on male youth risky behavior
straight-line assimilation
Robert Park's 1920s universal and linear model for how immigrants assimilate: they first arrive, then settle in, and achieve full assimilation in a newly homogenous country
Social Darwinism
The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. -> positive selection of mutations
Hegmonic masculinity
The condition in which men are dominant and privileged and this dominate and privilege is invisible
Oyrwumi The Invention of Women
The woman question is a product of uniquely western thought and can't be applied to African societies
One-sex way of thinking
There is only one body (a male body) and female body was regarded as its inversion
Gayle Rubin
Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality
Transgender vs. Cisgender
Transgender - people whose gender does not correspond to their birth sex Cisgender - people whose gender corresponds to their birth sex
PRWORA (Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act)
Welfare program running individually in each state that a person can receive aid, and other components
Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act
When a patient presents to an emergency department, they must be treated
Peggy McIntosh, "White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack"
White people have an "invisible knapsack of privileges."
miscegenation
a demeaning historical term for interracial marriage
Native Americans
a member of any of the indigenous peoples of the Americas.
parenting stress hypothesis
a paradigm in which low income, unstable employment, a lack of cultural resources, and a feeling of inferiority from social class comparisons exacerbate household stress levels; this stress, in turn, leads to detrimental parenting practices such as yelling and hitting, which are not conducive to healthy child development
negative income tax
a proposed type of tax that would make cash payments to certain groups below the poverty line
Nancy Chodorow
a psychoanalytic feminist. Chodorow feels the domestic ideal caused oppression in women. -> due to parents unequal involvement in child rearing
Gender
a social position; the set of social arrangements that are built around normative sex categories
sick role
a socially recognized set of rights and obligations linked with illness -> talcott parsons
subaltern
a subordinate, oppressed group of people
Hijras?
an alternative gender role in India conceptualized as neither man nor woman
perverse incentives
an incentive that has an unintended and undesirable result which is contrary to the interests of the incentive makers -> welfare discourages work efforts
glass ceiling
an invisible limit on women's climb up the occupational ladder
Essentialist
arguments explaining social phenomena in terms of natural, biological, or evolutionary inevitabilities
David Grusky
asks whether people would opt out of the labor market if the United States had a very substantial safety net
Judith Lorber believes that gender is a social institution because it is:
c. a major structure organizing our day-to-day experiences.
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
categorized skulls into five racial types. -> phrenology
Sexuality
desire, sexual preference, and sexual identity and behavior
Mario Luis Small
discusses culture of poverty thesis
Paula England
discusses her research on "hook-up" culture and romantic relationships among college students
Candace West and Don Zimmerman
doing gender
Aspen effect
forces families to move far away from their jobs in order to live in a good neighborhood
Latinxs
gender identification form -> individuals who trace their ancestry back to Latin America
Welcome to Ze College, Ze
gendered options, unisex colleges, roommates, sports, locker room policy
Enthocentrism
is the belief that your own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.
Blue Cross/Blue Shield
is the oldest and largest system of privately sponsored insurance.
Naturalization laws
laws made by Congress that people from other countries must follow in order to become legal citizens of the United States
Scientific Racism
nineteenth-century theories of race that characterize a period of feverish investigation into the origins, explanations, and classifications of race
androgynous
not masculine nor feminine
Ken Auletta and the Underclass
poor are dangerous and deviant (agrees with Banfield)
Orshansky
poverty line formula--estimates food costs
Prejudice vs. Discrimination
prejudice is a negative attitude, discrimination is a negative behavior
Sexism
prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex.
diagnostic psychiatry
seeks to identify symptoms of specific underlying diseases
Milton Gordon
seven stages of assimilation: cultural, structural, marital, identificational, attitude receptional, behavior receptional, civic assimilation
Cynthia Fuchs Epstein
sociologist who stresses that differences between the behavior of males and females are solely the result of social factors-specifically, socialization and social control. -> deceptive distinctions
Carol Stack
studied poor, black community called "The Flats," poor people coped by forming kinships and fictive kinship -> carrying was a valued responsibility for both men and women
Talcott Parsons and sex role theory
suggests that the nuclear family is the ideal arrangement in modern societies because it fulfills the function of reproducing workers
sexual harassment
the abuse of one's position of authority to force unwanted sexual demands on someone
glass escalator
the accelerated promotion of men to the top of a work organization, especially in feminized jobs
Heteronormativity
the belief that heterosexuality is and should be the norm
Racism
the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits
Matrix of Domination (Collins)
the interlocking systems of oppression associated with race, class, and genders
Nativism
the movement to protect and preserve indigenous land or culture from the allegedly dangerous and polluting effects of new immigrants
Sex
the perceived biological differences that society typically uses to distinguish males from females
Doing gender
the performance of tasks based upon the gender assigned to us by society and, in turn, ourselves
Pluralism
the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society
Medicalization
the process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such
sex-gender system
the stratification system that assigns women's and men's roles unequally
Epigenetics
the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change