Sociology Exam 2

The U.S. Census of __________ made it possible for the first time for individuals to identify themselves as being of more than one race.

2000

Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good student. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario illustrates the concept of ________.

A self-fulfilling prophecy

Which of the following terms refers to policies or procedures that are intended to promote equal opportunity for categories of people deemed to have been previously excluded from equality in education, employment, and other fields on the basis of characteristics such as race or ethnicity?

Affirmative action

Through informal practices in the North and Jim Crow laws in the South, African Americans in the United States experienced segregation in housing, employment, education, and all public accommodations.

True

Which of the following practices is defined as a killing carried out by a group of vigilantes seeking revenge for an actual or imagined crime by the victim and was practiced by whites to intimidate African Americans in the United States?

Lynching

A category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes, is referred to as a(n) __________.

Race

Amber is a first-grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her status

Set

According to Durkheim, social solidarity in industrialized societies is sustained by __________.

Shared dependence established through division of labor

According to ethnomethodologists, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies.

True

An individual's perception about the meaning of a situation depends on his or her unique personal experiences. For example, unlike men, women often do not perceive street encounters to be routine rituals because of fear for their personal safety.

True

Denver is a lawyer, a son, a husband, a part-time writer, and a citizen of the United States. All these positions make up his status set.

True

Gender inequality is an international problem because it is related to immigration, violence against women, sex trafficking, and other crimes against girls and women.

True

Immigration from Mexico is the primary vehicle by which the Mexican American population grew in the United States and became the largest segment of the U.S. Latinx population.

True

Patriarchy is reflected in practices such as men being seen as "natural" heads of households and women playing supportive roles such as housewife and mother.

True

The terms "dominant group" and "subordinate group" help describe relationships of advantage/disadvantage and power/exploitation that exist in contemporary nations.

True

Which of the following is a difference between racial groups and ethnic groups?

Unlike racial groups, ethnic groups are formed on the basis of cultural or nationality characteristics.

According to Emile Durkheim, organic solidarity is __________.

characterized by interdependence and practical considerations

Brenda is a housekeeper who is supposed to stand in the presence of her employers as a sign of respect. Given this information, it can be said that Brenda is required to show __________.

deference

Both Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tӧnnies __________.

developed typologies to explain changes in the social structure of societies

According to Erving Goffman, social interaction can be compared to a theatrical presentation in that an individual is an actor, observers are audiences, and interactions are guided by social scripts. The study of social interaction in this context is referred to as __________.

dramaturgical analysis

A small country in Europe is renowned for being home to multiple ethnic groups. People of Asian, German, and African cultural heritages peacefully coexist with one another and have uniform access to power and privilege in this country. In this scenario, this European country can be said to have __________.

equalitarian pluralism

Jennifer, a white American, believes that the customs of her own culture are superior to those of other cultures. As a result, she judges members of other cultures based on the standards of her own culture and considers them inferior. This scenario best exemplifies __________.

ethnocentrism

A bank consistently denies loans to people of color because it believes they are unlikely to repay the amount due on time. This is most likely an example of __________ discrimination.

institutional

Across classes and racial-ethnic categories, __________.

mothers typically play a stronger role in gender socialization of daughters

Many Iranian Americans refer to themselves as "Persian" rather than "Iranian" because

of the perceived negativity associated with the political history of the country of Iran.

Many sports teams such as the Atlanta Braves, Cleveland Indians, and Washington Redskins use Native American mascots and depict them with feathers, buckskins, beads, spears, and "warpaint." Such depictions are examples of __________.

stereotyping

According to the text, three factors are important in determining the gendered division of labor in a society. One of the three factors is the __________.

type of subsistence base

Antony owned a restaurant in the United States in the 1950s. He did not feel negatively toward African Americans but refused to serve them in his restaurant because he feared that serving them would offend his white customers. In the context of Robert K. Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, Antony is a(n) __________.

unprejudiced discriminator

Which of the following racial or ethnic groups has been the most privileged racial or ethnic group in the United States?

white Anglo-Saxon Protestants

According to the human capital model, women as a category earn less money than men because __________.

women diminish their earning capacity when they leave the labor force to engage in childbearing and child-care activities