Sociology - EXAM 2 - Study Guide
The Driscoll Middle School football team, who scored a goal with a trick play and received widespread backlash for it, did not violate any formal rules. However, the players did violate a(n)...
ethnomethod
research aimed a revealing the underlying shared logic that is the foundation of social interactions...
ethnomethodology
the process of assigning a deviant identity to an individual
labeling
an extremely high rate of deportation in cross-cultural and historical perspective
mass deportation
an extremely high rate of imprisonment in cross-cultural and historical perspective
mass incarceration
The anti-social and non-state sponsored killing of multiple victims during a single episode at one or more closely related locations is a...
mass murder
resources that can be used to create wealth
means of production
A number that attempts to describe a population by referring to a midpoint is called a...
measure of central tendency
What is the main suggestion the author makes regarding mass shootings?
more research on white males
Tightly enforced norms that carry moral significance are known as...
mores
tightly enforced norms that carry moral significance...
mores
large territories governed by centralized powers that grant or deny citizenship rights...
nation-states
Which of the following best describes meritocracy within education?
only some people have the power to decide what traits are meritorious, and some children have more opportunities that others to develop those traits
Which of the following is a sociological lesson that can be taken away from the story of the survivors of the Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 crash?
things that are considered deviant can be redefined as the norm
Cumulative strain theory focuses on...
a combination of long term chronic strain, acute strain, masculinity, and weapon availability
Which workplace would have the highest likelihood of discrimination by employers?
a company in which job qualifications are ambiguous and there is a lot of individual discretion in hiring
Which of the following is an example of a social organization?
a family-owned business
the entire set of interlocking social institutions in which we live...
social structure
An economic system based on shared ownership of the resources used to create wealth that is then distributed by governments for the enrichment of all is called...
socialism
an economic system based on shared ownership of the resources used to create wealth that is then distributed by governments for the enrichment of all
socialism
a research method in which data are layered onto a landscape divided into finegrained segments
spatial analysis
Which of the following kinds of identities are generally unmarked?
status-advantaged
Which of the following is an example of criminal deviance?
stealing money out of your roommate's girlfriend's purse when she visits
Which factor is an important element in explaining mass murder?
-bullying -lack of access to mental health care -hegemonic masculinity -availability of guns
Which group of children are most disproportionately disciplined in school?
Black
_____ is research aimed at revealing the underlying shared logic that is the foundation of social interactions...
Ethnomethodology
Which of the following is an example of a breaching experiment?
Kit purposefully goes into the store without a mask on to see how others respond
organized White resistance to integration
White fight
a phenomenon in which White people start leaving a neighborhood when minority residents begin to move in
White flight
The front stage refers to...
a public space in which we are aware of having an audience
Which type of school is likely to experience school shootings?
a school where bullying goes unpunished
Jason gets angry and yells at mountain bikers when they do not yield to hikers on the trails at his local state park, which is mandatory according to the park's policies. Jason's reaction is an example of...
a social sanction
When her professor caught Donda cheating on an exam, she responded by saying that she knew it was a bad thing to do but she was just under so much pressure to keep her scholarship. Donda's response is an example of a(n)...
account
an excuse that explains our rule breaking but also affirms that the rule is good and right...
account
disparities in the academic accomplishments of different kinds of students
achievement gaps
Smith, a White boy, threw a wadded ball of paper at one of his classmates. His teacher saw this happen and asked Smith to apologize to the classmate, reminding him to practice kindness. The teacher brushed the behavior off as harmless. Shaun, a Black boy, also threw a wadded ball of paper at one of his classmates. The teacher, witnessing this behavior, referred Shaun to the principal's office. Rather than thinking of Shaun's behavior as harmless, the teacher viewed it as malicious. This is an example of
adultification
a form of bias in which adult characteristics are attributed to children
adultification
Alan works in a furniture factory where he spends most of his day on an assembly line fastening one of four legs to a table top. Before working at this factory, Alan learned carpentry from his father and would make beautiful furniture pieces from scratch. Now, reduced to an appendage of the machine and disconnected from the fruits of his labor, Alan experiences...
alienation
the feeling of dissatisfaction and disconnection from the fruits of one's labor
alienation
In the last 200 years, the redistribution of wealth from the rich to the poor has...
allowed the economic system of capitalism to continue
According to Emile Durkheim, it benefits society for the public to have occasional opportunities to express mass disapproval of something its members believe is wrong. This is because occasional instances of mass disapproval help prevent...
anomie
widespread normlessness or a weakening of or alienation from social rules...
anomie
More than half of Americans believe transfer payments to people in poverty encourages them to stay poor. This belief is connected to the stereotype that poor people...
are lazy and untrustworthy
The stereotype of Black men being especially prone to commit violent crimes...
arose only after slavery had legally ended
The ____ is where you can let down your guard and vent frustrations without worrying about how well you are performing a role...
back stage
private or semiprivate spaces in which we can relax or rehearse...
back stage
The Social Security Act of 1935 was a system of financial support that...
benefited people with disabilities and the unemployed but did not apply to jobs that employed primarily Black Americans
a class of people who employ the workers
bourgeoisie
purposefully breaking a social rule in order to test how others respond...
breaching
organizations with formal policies, strict hierarchies, and impersonal relations...
bureaucracies
The provision of health care is considered to be a social institution because it...
is composed exclusively of formal medical organizations and professionals
the resources we use to get things we want and need...
capital
an instance of a thing of interest; it can be a person, a group of people, and organization, an event, or a place
case
According to the textbook, a wage is _____ given to workers in exchange for their____?
cash payment; labor
Preeta is born into the lowest stratum of Indian society. At seven years old, she helps her mother wash the linens of a high-end hotel in a nearby river. Preeta will remain in this social stratum for the rest of her life. She will never have access to an education or the chance to become a doctor. Which type of stratification system does Preeta live under?
caste
Which policy is likely to be the most effective in reducing the risk of school shootings?
changing the culture at the school to be inclusive of everyone and unaccepting of bullying
When Clara decides to start going out to bars again after breaking up with her girlfriend, she deliberately chooses to present herself as a carefree, fun, single woman. A sociologist would describe this as...
choosing a face
an understanding that members of a social class share economic interests
class consciousness
a society's shared understanding of right and wrong...
collective conscience
Imagine that an extremely corrupt politician was thrown out of office and brought to justice, and the public reacted by gathering and celebrating in the street for days. This would be an example of...
collective effervescence
People in which of the following occupations are MOST likely to hold contradictory class locations?
college professors, lawyers, and engineers
Sean and James both identify as Black men. Both hold advanced degrees. Sean has light skin and James has dark skin. Although Sean and James have worked at the same law firm for the same length of time, occupy the same position, and deliver similar results in their work, Sean earns more than James. Based on this information, one factor perpetuating their wage difference would be...
colorism
prejudice against and discrimination toward people with dark skin compared to those with light skin, regardless or race
colorism
a research method that involves collecting and analyzing data about 2 or more cases that can be usefully compared and contrasted...
comparative sociology
a condition in which 40% or more of the residents in an area live below the federal poverty line...
concentrated poverty
Miles would like to study how race and class have shaped drug laws in the United States and the current inequalities in the administration of these laws. Which theory would be MOST relevant for the research on this topic?
conflict theory
The sociological writings of Charlotte Perkins Gilman are MOST relevant to which of the following?
conflict theory
the idea that societies aren't characterized by shared interests but by competing ones...
conflict theory
positions in the economy that are in some ways like the proletariat and in other ways like the bourgeoisie
contradictory class locations
Max is conducting a breaching experiment in which he gives a long, detailed response every time someone passing by asks him, "What's up?" or "How are you?" even though he knows these are just customary greetings and not actual questions. This surprises, bewilders, and strongly annoys some of the people. In this experiments, Max is refusing to...
cooperate in conversation
a coming catastrophic implosion from which capitalism would never recover
crisis of capitalism
Sonia grew up in a low-income community where the schools she attended were underfunded. The schools were also quick to punish and had close ties with local police. There were also high levels of policing in her neighborhood. Moreover, her community was a food, transit, green, and health-care desert. This scenario is an example of
cross institutional disadvantage
Evan grew up in a safe and healthy neighborhood with strong services and amenities. The neighborhood public schools he attended were well regarded and highly ranked. These resources helped him secure a good job, which provided health benefits so he could access adequate health care. This scenario describes
cross-institutional advantage
a phenomenon in which people are positively or negatively served across multiple institutions
cross-institutional advantage and disadvantage
Ty's parents helped them buy their first house. Ty then rented the spare room to friends and used their rent money to cover the mortgage. This enabled Ty to save enough money to purchase another home, which would generate more rental income. As the equity in Ty's properties grew, they were able to qualify for business loans to start their own business. This scenario is an ex of
cumulative advantage
Finch's new friend disapproves of him smoking...
denial of injury
Echo was pulled over by a police officer for speeding on the highway. To avoid a ticket, she tried to justify her rule breaking by saying that it was not her fault she was speeding; all the other vehicles were driving over the speed limit, so she felt pressured to do so as well because it felt unsafe to have everyone passing her. In the terms of neutralization theory, which type of rationalization is this?
denial of responsibility
Behaviors and beliefs that violate social expectations and attract negative sanctions are known as...
deviance
behaviors and beliefs that violate social expectations and attract negative sanctions...
deviance
According to the text, which of the following is one of the functions of deviance?
deviance contributes to social change
the idea that we need to be recruited into and taught criminal behavior by people in our social networks...
differential association theory
complicated tasks broken down into smaller parts and distributed to individuals who specialize in narrow roles...
divisions of labor
The practice of looking at social life as a series of performances in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages is known as...
dramaturgy
the practice of looking at social life as a series of performances in which we're actors on metaphorical stages...
dramaturgy
financial resources that are or can be converted into money
economic capital
the minority of people who control a disproportionate amount of wealth
economic elite
Ronald Reagan's War on Drugs
effectively increased the US prison population by more that 1000%
Restrictive covenants, "sundown towns", and "steering" are laws and practices that...
ensure and enforce segregation in communities
the practice of exposing racial and ethnic minorities to more toxins and pollutants that White people
environmental racism
a version of ourselves that we want to project in a specific setting...
face
Modern human societies are much more egalitarian compared to the foraging groups in which we lived for most of human history?
false
Sociologists tend to use the word racist to describe prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviors?
false
The blog post concludes that since psychological research has not found the answers to address mass shootings, only sociologists should conduct future research in this area?
false
Wearing shorts and a T-shirt to a job interview is an example of violating a taboo...
false
Which of the following was a system of stratification typically found in Europe during the Middle Ages that included peasants who worked land owned by the rich, powerful nobility?
feudal
a type of experiment that involves a test of a hypothesis outside the laboratory...
field experiment
Economic capital refers to...
financial resources that are or can be converted into money, including cash, investments, valuable goods, and valuable property
Aldous tells her brother Finn to stop burping at the dinner table because it's rude. Which type of norm is she enforcing?
folkway
loosely enforced norms...
folkways
In the 1960s, the sociologist Harold Garfinkel studied and explored _____ social rules...
foundational
a capitalist system with little or no government regulation
free market capitalism
a public space in which we are aware of having an audience...
front stage
a term used to describe data that are applicable to the whole population from which the sample is drawn, not just to the sample itself...
generalizable
a segment of the labor market in which companies contract with individuals to complete one short-term job at a time...
gig work
an invisible barrier that restricts upward mobility
glass ceiling
an invisible barrier that restricts downward mobility
glass floor
A defining characteristic of social organizations is that they...
have divisions of labor
The closest emergency room to Tonopah, Nevada, is 104 miles away. Tonopah, Nevada, can be describes as a ____desert.
health-care
a narrow version of masculinity which stresses aggression, dominance, strength, and virility...
hegemonic masculinity
Jem conducted a study for their honors thesis about the social and cultural factors that shaped the development patterns of Dallas, Texas, in the early 1900s. To do so, they used newspapers, public records, and the diaries of some influential people at the time. Jem's study would be best characterized as...
historical sociology
a research method that involves collecting and analyzing data that reveal facts about past events, with the aim of enhancing sociological theory...
historical sociology
Greg, a Black American, lives in a Chicago neighborhood that is more than 80 percent Black. Greg's daily life involves little or no contact with people of other races. This is because Greg and the other two-thirds of Black Chicagoans are..
hypersegregated
residential segregation so extreme that many people's daily lives involve little or no contact with people of other races
hypersegregation
Social institutions are composed of...
ideas and practices
Shared ideas about how human life should be organized are known as...
ideologies
shared ideas about how human life should be organized....
ideologies
Amir wants his new classmates to think he is very smart, so he uses big words as much as possible when talking with them. Amir is engaging in...
impression management
efforts to control how we're received by others...
impression management
Income and wealth correlate positively. This means that people with high...
incomes tend to have high levels of wealth, and people with low incomes tend to have either little wealth, no wealth, or negative wealth
Timothy lives in the United States, where becoming wealthy is a widely valued goal. He was born into a poor family, lacks an education, and is stuck in a low-wage job in a rural community without many economic opportunities. In pursuit of the goal of becoming wealthy, he begins breaking into homes and stealing things to sell. In Robert Merton's terms, Timothy is a(n)
innovator
The mass incarceration of Black and Latino men is the result of
institutional and interpersonal racism
Unhoused Americans are more likely to be arrested for breaking laws against loitering and public urination. Poor Black American men are more likely to have insecure or no housing than other groups, making them especially more likely to be subjected to these kinds of laws. This is an example of...
institutional discrimination
widespread and enduring practices that persistently disadvantage some kinds of people while advantaging others...
institutional discrimination
advantage and disadvantage that is passed from parents to children
intergenerational advantage and disadvantage
Prejudicial behavior displayed by individuals is called...
interpersonal discrimination
prejudicial behavior displayed by individuals...
interpersonal discrimination
a theory about how labels that are applied to us influence our behavior...
labeling theory
the work people can do with their bodies and minds
labor
associations that organize workers so they can negotiate with their employers as a group instead of as individuals
labor unions
rules that are made and enforced by cities, states, or federal governments...
laws
In the 1950s, sociologist (and jazz pianist) Howard Becker identified 3 steps to becoming a marijuana smoker, on of which was...
learning to recognize the effects
a process by which a potentially controversial social fact is made acceptable
legitimation
an income that allows full-time workers to afford their basic needs
living wage
Children living in expensive neighborhoods get expensive educations, and children living in poor neighborhoods get poor ones. This is because school funding in the US comes from _______ taxes.
local property
People with _____ identities are more likely to be discriminated against...
low-status
Ida B. Wells-Barnett is best known for her work documenting the practice and purpose of...
lynching
Consider that the basketball league with only male players is called the National Basketball Association, whereas the basketball league with only female players is called the Women's National Basketball Association. This exemplifies the fact that woman is a(n)...
marked identity
If men's gender identity is challenged, they may exaggerate perceived gender norms to protect their status in the gender hierarchy...
masculine overcompensation
Which of the following is one of the processes by which acts, attitudes, or appearances come to be collectively defined as deviant?
medicalization
The process of rationalization is MOST closely associated with which of the following types of thought?
modern
With their efficient operations, predictable products, and use of nonhuman technology, megachurches illustrate the ______ aspects of religion as a social institution...
modern
Ryder is not too worried about the future because he believes that through science and logic, humans will develop advanced technologies to solve problems like climate change and resource scarcity. Ryder is engaging in...
modern thought
a belief in science and the sole source of truth and the idea that humans can rationally organize societies and improve human life...
modern thought
the idea that deviance is facilitated by the development of culturally resonant rationales for rule breaking...
neutralization theory
Labor unions are associations that
organize workers to help them negotiate with their employers as a group instead of as individuals
_____ are made and enforced by organizations, such as businesses, universities, and professional associations...
policies
rules that are made and enforced by organizations
policies
a rejection of absolute truth (whether supernatural or scientific) in favor of countless partial truths, and a denunciation of the narrative of progress...
postmodern thought
a new class of workers who live economically precarious lives
precariat
Albert is a college graduate working as an administrative assistant. He is unsure whether he can make this month's rent and has already missed paying last month's water and power bills. Although he has been dealing with a terrible toothache, he will not be going to the dentist in an effort to minimize additional expenses. Albert is an example of a...
precariat class member
Belief in supernatural sources of truth and commitment to traditional practices is known as...
premodern thought
a belief in supernatural sources of truth and commitment to traditional practices...
premodern thought
Karl Marx's crisis of capitalism did not foresee the...
rise of the middle class
Talib got caught stealing a candy bar from the corner store, and the owner decided to press charges against him for shoplifting. Now, Talib will have a criminal record. In addition, the whole neighborhood thinks he is a thief. The act of stealing the candy bar is an example of...
primary deviance
the instance of deviance that first attracts a deviant label...
primary deviance
Given the mechanisms of social stratification that sociologists have documented, it is probable that a person who is privileged by intergenerational, cross-institutional, and cumulative advantage will do nicely in life and that a disadvantaged person will struggle. This is because sociological understandings of the world are
probablistic, and social facts are patterned
The New Deal made taxes more ______, meaning that as a person's income rises, the rate at which the person pays taxes increases, instead of _______, which means that as a person's income rises, the rate at which the person pays taxes declines, or _______, meaning all levels of income are taxed equally...
progressive; regressive; flat
a class of people who are employed by others and work for a wage
proletariat
Karl Marx noted the emergence of two new social and economic classes: the __________, who were employed by others and worked for a wage, and the __________, who paid the workers and owned the __________.
proletariat; bourgeoisie; means of production
the idea that one's character can and should be measured by one's dedication to paid work
protestant work ethic
a term that refers to a society's production of unjust outcomes for some racial or ethic groups
racism
Which type of authority is characteristic of bureaucracies?
rational legal
Which term did Max Weber use to describe the process of embracing reason and using it to increase human activities' efficiency and effectiveness?
rationalization
the process of embracing reason and using it to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of human activities...
rationalization
a practice of refusing loans to or steeply overcharging anyone buying in poor and minority neighborhoods
redlining
Evelyn and her family live in the city of South Gate in Southern California. She and everyone in her household identify as Latinx. the city of South Gate is 95% Latinx. This is an example of...
residential segregation
the sorting of different types of people into separate neighborhoods
residential segregation
places that lack beneficial or critical amenities
resource deserts
the subset of the population from which data will be collected...
sample
a practice of disciplining and punishing children and youth in school that routes them out of education and into the criminal justice system
school-to-prison pipeline
further instances of deviance prompted by the receipt of the deviant label...
secondary deviance
From the 1970s through the 1990s, Everett worked in a factory that made airplane parts. Starting in the mid-1990s, his some Michael worked in technology, and he continues to do so today. Everett and Michael occupied jobs that represent the millions of Americans whose jobs went from manufacturing to ...
service and information
an economy centered on jobs in which workers provide services or work with information
service and information economy
Early sociologists like Anna Cooper and Charlotte Perkins Gilman focused on ____, while others like Emile Durkheim focused on ______...
social conflict; social cooperation
the idea that deviance is more common in dysfunctional neighborhoods...
social disorganization theory
if an individual's identity is threatened, they may exaggerate aspects that characterize that particular identity...
social identity theory
____ is a condition in which wealth, power, and prestige are most readily available to people with privileged social identities...
social inequality
a condition in which wealth, power, and prestige are most readily available to people with privileged social identities...
social inequality
a patchwork of programs intended to ensure that the most economically vulnerable do not go without basic necessities like food, clothing, and shelter
social safety net
reactions by others aimed at promoting conformity...
social sanctions
a persistent sorting of social groups into enduring hierarchies....
social stratification
_____ is the entire set of interlocking social institutions that provides a relatively stable framework for social life...
social structure
widespread and enduring patterns of interaction with which we respond to categories of human need...
social institutions
Normality is something we make together with other people through...
social interaction
moments we share with other people...
social interaction
opportunity to move up or down in the economic hierarchy
social mobility
formal entities that coordinate collections of people in achieving a stated purpose...
social organizations
culturally specific norms, policies, and laws that guide our behavior...
social rules
Which of the following is a patchwork of programs intended to ensure that the most economically vulnerable do not go without basic necessities like food, clothing, and shelter?
social safety net
the idea that deviance is caused by a tension between widely valued goals and people's ability to attain them...
strain theory
Which of the following is the theory that society is a system of necessary, synchronized parts that work together to create social stability?
structural functionalism
the theory that society is a system of necessary, synchronized parts that work together to create social stability...
structural functionalism
the features of our lives that determine our mix of opportunities and constraints....
structural position
institutional discrimination that injures the body and mind
structural violence
a research method that involves inviting individuals to complete a questionnaire designed to collect analyzable data...
survey
A key idea of ____ is that we don't respond to reality itself, but only to the meaning we give it...
symbolic interactionism
The moments we share with other people are shaped by the social construction of reality. This is a fundamental insight of...
symbolic interactionism
the theory that social interaction depends on the social construction of reality...
symbolic interactionism
If the thought of doing something makes you sick to your stomach or invokes some strong negative emotion, then it most likely would violate a(n)...
taboo
social prohibitions so strong that the thought of violating them can be sickening...
taboos
Class consciousness is an understanding...
that members of the same social class share economic interests
Which country imprisons more of its population that any other country in the world?
the US
_____ is what Emile Durkheim called a society's shared understanding of right and wrong...
the collective conscience
Under free market capitalism...
the most successful capitalists built monopolies, treated workers inhumanely, and bribed politicians and law enforcement
Darius, a Black American teenager profiled by sociologist Victor Rios, was caught in a physical fight with a fellow student and consequently was launched into the juvenile detention system, where he received probation. This is an example of
the school-to-prison pipeline
As early as elementary school, some students will be labeled "gifted," and others will be labeled "at risk." This is an example of
tracking
the practice of placing students in different classrooms according to their perceived ability
tracking
_____ is characteristic of the premodern era, while _____ is characteristic of the modern era...
traditional authority; rational legal authority
According to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, the shift to wage labor made labor less meaningful to the proletariat, and working for others weakened the proletariat's ability to control working conditions...
true
For most of US history, marijuana was legal, and Americans could freely buy it at pharmacies?
true
Most mass murderers in the US are white males?
true
People often help each other to save face and avoid embarrassment...
true
Sitting in your car giving yourself a pep talk before walking into a big job interview is an example of being backstage...
true
Nearly a year after the Covid-19 pandemic hit the United States, wealth inequality widened. This was in part because...
under President Donald Trump, Congress passed a tax bill that reduced taxes mostly for the wealthiest 1/5 of Americans
Identify the factors provided by the author that might explain why some men feel that their masculinity is threatened...
unemployment, major financial loss, women speaking out about sexual harassment
Racial disparities in academic achievement are the result of
unequal educational opportunities between and within schools
differences between the hourly earnings of different social identity groups
wage gaps
differences in the amount of money and economic assets owned by people from different social identity groups
wealth gaps
A capitalistic economic system with some socialist policy aimed at distributing the profits of capitalism more evenly across the population is called....
welfare capitalism
a capitalist economic system with some socialist policy aimed at distributing the profits of capitalism more evenly across the population
welfare capitalism
A doctor who commits fraud by billing patients' insurance companies for medical treatments not actually provided is engaging in a...
white-collar crime
Karl Marx predicted a crisis of capitalism would take place, because capitalism creates a growing class of workers who real a shrinking share of the benefits and impoverishes the masses to the point that they can't but products. Under this form of capitalism...
winners take all, shrinking the number of people who can be part of the bourgeoisie
Labor union contracts locked out...
women and people of color
people in the labor force who earn poverty-level wages
working poor