Sociology Exam 3

The United States has ______ the Kyoto Protocol

not ratified

Policy makers were particularly slow to respond to ______ in the United States because those in high-risk groups were comparatively powerless and were labeled as such.

the AIDS crisis

The environmental effects of technological innovation have been extreme since

the Industrial Revolution

Which of the following is true of social change?

the answer is all of the above

What action, taken by Scottish scientists in 1997, reignited the debate on genetic engineering?

the cloning of a sheep

Which of the following is an example of the extent to which water has become a highly contested commodity around the world?

the competition for water in the southwestern United States and the bombing of water tanks in the Middle East

Which of the following is not an example of dramatic recent social change?

the development of nuclear weapons

The virtual monopoly that Immanuel Wallerstein's core nations hold over information technology is known as

the digital divide

In applying the human ecological perspective, sociologists and environmentalists have identified which of the following relationships between the environment and people?

the environment provides the resources essential for life, the environment serves as a waste repository, and the environment "houses" our species

Durkeim and Comte's writings are examples of

the evolutionary theory

The plight of Muhammad Ali, the Bangladeshi man who has had to flee floodwaters five times in the last decade, illustrates

the impact of global warming

Which of the following best defines morbidity rates?

the incidence of disease in a given population

Who determines whether or not individuals are healthy?

the individuals, their relatives, friends, coworkers, and physicians

Which of the following threatens the quality of water supplies on a daily basis for more than 2 billion people?

the lack of sanitation facilities

Which of the following is the name for the group of Americans who most actively participate in the information society?

the omnivores

Growth Rate

the overall percent change in a population per year.

Prevalence refers to which of the following?

the total number of cases of a specific disorder that exist at a given time

In his book An Essay on the Principle of Population, Thomas Malthus argued that

there are natural limits to the number of people the environment can sustain.

In 2008, native peoples from around the world convened to make the case that wealthier countries should compensate them for conservation of

tropical rain forests

If the United States Congress passed strict anticigarette laws that banned their sale anywhere in the country, it would create serious problems for cigarette manufacturers, retailers, tobacco growers, tobacco farm workers, truckers, and many other employees in the cigarette industry. Each of these groups would probably oppose this legislation because they are examples of

vested interests

What is the term Thorstein Veblen coined to describe people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change?

vested interests

Emigration

when members of a population leave that group.

The likelihood of which of the following extreme weather events are increased by global warming?

wildfires, torrential downpours, and desert expansion

Theorists that adhere to the demographic transition model believe that population growth

will be checked by a natural decline in fertility rates due to technological, social, and economic changes.

The sociological approach that highlights the power involved in forcing less affluent nations to exploit their mineral deposits, forests, and fisheries in order to meet their debt obligations to developed nations is

world systems analysis

Which of the following is true about the relationship between globalization and climate change?

Globalization has both positive and negative impacts on climate change.

Which of the following is a real example of the federal government's efforts to discard environmental pollution on or near the reservation of Goshute Indians in Utah?

In the 1990s, it convinced the Goshute to accept 44,000 barrels of highly radioactive spent nuclear fuel on their land, the military constructed a nerve-gas storage facility on or near the reservation, etc. Answer: all the above

Which of the following is not a reason that has emerged for opposing the movement for environmental justice?

It hinders the development of businesses that employ few unskilled or less skilled workers.

Which of the following did the USA PATRIOT Act do?

It relaxed existing legal check on surveillance by law enforcement officers.

Which of the following is not a concern that sociologists have about surveillance and censorship?

It will prevent terrorism and other threats to American citizens.

The term "medicalization of society" is used to describe the extent to which certain behavior patterns once considered normal are now conceptualized as illnesses worthy of medical treatment.

True

Which of the following is true of being uninsured?

Uninsured people tend to be diagnosed later

Which of the following is a question sociologists would ask in regard to the environment?

What are the social issues we must consider in order to respond to environmental problems?

Capitalist societies have increasing demands for products, for obtaining natural resources at minimal costs, and for manufacturing products as quickly and cheaply as possible—no matter what the long-term environmental consequences will be. This is known as

a "treadmill of production"

Which of the following defines Medicare?

a compulsory health insurance plan for the elderly

Culture-Bound Syndrome refers to

a disease or illness that cannot be understood apart from some specific social context. Example: Anorexia Nervosa

Mexican Americans may interpret their illnesses according to traditional practices and seek treatment in the form of curanderismo, which refers to

a form of holistic heath care and healing.

Which of the following defines Medicaid?

a noncontributory federal and state insurance plan for the poor

World Health Organization defines health as

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

Which term does Talcott Parsons use to characterize a feature of social change that social institutions become more specialized in their purposes?

adaptive upgrading Example: People needing to have their cars repaired can go to a muffler store, a transmission shop, a tire retailer, or a gas station for a tune-up

American opponents of the Kyoto Protocol argue that

agreeing to it would place the nation at a disadvantage in the global market.

As part of the sick role, the ill are obligated to

attempt recovery

Which of the following factors affect a person's odds of good health?

class, gender, age, race and ethnicity

Scientific evidence for global climate change is

clear and consistent

Large families are no longer economically necessary, nor are they commonly endorsed by social norms, but certain religious faiths continue to extol large families and to disapprove of using contraception to limit family size. This example illustrates

culture lag

Various religious groups and their followers are very upset about scientific advances in reproductive technology (e.g., birth control pills, abortion pills, in vitro fertilization, and genetic engineering). This conflict between religious values and new scientific concepts illustrates

culture lag

Which term refers to the period of adjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions?

culture lag

Since Gallup began asking people about the effects of the environmental movement, polls indicate

declining levels of public concern over the environment

Air pollution is especially severe in _____ countries

developing

Which concept does Talcott Parsons use to indicate the increasing complexity of social organization?

differentiation

Which of the following do women have lower rates of, compared to men?

employment in dangerous occupations, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption

The legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards is referred to as

environmental justice

Social epidemiologists are concerned with which of the following?

epidemics, bioterrorism, and drug/alcohol addiction

Talcott Parsons viewed society as naturally being in a state of

equilibrium

According to the ______, when changes occur in one part of a society, there must be adjustments in other parts.

equilibrium model

The role of women in the family has changed dramatically in the United States during the last 50 years. Women have furthered their education and developed careers. This change in the family has necessitated adaptive changes in school systems, corporations, churches, and other facets of society to provide child care services. This situation reflects which view of social change?

equilibrium model

People in industrialized nations have insisted that developing nations change their practices to save the planet. This is an example of

ethnocentrism

The notion that traditional societies are simple or primitive is an example of

ethnocentrism

The expectation that African and Latin American countries will become more complex as Western societies have, is consistent with

evolutionary theory

Which theory of social change holds that society is moving in a definite direction?

evolutionary theory

Which of the following influences people's judgments about a person's state of health?

gender, age, social class, ethnic group, employment, socialization into a particular occupation or activity

Talcott Parsons contends that societies experience value ______, the development of new values that legitimate a broader range of activities.

generalization

Scientists use technology to increase food production and to make agriculture more efficient and economical through

genetic modification

Many of those who are now calling for a reduction in the human activity that contributes to global warming are located in core nations, which have contributed disproportionately to the problem. This shows that the challenge of global warming is closely tied to

global inequality

Poor areas around the world tend to be underserved in terms of health care in part because

health care professionals move to industrial nations as part of brain drain.

Therapies in which the health care practitioner considers the patient's physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual characteristics are collectively referred to as

holistic medicine

Which of the following was once classified as a mental disorder by the medical community?

homosexuality

Which area of study is concerned with the interrelationships between people and their environment?

human ecology

It is possible for scientists to track carbon dioxide emissions and map the current and projected contribution each country makes.

True

The study of human ecology deals with the relationships between humans and their environment.

True

Which of the following is true concerning labeling?

A label, such as "HIV positive," can overshadow all other aspects of a person's life, the power to label and the power to oppress sometimes go hand in hand, and labelling a life experience as a disorder can change the way we see that experience.

How does medicine manifest its social control?

By greatly expanding its domain of expertise, By retaining absolute jurisdiction over many health care procedures, and by labeling certain practitioners as outside the realm of acceptable medicine.

The people of which nation are least convinced of the dangers of climate change?

China

Which of the following is true regarding the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico?

Even years later, its effects could be seen in stressed corals, stranded dolphins, and harmed birds.

Of the two terms used by social epidemiologists, incidence and prevalence, incidence refers to the number of new cases of a disease in a given year, while prevalence describes the geographical extent of the spread of the disease.

False

One of most important factors contributing to the global environmental crisis is the declining population of the world.

False

Opinion polls indicate that within the U.S., popular concern over threats to the environment is higher than it has ever been.

False

The U.S. has demonstrated its commitment to tackling global warming by signing and ratifying the 1997 Kyoto Accord.

False

As a percentage of total spending, the U.S. spends more on healthcare than any other OECD country.

True

The fight against a hazardous waste landfall in Warren County, North Carolina is an example of the concept of ______ at work.

NIMBY

Which of the following is a sign that we are recognizing our mutual interdependence?

People, countries, and corporations are beginning to take steps to bring about positive social change.

What was the Kyoto Protocol intended to do?

Provide a multinational response that would collectively reduce global emissions of greenhouse gases.

Which of the following are possible explanations for the finding that racial and ethnic minorities make up a large percentage of the people living near dangerous sites?

Racial and ethnic minorities possess less political power than others and cannot prevent toxic sites from being located in their backyards, or racial and ethnic minorities settle near the sites after they are constructed, because economics and forces of discrimination push them into less desirable living areas. Answer: Both are possible

Which of the following is true about the rates of disease and death in many racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S.?

They are mainly caused by environmental factors

Which of the following is true about efforts to curb air pollution during the 1984 and 2008 Summer Olympics?

They were successful but not sustained after the events.

Although women continue to live longer than men on average, the gap in terms of life expectancy is decreasing.

True

Polio is a disease that was almost eradicated, but there are still new cases that appear due to the failure to immunize all children. Researchers keep close tabs on how many new cases of this disease occur each year in the hope that it will soon cease to exist. This enumeration is an example of

incidence

Recently, medical schools have practiced ______ by admitting increasing numbers of women and African Americans.

inclusion

The founding of the American Medical Association in 1848 to standardize education and licensing of doctors was the beginning of the

institutionalization of health care

The vast majority of Americans feel that cloning a human

is morally wrong

Under the leadership of the American Medical Association in the mid-1800s, "regular" doctors marginalized which groups?

lay practitioners, sectarian doctors, and female physicians

In 1994, President Clinton issued an executive order that required all federal agencies to ensure that

low-income and minority communities have access to better information about their environment.

Sociologists view many aspects of biotechnology as an extension of the recent trend toward the ______ of society

medicalization

Auguste Comte saw societies as moving forward in their thinking from

mythology to the scientific method

The 1986 Electronic Communications Privacy Act requires the authorization of a U.S. attorney general and then the approval of a federal judge before surveillance of which of the following may be made?

telephone calls

The Marxist view of social change is appealing to some because it

promotes change as a means of eliminating social inequality and permits people to seize their freedom from injustice.

Women are more likely than men to

seek medical treatment

Émile Durkheim contended that societies progressed from ______ forms of social organization.

simple to more complex

Practitioners of holistic medicine in the United States

sometimes have medical degrees and rely on diagnostic machines.

The form of culture in which humans modify the environment to suit our wants and needs is referred to as

technology