sociology exam 3

Old vs. New St. Patty's Day

Now Chicago river is turned green Fighting about holidays isn't new

Risks: Culture

-ulrich beck argues that complex modern societies are characterized by many, often unrecognized risks - maybe we are changing too fast and accepting risks too quickly -Frank Furedi (1947-present) wrote a book criticizing Ulrich Beck - Furedi warns that worrying too much about risk may make progress impossible -the terms "culturally deprived"/"cultural disadvantaged" flourished in the 1960s, then fell out of favor -in the 1980s, "at risk" emerged as a new all purpose

18th century medical education

-using the cadavers of hanged criminals -idea that when Christ returned, he would raise the dead, if you body was in tact -surgeons needed cadavers to learn about anatomy -awful punishment: people were terrified of this -horror of medical procedures -there were not enough hangings -medical schools needed lots of cadavers so they got grave robbers or "resurrection men" to supply them, paying people to get bodies out from underground for medical schools

Social mobility

Idea that you are able and can move through the class structure It is more limited than Americans' like to imagine : parents' class has a lot to do their children's class Moreover, other developed nations have more mobility than the US Income is related to ethnicity Longevity - the richest American men live 15 years longer than the poorest 1 percent In general, whites are making more money than AA's and Latinos and have more money than them

Equality

Is about status, ex. transgender inequality, what bathroom can I use? Immigration debates are, in part, about who will have status as "American" Anti-immigration was aimed at Chinese During the 19th century, immigrants were linked to alcohol Some people drank too much - tempests?? You would convince people to have a purer lifestyle and not drink New immigrants drank Problem - immigrants from abroad were different New social movement - stop drinking

Halloween Vandalism

Night when young males would go out at night and perform pranks Do the adults that did them wrong Rowdy boys misbehaving - girls not invited Trick or treat = extortion : you can give me a treat or I can play a trick on you (Wassailing allover again, a magical expression) - people come and give you candy After outhouses vanish... toilet paper on trees Holidays are historically pretty rowdy/disorderly Kids on streets = not from the best families Effort to domesticate holidays by inventing traditions - first done by Christmas Traditional Christmas less than 200 years old

PROHIBITION

Movement to stop drinking - especially immigrants Became a symbolic issue for native-born, rural, Protestants Expression of anti-immigration What sorts of purity were at issue? For a short time, Prohibition symbolized the triumph of the old order 18th amendment - illegal to drink Consider the contemporary rhetoric - old grandma's showing patriotism to US saying "STOP ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION" protesting It is all about who gets to have status in America

Devil's Night in Detroit and Camden

Only happens in these 2 places Set buildings on fire Homeless people die

Controversy is Possible

People fight about holidays Ex. MLK day should or shouldn't be a holiday Some rowdiness remains - unreconstructed holiday = Mardi Gras, public drunkenness, women naked Disorder remains a theme - ex. Carbondale Halloween, people come to Carbondale for Halloween celebrations, it was a great time, then too many college kids drinking, (car flipping), Halloween parades, University closed over Halloween - doors were locked, in dorms, you had to go some place else, over dangerous day, did it for 5 years, then opened and was immediate chaos, rowdiness/impulse to celebrate some holidays Overview : celebrations reflect changes in culture and social structure

seek medical diagnosis for 3 reasons

1. thought to reduce stigma and alleviate personal responsibility 2. helps make sense of diffuse and ambiguous problems (provide reason) 3. medical issue, allowing treatment reimbursement, disability support

Death and the DMV" by Vicki Smith

After her death, I had to carry out endless tasks, small and large, bringing Diana's worldly life to a close. Among many other things, I needed to transfer ownership of her car to our name. The story is about my apt at one of the most encumbered bureaucracies of the modern era, the California Department of Motor Vehicles

Counter Argument

Appeals to conservatives - saying things are not getting better, they are getting worst Critics worry about what they perceive as flaws in our society "Blackboard Jungle" movie by Glenn Ford, the students in the movie qualified for Social Security years ago, students in school are delinquents - sign of collapse, these students Youth of today are out of control - our grandparents Will the next generation fail society? Concerns remain --> ex. how the digital age jeopardizes America's future

Max Weber 1864-1920

Argues that there are 3 forms of stratification Economic stratification - class Social stratification - status Political stratification - power Argues that authority took 3 forms Earliest form of power = charismatic leadership, when you were 12 with a group of friends, one friend is the leader of the group, we call this charisma, Greek word means "touched by the gods", you have a special quality that makes people listen to you Hitler was a very charismatic leader - they thought he was the leader/saluted him/greeted people in his name, something about him that people followed Charismatic leaders have the power to inspire - ex. MLK Jr. He says there is a problem with charismatic power - problem is that it is great as long as the leader is THERE, at some point they are going to be gone Southern Christian Leadership Conference - what MLK led Problem of succession - Kings right hand man, Ralph was the man, he stepped up to replace MLK, and fill his shoes, he tried, but he didn't have it, he didn't have as much as MLK did If you want to have a going concern, you cant pass the torch on to someone else Traditional authority is inherited = line of succession, Queen Victoria descendent of kings Boys become king then goes to girls Why are there kings? God chooses them and puts them in power (traditional answer) Parallels between heaven and earth - pic showing that god chooses king to be ruler Traditional authority makes succession orderly - you know who is coming next Problem : no guarantee that next person in line is going to be liked/popular Bloodlines can't guarantee talented leadership Rational-legal authority - depends on rules and organizations - a written set of rules, end of 18th century - founders established the constitution, which spells out how the US will be governed a popular solution, not just for governments, but for universities, businesses, etc. The hallmark of bureaucracy (formal organization) is the organization chart - specifies the different positions How does this differ form informal groups? Weber offers six characteristics - ex. The Norton's Diagram Specialization : an assigned division of labor, ex. doctor, chemist, professor in sociology Competence : training to perform roles, ex. training for different jobs, classes, or courses for police academy, ex PhD in sociology for Prof's job Hierarchy : clear lines of authority, ex. Prof's boss who decides what he teaches/his raise, she has authority, head of department, her boss is dean of arts/sciences, her boss is the inter-provost who oversees all of colleges, her boss is president who reports to board of trustees Rules and regulations : specified procedures to follow Impersonality : who you are shouldn't matter, ex. when you get somewhere, you are treated by when you arrive Formal, written communication : there are records, ex. warehouse filled near UD, with doc's Bureaucracies interlock to create complex social systems - crime There are lots of bureaucracies - prisons, police stations, court houses Systems deal with contingencies - not random These principles allow control over huge spaces - Roman Empire Can extend over long distances And for long periods of time Ex. different Dynasties of China - some short, some long Empires end - but it can take a while Ottoman empire - longest lived bureaucracy Office folklore reveals tensions - snarky comments on bureaucracy Both employees and clients complain about bureaucracy

Industrial Revolution

For sociologists, the key historical event is the shift from agrarian to industrial society Industrial Revolution 10% lived in city, 90% lived in countryside working in agriculture, took 9 farms to feed 10 people You go from the unscheduled fields --> to the scheduled factory People move to city

genius

History is a story of great individuals Newton invents Calculus How did calculus get invented twice at roughly the same time? Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz Jealous of each other Approached differently People who figured out how to do calculus more or less at same time Samuel Morse and Charles Wheatstone - both invented telegraphs in 1939 Lots of these examples Is it the magical genius of people that produce change? Or maybe it is you build upon a stock of knowledge - Genius is located in society Progress is a social accomplishment

holidays

Holidays are collective celebrations, but are often disorderly Holidays were historically celebrated with chaotic manner Lord of Misrule - take humble person, not well-integrated into community, for the holiday, they would declare that this person was in charge, it was a topsy-turvy world We typically value order but today we value drunkenness Guys Fawkes - parading the Guy, collecting $ for the guy, around Halloween - Guys Fawkes was one of the Catholic co-conspirators, they smuggled gun powder into Parliament, idea was to blow up gun powder when everyone was seated together so there is an opportunity to have a Catholica restoration, plot was discovered/conspirators were arrested/executed, Guys Fawkes was poster boy for this, since then he lives on in memory Burning the effigy - big bonfire, people would sing anti-Catholic songs to show hatred for Catholicism - effigy is the Pope (Catholic figure)

Reading - Bureaucracy "McDonald's at the Gym" by Laura L. O'Toole

I argue that despite the corporate mandate for rapid and rationalized (McDonaldized) fitness, local Curves® organizational cultures and client preferences may constitute internal resistance to the McDonaldization process. Image is everything. In particular, the bodies in which we encounter the world are an elemental part of how of how others perceive us and how we orient ourselves to the various settings in which we interact. An inordinate amount of time, money, and psychic energy is wrapped up in working on our bodies, in our bodies. In fact, in contemporary consumer culture, body maintenance and improvement have been elevated to the status of ideal pursuits Concepts of fitness and standards for female beauty have increasingly converged in the consumer culture of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries One major and compelling social force in the late twentieth century is assuredly the concomitant development of increasingly mammoth "appearance industries," including cosmetics, dieting, and more recently a commercial fitness industry Since the late 1990s, a particularly phenomenal development in the area of women's health and fitness has been the establishment and ubiquity of women-only gyms and fitness centers. The niche leader in this area is Curves® for Women, now an internationally franchised operation. Indeed, at this writing, Curves® International is the largest fitness franchise in the world, focused simultaneously on the culturally defined fitness needs of women and addressing these needs in a fully rationalized manner that is consistent with contemporary lifestyles and women's dual, time-consuming roles as workers and family caretakers. In sociological parlance, Curves® can be understood as "McDonaldized" fitness. Ritzer (2004) defines McDonaldization as "the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world (p. 1)," a predominant force that characterizes twentieth and twenty- first century institutional development. An extension of Weber's theory of rationalization (Freund 1968), the McDonaldization thesis specifies efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control through non-human technology as the predominant features of social organization in formal organizations and everyday life practices Gyms and fitness centers provide unique scenarios for understanding both personal and collective experiences of bodywork, community norms, and organizational cultures The first Curves® opened in Harlingen, TX, USA in 1992; its original marketing strategy was to target "small town USA," where fitness opportunities for women were lacking. The system was first franchised in 1995; by 2005 there were over 9,000 facilities on five continents, a demonstrably rapid growth over the 10-year period (Canfield 2004). From its initial small town origins, Curves'® rapid expansion has included the infiltration of urban centers. In Illinois, for example, half of the 350 Curves® franchises are in the Chicago area and the rest are scattered across the downstate. In the US, one in every four fitness clubs is a Curves® (Canfield 2004). Curves® promotes itself as "the first fitness and weight loss facility dedicated to providing affordable, one-stop exercise and nutritional information for women" (Curves® International 2005). The primary product is a 30 minute workout routine, completed on eight to 12 machines separated by "recovery squares," and designed to accomplish both aerobic exercise and strength training for every muscle group. It is designed to be "fast, fun and safe." Every aspect of the Curves® system coheres with the McDonaldization thesis. Ritzer (2004) links efficiency, choosing the optimum means to a given end, with the increased pace of contemporary life (p. 43). Similarly, Rifkin observes (1987): "The artificial time- worlds we have constructed have been accomplished by a radical new temporal value: efficiency. Efficiency is both a value and a method.... [It] is the hallmark and the trademark of contemporary culture" (p. 103). Speed is also the hallmark of Curves® Calculability is defined as encompassing both speed and numerical quantification Finally, the dimension of control through replacement of human with non-human technology (Ritzer 2004, p. 106) is fully actualized in the Curves® system. The workout is designed to incorporate only the specific technology of machines calibrated for women and situated on the circuit. Success is measured by scales and body fat calculators. The staff is trained in the proper use of the machines, which constitute the primary service offered by Curves®, and the only service to which a member is entitled without paying extra fees. In a section of the Curves® website designed for health professionals, the efficacy of this technology is cited in the following claim: Control is thus conceptualized in terms of both women's bodies and the presumed predilections of women's behavior. he Curves program includes all five components of exercise—warm up and cool down, cardio, strength training and stretching—and works every major muscle group, while keeping the heart rate in the target training zone. Although there are many possibilities for the sociological analysis of a massive operation such as Curves®, a small-scale ethnographic study provides a unique opportunity to assess the extent to which the rationalization of fitness is possible, or even desirable, for participants in the program Local cultures and member relationships malltowne Curves®: Affective cultural orientation Despite the striking change in the physical space, the most consistent and defining characteristic of Smalltowne Curves® is the interactive energy of the club. As I have shown, the Curves® program is predicated on both the contemporary cultural trends that constitute McDonaldization and the orientation to time that both Ritzer and Rifkin critique. The most compelling finding of this research, however, ultimately poses a dilemma for Curves® International. Both of the franchises studied might be considered successful, but in very different ways. While it seems evident from the Baylor research that the 30 minute workout must be performed in all of its standardized and scientifically- managed detail to be efficacious for an individual body, building community takes time. Being the "McDonalds of Fitness" is the primary goal of Curves® International, although there is also a claim of providing a supportive community. But it is presumed that women will not continue memberships if they spend too much time at a facility that promises a quick and easy fitness regimen for increasingly "scheduled" lives. Building and maintaining community is time-consuming, however; it is antithetical to the methodology of McDonaldization generally, and Curves®, specifically. McDonald's may be at the gym, but clearly all of the women who are drawn to women-only fitness clubs are not compelled by promises of efficient and effective weight-loss in the least possible amount of time. Perhaps, consumer culture notwithstanding, image is not everything.

Rise of Democracy

The Rise of Democracy followed the Enlightenment - process, idea that we don't have to base our medicine on Aristotle or base ideas from the bible, we can investigate the world and see how it works, we can study stuff and understand what's going on - happening in France 2 visions of world - progress, everything's falling apart Democracy Ratings - darker the blue, the more democratic your government/country were Spread widely 1994 Freedom Around the World map Literacy Rates correlate with democracy, prosperity, etc. Democratic areas tend to be most prosperous areas Progress is spreading, things are getting better

the sociology of the bicycle article

The Sociology of the Bicycle The bicycle came to America three times First two models, of 1819 and 1869 were duds Third model, brought in 1879 was the real thing "Bicycle boom" 1879 model was the best made First successful wheel from England, Colonel Albert A. Pope, father of American bicycle began to manufacture it in Boston, known as the ordinary or high bicycle, good speed, solid rubber tires, smoother ride 1885, the safety bicycle made cycling possible for young and old of both sexes was developed in England 1890, invention of the pneumatic tire assured its success by greatly increasing its speed, and comfort Substantially the same bicycle we use today First group of cyclists in the 80s were eager/athletic Pedestrians were sometimes irked by bicyclists 1869 model, rider's foot power was used more subtly, cranks were on front wheels, wooden wheels with iron tires, heavy/cumbersome, not smooth, called the "bone crusher" By 1871, it passed from the American scene 1819 model known first as "dandy-horse" later as the velocipede was from England Two wheels of equal size connected by a long wooden bar Brief flutter of excitement over this vehicle centered in Boston/Philly, were riding schools opened Novelty wore off/machine disappeared In 1879, wheelmen won a victory when a Massachusetts court ruled that "bicycles cannot be deemed as nuisances but are entitled to the reasonable use of the highways" years later, the Treasury Department classified bikes as carriages rather than as steel products which meant a 10% reduction in the tariff The League of American Wheelmen was formed on May 31, 1889 L.A.W. kept its pledge "to promote the general interests of bicycling, to ascertain, defend and protect the rights of wheelmen" Some men of religion were against biking on Sunday, day of Sabbath Henry Ward Beecher, as early as 1869, saw men on their vehicles going to Church The bicycle was the subject not only of religious but also of medical dispute Antibicyclists said that the cycle path led straight to the hospital or grave Bicycle stoop - ailment of kyphosis bicyclistarum, which was acquired by pedaling in a bent-over position, also cyclists sore throat after a long ride on a dusty road, or bicycle face, a man's continuous worry about keeping his equilibrium while he rode Bicycling will make its mark in the world of sports and US Army College teams Race tracks opened up Wheels in 1896, 200 were sent to Cuba for fighting Some industries suffered adverse effects from the bicycle boom Greatest significance of the bike was the interference it ran for the automobile Bike did the dirty work Repair shops opened L.A.W. sought to repair roads, lighted streets and guideposts at intersections to avoid danger spots for bikers New laws for bikers were put in place Along with these laws/practices and their infractions the system of enforcement was part of the legacy which the bike bequeathed to the automobile when the latter began its reign to the 20th century "Death by the Wheel" The bicycle gave rise in the 90s to the new type of mobility which became the 20th century The bicycle provided a preview on a mini scale of much of the social phenomena which the automobile enlarged upon The automobile displaced the bicycle as a means of transportation Walking is now on its last legs

Bureaucracies have other problems

There are advantages to building bureaucracy They can be slow to adapt - WWI trench warfare As late as the 19th century - battles were fought by masses of troops Defenders now had machine guns In theory, this made no difference In practice, hundreds of thousands of men were slaughtered

Halloween Sadism

There are evil people who give contaminated treats to kids Poison in treats, razor blades in apples This is best understood as contemporary legend - story must be good so someone remembers it/is it good enough to be passed along Used to say mouth but now text/email Never say urban myth That's about gods/goddesses Halloween sadism is like this ^

How can we control organizations?

Tobacco health issue with major company heads, did you know it was bad to smoke, oh no Senator we did not know, they lied under oath We depend on organizations - hospital organizations Organizations can mobilize resources to solve problems, sometimes this works well - campaign to fight Polio, total victory But success poses its own issues - disband? Ex. March of Dimes or find new goal? Prevent birth defects, march of dimes pin Bureaucracies have trouble adapting to change, control and have trouble dealing with success

Civil Rights

Was a struggle over status, ex. four black students sitting at bar for lunch - Woolworths - famous picture Women's rights was also a struggle over status -they deserve same respect as men Gallaudet University - for students who are deaf and hearing impaired Electing new president/was going to be able to hear, but the students protested it - status and respect and rights and power and class are intertwined

Early American Christmas

We have lost the true meaning of Christmas Publick Notice - forbidding the celebration of Christmas New England passes laws to prevent celebration St. Patrick's Day Parade -1867 Nasty Irish men (big jaws, sloping foreheads, hair on face, look like apes) Drunk Irish men attacking NYC police men

What Good News Looks Like

We haven't always concentrated on what was wrong Between 1910 and 1915, articles in the American Journal of Sociology were more than three times as likely to use the word 'equality' than 'inequality', a century later, inequality led equality 50 to 30 It is worth appreciating how much major social indicators in American society changed over the past 100 years Changes do not affect everyone equally Americans rhetoric emphasizes universalism and sets perfection as a standard Problem with perfection as a standard is that it can never be met Promises wont be fulfilled Blocked from opportunities Shortcomings invite the half-empty mindset Isn't wrong, but does not tell the whole story Social change doesn't happen all at once, doesn't happen uniformly across society Social problems do not have single causes so they are unlikely to have simple solutions Good news is never going to be perfect news Social changes tend to be incremental not revolutionary Benefits are almost always uneven We should not forget to appreciate the glass-half-full evidence of real social change

class

class from sociologists point of view refers to the system of economic ranks

Medicine Lecture clicker question: According to Smith and Whooley, everything they say about PTSD except:

there is no evidence that PTSD is a real problem

"why are there so many minorities?" article

what qualifies as a minority? -groups lacking power and experiencing discrimination -who does this definition apply to?

bottom line of risk lecture

contemporary americans' thinking about risk is confused

assigning minority status

department of labor "affirmative action plan" -procedures for the identification, positive recruitment, training and motivation of minority and female apprentices including the establishment of goals and timetables...so as to allow full utilization of the work potential of minorities and women

Louis Wirth

described minorities as -a group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination

advocates

-try to press for change (ex. ribbons for every disease, pink=breast cancer)

breastfeeding as intensive mothering

- "opt-out" mothers: leave high powered jobs to stay home with their children -ambivalence about a society based solely on the competitive pursuit of self-interest -france: offers practical support for mothers -subsidized child care, universal health care, excellent public education -America: isolated and anxious -pressure to be a good mother -breastfeeding required mother to be central caregiver (intensive mothering) -demonstrates child is priceless -great deal of time and commitment -50% of french mothers breastfeed, 75% of american mothers breastfeed -working moms vs stay at home moms (bottle feeding vs breastfeeding -doctors recommend breast feeding -nursing in public areas the link between breasts and sexuality -white, middle class mothers that they treat breastfeeding not as a natural, pleasurable, connective act with their infant but instead as a disembodied project to be researched and managed

19th century medical education

-(ex.professor leading an anatomy lab class) -painting suggests dignity, horror has disappeared, this is now professional becoming more scientific -dr. John Snow - cholera outbreak map of cholera deaths: cause by bad air, people would carry bouquets of flowers to sniff pleasant things (he went to a little neighborhood in London, asked where each of these people live and drew a map of the city and put a dot for each dead person and X's meant the pumps for water ex. broad street pump had lots of deaths, people in poor house weren't dying -the broad street pump is still there today -snow was called stupid for his findings, people then started listening to him, as time went on people could zero in on diseases, and found there are little germs and critters, thats what is causing the disease, not the air -center of city of London - Thames River, sewer and water supply, if you lived in London, this river was your source of drinking water, pumps would pump water out of river into pipes for people to drink, other use of river was for all of the sewage to be dumped, great stench -most important medical advance in history: separate the drinking water from the sewage

james truslow adams, the epic of america (1931)

-(the american dream is) that dream of a land in which life should be better and fuller for every man, with opportunity for each according to his ability or achievement -he outlines the american dream

class: risk

-1962: attitudes with risk changed, bestseller drew attention to the dangers of DDT (and pollution in general) by book Rachel Carson, she focused on the role of DDT (pesticide), bird ate stuff covered in DDT and lay eggs with weak shells they sit on them and kill the baby birds -1964: surgeon generals report squarely blamed smoking for lung cancer and other health problems, consolidated thousands of research studies - worries about the effects of smoking - federal government worrying about this as a public health problem -1965: Ralph Nader wrote about the dangers of automobiles, bestseller warned about safety hazards in the design of American cars, first hit: cars colliding... second hit: what the body hits -these three argue that the government and organizations haven't been looking out for the well being of the citizens -the government is not doing enough - these are riskier - makes life more hazardous

class: medicine

-200 years ago, bleeding was a standard medical treatment (ex. a jar full of leeches, theory of medicine, if you were sick and had bad blood, one thought was that if you apply leeches where the bad blood was, it would suck it out of you) -vaccinations (from cowpox) were greeted with skepticism -medicine was based on what was observed and observable (ex. you could feel bumps on the skull and if one of the brains sectors was particularly large you could push the bone and see if they had a particular type of problem)

Government Risks

-Artis argues that the federal government has promoted breastfeeding by emphasizing protecting infants from the risks -Love Canal (1978) pointed to environmental risks disposing of waste products by dumping them in a ditch, bulldozed it over and they started building houses on top of these disposal ditches- in the neighborhood people argued that they had more health problems - this was a sign that they were being victimized because of risk of living in this area was higher than living in other areas -government now looks for sights that are dangerous -the 1979 accident at Three Mile Island raised doubts about the safety of nuclear power -huge news story - sense of the fact that government isn't looking out for nuclear power

Labor and Capital's 19th Century Struggles Could Be Violent

-Conflict around industrialization -Workers in factories realized they weren't being treated well - so they formed unions to argue together -Caused violent strikes -Works in union will strike -Management brings in other workers to replace union workers -There were bombings, death, terrorism -Compared to our society which sets legal limits for striking, etc. -Marx is making light of all of these conflicts in our society -Lots of labor violence -Class conflates income, occupation, education, and life-style -No one true definition of class -You can divide up society in different ways -Upper, middle, lower -Problem : sociologists hate this system, Americans just typically say "middle class", some people add 4th class -Upper class - 150,000+ - disproportionate amount of influence, inherit -Upper middle class - 100,000+ - white color salaried management and professional employees, advanced college degree -Lower middle class - 30,000-75,000 - bachelors degree -Working class - blue collar and clerical workers, work in uncomfortable environmenys, little job security, household income between $16,000 and $30,000, pride htemselves in doing "real work" -Lower class - prone to job-loss, often work multiple jobs, household income often less than $16,000 -Class can be mapped - education levels in Manhattan -We have a society of inequality -Showed by geography -Step outside of door - look left/right - see people living life just like I was

reading on medicine

-PTSD illustrates how nonprofessionals can engage in medicalization -first DSM didn't include combat related problems -shell shock to battle fatigue to PTSD -now lots of people think they have PTSD - rape victims

expansion of PTSD - present day

-PTSD now includes more civilians, women, and children rather than just soliders -to win inclusion in DSM III- trauma is beyond just combat, but physical (like burn) -PTSD can occur from rape trauma -sexual assault is in DSM VI: combat and rape

class: risk clicker questions

1. Most new mothers: Breastfeed in line with government recommendations 2. The authors of "The right to risk wilderness" propose: establishing no risk wilderness etc.

"breastfeeding at your own risk" article

-US department of health and human services has spent 2 million on advertisements: promoting breast feeding by education about risks -"breast is best" has influence mothers over the past three decades: 75% of mothers breastfeed in 2009 compared to 24% in 1971 -highest among middle class women -way to protect infants health and boost their IQ -breastfeeding is a way to achieve 'good mothering' :selfless and child centered -breast and infant feeding differ by culture, race, class and ethnicity

minority status gains benefits, establishes legitimacy and curtails stigma

-achieving minority status helps to realize two main type of social movements 1. instrumental goals: tangible benefits, including protection from attack 2. expressive goals: positive psychological self image -claim to minority status often reflect quest for personal affirmation an cultural legitimacy

"the right to risk in wilderness" article

-areas where people are totally responsible for their own: no rescue -only few people would go to full risk wilderness areas so not converting -nature would be in charge of a kill, no agency to manage -increasing use and management has brought wilderness to the point where it no longer exists in an absolute sense -no rescue makes it "real", closer to wilderness -wilderness: uncontrolled, unruly setting where a person seeks out challenges and risks

minority rights revolution (1965-1975)

-arose after worldwide emphasis on human rights after WWII -african americans began to be called minorities -policy makers did not say what considered a group to be a minority, but just which were -latinos and native americans seen as minorities too -asian americans were less frequently seen as minorities

horatio alger, jr

-author of popular books -wrote dozens of popular novels about poor boys who became successful -the horatio alger story, poor boy lives in city, does something ex.selling matches, works hard, saves his money very well, one day on side walk, a carriage comes don the street with a girl, the boy rushes out and grabs the horse and grabs, you just saved the life of my daughter, now you come work at my bank, and he marries the boss's daughter, and becomes a senator, success -the rags to riches story -comforting story

expansion of PTSD - first into DSM III

-believed to come on from social factors -event to bring on stress and PTSD outside the range of usual human experience that would cause distress on almost anyone (ex.killing) -loss of a loved one and dealing with combat have similar reactions

helen hacker

-believed women were a minority -argued womens experiences were similar to other minorities such as jeeps and blacks

consumers

-consumers had been assured that these products were safe -ex. tobacco companies having ads saying out cigarettes were safe for you -chevy corvair - singled out by Nader as especially dangerous - engine was in the back, trunk was in the front of the car - particularly dangerous for being ill designed for collisions -in the aftermath of the publicity about Nader's book, Congress began passing laws requiring safety equipment in cars (ex. seat belts, raised headrest in front seat) -government takes steps to making cars safer -people argued that it would make cars more expensive and that nobody would buy cars... it was passed -evolution of state seat belt laws went from no law - secondary to primary - primary enforcement - secondary enforcement -tobacco manufacturers tried touting supposedly safer brands or designs -new laws sough to constrain tobacco use - (ex. warning went from smoking may be dangerous to you health, to complicating pregnancy and causing cancers -graphic labels proposed by the FDA in 2010, gruesome ad pictures showing that cigarettes are bad and cause different health issues

autism epidemic

-diagnosis have increased -a 6000% increase in autism -the idea is that vaccines are causing childhood autism -the rate is huge -typically -but mental retardation diagnosis have declined in the same period -percentage of students with either disorder has remained pretty stable -kids who used to be diagnosed as retarded are now being diagnosed as Autistic -adults receive help for "mild retardation", not autism -but why the change in diagnosis? autism was long stigmatized as an emotional disorder cause by "refrigerator mothers" or poor parenting -idea was that some mothers are cold and indifferent to their children - leads to child having autism - not caused by this -autism is caused by brain chemistry??? -percentage of students with either disorder has remained pretty stable -meanwhile, advocates for mental retardation campaigned to improve special education services (parents with a child with mental retardation could receive better services than those with a child diagnosed as autistic) -schools sometimes refused kids with mental retardation -social services today have expanded greatly -olden ages - reluctant to diagnose kids -today - it can be helpful to diagnose kids -doctors used to not be trained to look for autism

societies

-different societies worry about different risks - cell phone headsets are seen as a cancer risk in the US - cell phones might cause cancer -might not be true -people in Europe - think this is an example of nutty Americans -they think brain cancer is caused about the radiation risk that comes from the cell phone towers - they made laws stating how far a radio tower can be from a school -europeans protest genetically modified "frankenfoods" - we eat these foods three times a day - americans don't worry about it - we worry about radiated food (ex.zapping the food and kills bacteria - so it lasts longer in supermarkets - US is terrified of food radiation) -breast implants - are they a health risk? (filled with saline saline solution or silk) do not last forever- what about this silicon stuff: is it okay for health? 1990 - silicon great implants are connected to tissue disease -to study this you need Epidemiological reasoning -group exposed to risk factor (breast implants, MMR, etc.) incidence of problems -matched group but not exposed to risk factor- incidence of problems in the exposed group must be higher than in the matched or control group -federal government banned silicon implants - then research came out - and showed no evidence for being a risk so now they are allowed to be used

"minority" as a cultural tool

-disabled, gays and lesbians have successfully been labeled minorities -fat people and deaf people are having trouble being seen as minorities -factors include: six of group, cultural trends, political clout, organizational skills, time and money, and degree of which the group is despised or pitied -ultimately, government, business, and academia public decide

facial characteristics

-everything can be fixed -nose jobs, tummy tucks -medical professionals trained to help people feel like everyone else -human growth hormones -baldness and fatness can be fixed too

struggles over status - involve competitions

-ex.immigrants perform the work you don't want to do on a poster -equality: the Gini coefficient shows poorest and richest distribution of income, portrayed by a lorenz curve -in the 30 years following WWII, incomes rose across the board -moved to suburbs -society was becoming more prosperous -every quintile rose the same amounts -over the last 30 years, the increases have mostly gone to the haves -you can see the gap increasing -this society is becoming more unequal -we have more inequality -this has tremendous effects on each quintiles share of income 1970 - top quintile has 43% of money, today the top has more than half, 51% Something is going on in society We hear the middle class is shrinking - what does this mean? More people are moving into the upper middle class or to the lower income class High income - 100,000 or more Middle income - 50,000 to 100,000 Low income - 50,000 or less Being upper middle class - bigger chance you will go to college, more likely to graduate and get an advanced degree, and marry someone who is a college graduate The middle class is shrinking because the upper middle class is growing How are the upper middle class "dream hoarders"? Access to better schools Access to more information Section 529 (tax-sheltered saving for higher education) largely benefits those with higher incomes Legacy admissions Unpaid internships In an ideal world, how much mobility would there be? Childhood experiences shape life chances Bottom Line: inequality is a fundamental feature of social systems

expansion of PTSD - second into DSM IV

-extended what it meant to experience trauma including witnessing an event -PTSD can occur to those who do not directly undergo the trauma -some argue that PTSD should not extend to no life threatening events (ex.divorce) -can develop from indirect witnessing of an event (even on TV)

reassessing PTSD

-has become a broader disease over the past years -60% of soldiers seek mental health as a weakness -40% said interested in receiving help -self stigma have them undermine treatments that would help them -toughing it out continues to be a military strategy -soldiers prefer "battle fatigue" -should not be a disorder for soldiers because it is only natural they act this way after abnormal experiences -VHA spent 3.7 billion for 4 years to care for veterans

karl marx

-he is second of our founding fathers -anti durkeim -tries to argue that society is continuously on the verge of falling apart -marx saw society as a product of economic arrangements -he argues society has 2 layers 1. base: economic system of productions - relations of production/means of production 2.bottom: shapes everything else in society, family, system. superstructure everything not to do with production in society - helps reaffirm the base -problem is that its always unstable -conflicts are built in society -marx says that conflict was central to society -two economic classes in society - working class and capitalist class - they are inevitably always in conflict 1. capitalist class - top, maximize profit, reduce labor costs 2.working class - bottom, maximize wages, improve working conditions -durkheim is one of the 3 founders of sociology -his interest was in what holds this society together -all europeans lived the same

breastfeeding for public health

-important to back up with different facts and make sure recommendation is accurate, but be careful because may stress and guilt mothers who are poor and non-white when they cannot compare to what are believed to be "better" mothers

historical trends in breastfeeding

-in 17th and 18th century influenced by midwives and physicians to breast feed -wet nursing: breastfeeding a child who is not a woman's own when mother was ill or died during childbirth -superior to "hand feeding" -providing milk, tear, or "pap" (mixture of flour, sugar, water, and milk) -north: wet nurse was poor immigrant mothers -south: wet nurse was an African American -by 20th century use of wet nurses has declined -pasteurization made bottle feeding a safe alternative to breastmilk -began mass-marketing formula in the 1950s -by the 1970s, breastfeeding was as low as 24% -groups began protesting saying formula led to many infant deaths (African from Nestle) -breastfeeding rates now continue to rise

biomedicalization

-increasingly new developments: breast cancer gene -brain scans are read to interpret social behavior -more complex than one gene per disease -maybe genetics explains our social problems -dna discoveries (ex.middle class parent you expect your kid to do well in school, if he does not do well then he must have a disease) -molecular medicine must be explored

rank

-inequality is a central topic in sociology -some have huge houses (mansions, or a typical house or in awful areas in mini houses/apt) -in other societies, many people have much less than even impoverished americans -we have a lot of inequality in the US -these differences reflect hierarchies -(ex.military- social institution that shows how a hierarchy works) -(ex.indian caste system - you are born into a caste, live in that same caste - you are in the same caste your grandparents were in,etc) -top: a brahmin women (priests) -wealth/status/look up -kshatryia - warriors -viasya - marchants, landowners -sudra - commoners, peasants, servants -bottom - untouchable children - without caste, ex. homeless dirty kids, street sweepers, latrine cleaners -american tolerate inequality - mansions to hood -but we view it as a product of individual effort

journals

-major medical journals began courting press coverage -(ex. journal of American Medical Association)

just like blacks

-many groups begin to identify as a minorities by agreeing with Wirths statement of pressed victims of discrimination

medical model

-medical language spreads to what were once seen as moral or behavioral problems -is drinking a problem? (ex. AA ad for alcoholics) people drink exactly the same amount -> one person gets in trouble and others don't. drunkards become alcoholics. The 12 step model spreads- modeled on AA, now overeaters anonymous -medicine can be controversial (ex.vaccines are NOT mandatory) and people assume doctors understand what they are doing

is aging a disease?

-men lose sexual drive as they age -(ex.viagra originally a blood pressure medicine, now is used to increase sexual drive for men who suffer from Erectile Dysfunction Disorder)

resistance

-mental health in the military: health and routines violence coexist -change PTS or PTSI (injury referring to a recovery)

20th century medical education

-more aware of importance of hygiene/cleanliness -> masks -medical schools, research literature, libraries, etc. (you are now expected to go and do these things -reforming the medical profession: Rockefeller's reforms: said that we need standards to PROFESSIONALIZE -professionalization: involves setting standards, providing an apparatus for controlling practice -associations control medicine: set standards for their profession -professional education is defined and monitored (ex.MCAT to get into school, additional requirements, standard cirrocumuli, graduates must past board exams, then residencies) -credentials allow access (ex. diplomas and certificates) -family doctor: doctor comes to your house and examines the whole family -heroes of scientific medicine: people receive noble prizes for medicine (ex. Jonah Salk - polio vaccine researcher who received award, polio was terrified -campaign to find a vaccine for polio: didn't work, but the shot every kid in schools, Salk became famous, cover of TIME and picture on stamp -controlling the profession: Brinkley: goat glands, operated for a long time, famous figure, American Medical Association wanted to drive him out of business, no legitimate medical degree, operations have no medical basis. -AMA sought to stamp out quacks: there was not one model of medicine - lots of people believe in different things - rival medical models -it works: the turn to professionalized medicine has had dramatic consequences -life expectancies at birth by race and sex: babies died bc they did not receive vaccinations, everyones life expectancies have gone up (result of adopting the professional medical procedures we have -medical advances change causes of death - used to be flu, tb, gastro infections, now it is heart disease and cancer

real risk reduction

-motor vehicle related deaths per million vehicle miles traveled and annual VMT by year in the US dropped 80% - amazing! How have we reduced traffic fatalities? We made cars safer, safety features in cars, drivers became better

congress

-passed americans with disabilities act in 1995 -argue reason for minority due to characteristics such as: culture, history, and language

Culture

-popular culture celebrated environmental court cases (ex. movies "a civil action" and movies based on true stories) -an environmental justice movement emerged - argues that in general the neighborhoods built on chemical waste or down wind from hazardous industrialism don't have expensive houses - tend to be places where poor people or racial minorities live - someone needs to do something about this -risk factors (term from medicine) became popularized (ex. risk factors chart about smoking, unhealthy eating, and physical inactivity -if you smoke - your risk of getting particular diseases are higher -risks of heart disease - greater if you have high cholesterol, diabetes, or high blood pressure -risks impede on peoples lives

PTSD

-prior to 1980, PTSD did not exist -vietnam veterans believed that people needed to be medicalized -"post vietnam syndrome disorder" then "post combat disorder" -soon became PTSD - traumatized combat soldiers treated as psych patients

the uncertain future of minorities

-problems with minority: 1. african americans argue no other group can compare as they have never been enslaved 2. discomfort with the label 3. attack in a political way -minorities will continue to be a part of our culture

bottom line of medicine lecture:

-professions develop authoritative constructions

Talcott Parsons

-says that the sick role have both rights and responsibilities (one is excused from other role obligations, one is obliged to seek help and try to get better) -being sick is a role: you have certain rights (ex. staying in bed) but also responsibilities (ex. going to a doctor and getting help so you can get better) -on one hand: cut slack: other hand: responsible

tv commercials encourage patient to "ask your doctor"

-tell your doctor you want THIS particular medication, you got the idea from your TV

kleptomania

-the disease of stealing: only afflicts those with money -if you steal and your poor you are a thief but if you steal and you have $$$ you are a kleptomaniac -lady who steals lipstick but has a lot of money -what problems are medical problems?

japanese: tobacco

-the japanese define the tobacco risks very differently - sold by the Japanese government - facial burns to small children - thats what japanese were warned about because they had to comply with international laws but also wanted it to be popular -in an effort to avoid displeasing Japan tobacco (50% owned by the government, which opposes publicizing health risks)(ex. the ads show "soon i won't have to worry any more about almost being hit in the face by a burning cigarette) -UN said governments should take smoking seriously and prevent citizens from using it

beyond official minorities

-the media has helped to confer minority status on several groups -many articles link latinos as the largest minority

"dropping the disorder in PTSD" article

-there are efforts being made to drop the disorder in post traumatic stress disorder -efforts made to recognize June as national post traumatic stress awareness month and June 27 as post traumatic stress awareness day -this involves more than 2.5 million US soldiers -35 years ago, veterans worked to get PTSD looked at as a mental issue -efforts to demedicalize PTSD highlights the vicissitudes of medicalization - the process by which social problems become more defined and treated as medical in nature -American Psychiatric Association began in 1980, but changes have occurred since -neurological and biological mechanisms are still not well understood -meet every decade or so to revise the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

scholars

-they say minority is never about a group size, but rather proportion of power -in US groups are recognized as minority for two ways 1. adderting it - in hopes to get their group recognized 2. assigned minority status by other groups

pediatric radiologists

-toddler shows up to the doctor with a broken arm, he fell out of crib, also possible that mom/dad got frustrated, and struck the child/or yanked his arm (parents doing things that led to the arm being broken) -in medical world there is a status hierarchy - brain/heart surgeons make the most money, drive the nicest cars and at the top, bottom is dermatologist etc., radiologists don't get much respect/credit -pediatric radiologists: identified the battered child syndrome (types of injuries characteristic of physical abuse) -article: said that we have identified the syndrome, how can you diagnose this syndrome, if you give child back, he is going to be back, we need to intervene in the family dynamic and medically

vaccines

-vaccines are a suspect - is autism caused by vaccinations -autism is often diagnosed around the age children are vaccinated -the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine became an early suspect, but Japan eliminated MMR vaccines and autism diagnoses continued to rise -worse, the diseases vaccines were devised to prevent increased -panic in england, should we give children the DTP shot or not? -clear the MMR shot was not affecting diagnosis of autism -another theory - maybe it is thimersol -denmark banned thimersol -NOW the newest theory - maybe its the total number of vaccines your child gets

risk: children

-we spend a lot of time worrying about risks with children -efforts to reduce risk (ex.swings) and risky environment (ex.big wheels) -warding off molesters in london- unwanted sexual predators or adults in childrens play areas -safe swings- note the win area is fenced in so you can't get hit in front or behind it, and the underneath is soft material if kids fall off, and seats are protective/safer) -safer playgrounds -reducing the risks of bicycling - (ex. bikes with training wheels and helmets, elbow pads, knee pads) -backlash to children risks/safety - "the dangerous book for boys", they need to play with knives and scrape their knees and "the daring book for girls"

medicalization

-when life expectancies rose -used to be a 50/50 shot of doctor helping you -people think that doctors understand a lot of things -disease, symptom, syndrome, therapy, treatment -we have increasingly expanded what we consider to be a disease

variations in class and culture

-white middle class mothers: intimate, relational bond between mother and baby by rejecting scheduled infant feedings, mothers care is irreplaceable -white working class mothers: understand benefits of breastfeeding, accepted both ideas, similar to middle class -black working class mother: similar to white working class, important to have older children and family help to take care of baby, reject medical advice about breastfeeding -breastfeeding cultural differences can link back to immigration -mother was born outside the US and immigrated, she was more likely to breastfeed. for each additional year after, the mother had lived in the US, her odds of breastfeeding decreased by 4% -problematic science: breastfeeding is believed to raise IQ -even if mother is HIV positive, can have many benefits, especially if a third world country with poor conditions

class: rank clicker questions

1. Brooks (superiority complex) argues that: status is awarded in segmented social worlds 2. Berbier (why are there so many minorities) argues that: many groups claim themselves to blacks

Ronald O'Bryan

Convicted and executed for killing his son with a poisoned treat Took out $20,000 life insurance policy He filled a pixie stick with cyanide for a 'special treat' Took Timmy trick-or-treating, he eats it, and dies He calls the police - an anonymous person killed my son After 3 days, this isn't right, he purchased cyanide, no other kids had poisoned candy, and bought life insurance - he was tried/executed without evening acknowledging what he had done

DMV

DMV and bureaucracy have a bad name Now DMV is slick/quick Its notoriously known for slow bureaucracy Bureaucracy has a bad name - we think of it sort of as an inefficient, impersonal, slow, annoying process It seems incomprehensibly complex - ex. affordable health care act by Obama Bureaucracy is complicated but also wasteful with resources, uncaring (nobody cares about you - doesn't treat you like a snowflake, more like a number) Bureaucracy seems ubiquitous - we are surrounded by it - it is everywhere We complain about it, make fun of it yet we have a lot of it

class: holidays

Domesticating tradition Holidays and values Inclusion and American holidays Overview : Celebrations reflect changes in culture and social structure Clicker - When early nineteenth-century Philadelphians spoke of the "Christmas disgrace" they were complaining about: the riotous, disorderly manner the holiday was celebrated

Change

Fundamental topic in sociology, sociologists try to explain how society changes Americans equate change with progress - we envision history as the story of progress Manifest destiny and cultural optimism - ex. 19th century vision of the American story painting, goddess Columbia, she was a symbol of America, feminine version of Uncle Sam Western Expansion - Rocky Mountains, cities, people crossing to the West, we are going to fill continent and make it better

End of 19th century Christmas was now child-centered

Halloween had always been celebrated in diverse ways : some spooky (book, idea young woman with candle in darken room, go stand in front of mirror and will see man she will marry) Not one official way of celebrating Fall festival time Halloween now is holiday for little tiny kids wearing costumes going door-to-door, not even dark, daylight Trick or treating is a relatively recent innovation after WW2 Halloween custom An anti-delinquency measure to prevent hooligans Store bought equipment Ex. kid in Tiger onesie costumer and plastic orange pumpkin bucket Halloween was work Planning, where you go first, what you're going to do, committing minor acts of vandalism It was effort Now a days, little kids come with shopping bag, and say "trick or treat" and you give them candy CONSUMPTION ETHIC Holiday went from being production --> consumption #2 lucrative ($$$) holiday of the year for business Young adults go to costume parties too Shift from holiday that was rowdy --> domesticated Stores open up all over with just Halloween stuff for one night a year Halloween retains scary theme Supernatural, scary Problem : most of us stop believing this, but we do believe in criminals

Folklores

One of the earliest folklorists were the Grim Brothers from Germany who went around/asked old people to tell them stories, they wrote books/fairy tales, quite gruesome A lot of them start about a kid going into a forest, ex. Goldie Locks and 3 Bears, Little Red Riding Hood Folklorists recall this repeated element a motif Starts by going into the forest Forest = edge of town, you don't know what will happen there There are all these issues in shopping malls to capture kids because it's a place to mingle How dangerous the world is Malls love idea to trick or treat at mall - its lit and safe Or go to Church and trick or treat at parking lot in trunks, nobody in Congregation will poison them

Mummers

Philadelphia rowdiness = contemporary mummers parade Guys are performing synchronized dance steps

Thomas Nast's 19th Century Santa

Poem Big effect on shaping Christmas Idea that Santa Claus will be fat, in fur lined outfit, sack over shoulder, carrying toys, coming down chimney Famous drawing defining who Santa is Santa is a smoker

George Ritzer (1940-)

Prof at UMD, wrote books about McDonaldization -- modern bureaucracy He argues that we have created a new variant on bureaucracy Narrowly defined work roles - ex. French Fry worker knows how to make the French fry's - you know what this food is going to be like going in Anybody can learn to work at McDonald's - it is rigidly scripted interaction Set up so it is very smooth and efficient, speed/reliability You know exactly what you are going to get From a limited menu - started from this Now there is options for different ages and life-styles, ex. Happy Meal or Asian Salad US Japan - an empire that spans the world - they have different foods than we have here, attempts to make differences, but all fast, lean system Not completely true - but close - "No two countries that both had McDonald's had fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald's" - Thomas Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree (1999) McDonalds is a sign of stability - not set up in bad areas McDonaldization has its pluses and its minuses The McDonaldization model - a brand environment, has been adopted by lots of firms, aimed at assorted life-styles, ex. Disney, Cruises, Starbucks Coffee - they all have McDonald's approach

Class - Change

Progress, decay, inevitability Resisting and promoting change Predicting the change The bottom line : change not only shapes, but is shaped by society Clicker - nineteenth-century Americans : debated whether the bicycle posed religious or medical problems Clicker - "what good news looks like" argues that understanding social change requires : appreciating both glass-half-full and glass-half-empty orientations

19th Century

Sociology emerged in the nineteenth century in an effort to understand this historic transformation What happened? Emile Durkheim is interested in the glue that holds society together He talks about mechanical solidarity - pre-industrial society people had a minimal division of labor, all work same position group in the fields He says it shifts to organic solidarity - people now have an elaborate division of labor, women working in factory have very specific jobs, different jobs/tasks - all different parts have a service/purpose Society has become a giant organism Social solidarity has changed Karl Marx vision shows that there is conflict He saw industrialization as a source of class conflict Max Weber has different point of view He asks why did capitalism develop when/where it did? If you look at Europe you see there are different places there that become Capitalistic and others that don't - key to this is Protestantism Protestant Ethic - lots of progress Success as a sign of God's favor Silversmith - more money than you know what to do with, a person who makes you stuff out of silver, embodiment of the American innovator Leads to individualism as a value - Weber says look, the traditional Catholic parish is where people go to Church, priest stands up (only one in town who can read), he will talk to congregation, intermediary between congregation and god World view that encourages you to be an individual and take chances People who succeed in world may be a sign of god's favor

Storming of the Bastille/France

Storming of the Bastille - French Revolution, big deal, not everyone holds such cheery views, The French Revolution was viewed with horror - scary stuff French Revolution overthrew Royalty/Church --> to create a Democratic Government Guillotines were used - to kill, quick France - center of lots of things, ex. science/scholarship/architecture French Revolution was a shocking spectacle in Europe - this could happen anywhere

Bureaucracy

Tallahassee's police headquarter - 2008, Prof's fam, drove there and they had a U-Haul truck and a car, they drove there, stayed in a motel in GA, then they drove to a jungle in Northern FL to a pit stop, they walk out to car, it doesn't have a license plate on it - they panicked and they called the DMV in DE and said our license plate was stolen - go file a police report - we will file it in Tallahassee - but you have to report it where it was stolen - they went in and said "we lost our license plate" then went into see detective, so "Where was it stolen", we think in GA, writes on paper, and hands it to them, take report to DE and they will give you a license plate - put cardboard in place saying its missing, came to DE DMW with form and asks for $20, and says "okay, here is the license plate" this is bureaucracy

Max Weber (1864-1920)

The 3rd founder of sociology German Complicated figure He argues that there are 3 dimensions Criticizes Marx Unlike Marx, who saw class as the central hierarchy in society, Weber argued that there were three systems for ranking : (1) class FINISH

STATUS

The respect honor or esteem someone has You don't worry about your social class You worry about your status Isn't nice and clear When most of us hear the word, we think of expensive status symbols, ex. diamonds/expensive cars (symbol of your status) But all statuses, high and low, have status symbols, ex. homelessness Everybody has status Status can be correlated with social class - people at a yacht club, they have a lot of money But all groups have their own status markers, ex. Christian Motorcyclists - their religion is their status Not just class Can be religion Even prisoners and gang members have status symbols - ex. prisoners decorated with tattoos all over their body

Class - Bureaucracy

Types of authority Rise of bureaucracy Organizational challenges Overview : Bureaucracy is an accomplishment, as well as an irritant Clicker - O'Toole says that Curves ® offers McDonalized gyms, this means: the gym experience is intended to be fast and efficient Clicker - Smith was at the DMV: to transfer a title following her sister's death

Holidays and Diversity

Who is going to celebrate and how Hanukkah Bush - have menorah and then have a tree with Hanukkah decorations on it to celebrate Kwanzaa - inventing traditions, values, red, green, orange Labor Day - 1882, New York, big holiday when it starts, big parade of different unions wearing some sort of uniform an expression of solidarity and to demonstrate the important contribution that labor makes Used to be a sacred holiday of honor Now we celebrate it as a party on labor day, 3 day weekend - secularization Sacred holiday --> secular holiday (values are largely forgotten) 4th of July - commemorates declaration of independence, major holiday celebrate with local politicians giving speeches on America's greatness Ex. Coldwater, Kansas -1860s did this Today, we have BBQ's and is domesticated/secular at same time Pulaski Day - was a general in war, Polish, legislature in Illinois got in fight about MLK's bday about a holiday, so how come African American's get a holiday but Polish don't So kids here get off for this day and MLK day Legitimizing ethnicity Columbus Day - figure that is important in American history, people thought of Columbus as not British, non-British person who discovered America Later in 19th century - Columbus becomes Catholic icon He mistreated Native People He started slavery Many AA's see him as bad Cinco de Mayo - secularized as an opportunity to drink Tequila and Corona Gay Pride Day - we are going to show off who we are, symbolic recognition of who they are

Roman Empire

Why did the Roman Empire collapse? What happened to Rome People lost sight of their values/started to do different things

change

You cant fight progress Change is not necessarily welcomed - Perry opens Japan Commodore Perry Japanese wanted nothing to do with rest of the world People in the West wanted to trade with Japan Originally, Japanese attempted to confine foreign traders to designated outposts at ports Japanese opened door a little bit Dutch brought guns to Japan - they adopted Western technology - such as firearms Japanese had culture around Samurai ethic - lifestyle based about honor/hacking people up with swords Guns can only be sold to the government but this violated the samurai ethic Meiji Restoration - fearing colonization, Japan decided to modernize Send young people to West/US and learn how things are done in other countries and come back and make us modern Emperor of Japan having his picture taken - wearing what a modern leader would wear, weird, European style sword, whole nine yards, shows that they are assuming change 1905 - Japan defeats Russia on Land/Sea Point is that change is not inevitable, something that you may or may not abide by US Founding with idea of innovation Promoting innovation is built into the Constitution Allows individuals who have good ideas, to own those ideas, ex. patents/copyrights Founders trying to protect innovation Should be able to benefit from it Encourages people to innovate England also had a patent system - had to find a sponsor/hook their name to it Predictions We aren't always good at predicting change Airplanes Very influential invention Captured people's imagination People can now fly Were airplanes going to end war, racial/gender differences AA can fly just as well as white Women fly just as good as men How could racism/sexism possibly continue Airmindedness - idea to get children airminded, emphasis to get kids to build model airplanes The Flying Car Cars were being adapted The atomic age produced similar fantasies - nuclear future after bombs were dropped on Japan Ex. Ford's Nucleon - not good at predicting future/we are terrible actually Personal Computers Had 40 megabytes of RAM Early Apple - first brand computer Computer is going to change your life Professors computer was established in parts - very expensive Early predictions were mostly wrong -ex. manage your bank account, dinner menu Word processing emerges IBM was synonymous with computers - arrived here late, didn't realize why anyone wanted a computer, really failed to understand what was going to happen Bill Gates had operating system which people could buy - world's largest fortune The money was in the software Even people who know a lot are still not good at understanding what change is about VCR Predictions or VCR's weren't much better People start renting movies Blockbuster Until the newest new technology arrives - streaming like Netflix People aren't good at foreseeing what is going to happen Bottom Line: Change not only shapes, but is shaped by society