Sociology Exam 3
4 percent
30 percent of U.S. couples share most of the housework while 25 percent in Great Britain do. What percent share the housework in Japanese households? 4 percent 10 percent 17 percent 22 percent
25 percent
57 percent of women considered themselves feminists in 1987. What percent considered themselves feminists in 2001? 25 percent 35 percent 45 percent 55 percent
feminism
The belief in social, economic, and political equality for women is referred to as social equality. glass escalator. feminism. none of these
multiple masculinities
The belief that men play a variety of gender roles, including a nurturing-caring role and an effeminate-gay role, in addition to their traditional gender role of dominating women, is called multidimensional male. multiple masculinities. multifaceted man. none of these
False
The term "racial group" is used to describe a group that is set apart from others because of obvious cultural distinctions. True False
color-blind racism
The use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo is referred to as color-blind racism. prejudice. discriminatory racism. none of these
both the 1960s and the 1970s
When did the second wave of feminism emerge and come into full force? 1950s 1960s 1970s both the 1960s and the 1970s
class system
a social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility
open system
a social system in which the position of each individual is influenced by his or her achieved status
closed system
a social system in which there is little or no possibility of individual social mobility
stratification
a structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society
achieved status
a social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts
economic position
A class system employs a social ranking based primarily on age. caste. economic position. religious and ethnic background.
social inequality
A condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is called socialization. status. social structure. social inequality.
True
A conflict theorist argues that men's work is uniformly valued, while women's work (whether unpaid labor in the home or wage labor) is devalued. True False
the underclass
A family lives in a remote area of Appalachia, where coal mines that once employed many workers have been idle for years. There are no jobs in the area, the distant schools are poorly funded, and because of the remote location, there are no churches or medical facilities nearby. These poor, chronically unemployed people who barely survive from winter to winter are an example of the underclass. structural mobility. an estate. false consciousness.
institutional discrimination
A gym buys uniforms for its employees. All of the uniforms are in a men's large, and the gym hires only people who will comfortably fit into the uniforms. As a result of this policy, the gym does not hire any women. This would be an example of instrumentality. expressiveness. institutional discrimination. pluralism.
whose members have significantly less control over their own lives than the members of a dominant group
A minority group is a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences. that is set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. whose members have significantly less control over their own lives than the members of a dominant group. that has reached very moral decisions about a way of life.
all of these
A small body of scholarship suggests that traditional gender roles may be disadvantageous to men in that in the 1980s, girls were more likely to go to college than boys. by 2006, women accounted for over 57 percent of college students nationwide. in 2002, more women than men in the U.S. earned a doctoral degree. all of these
people who share the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of their class position.
A status group refers to people who share a similar level of wealth and income. people who share the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of their class position. members of a class who have a subjective awareness regarding their common vested interests and need for collective political action to bring about social change. a feudal class.
unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group.
A stereotype is a (an) factually induced belief about another person. unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group. person or group that one blames irrationally for one's own problems or difficulties. belief that one race is superior and that all others are innately inferior.
open stratification system
A stratification system that implies that the position of each individual is influenced by the person's achieved status is referred to as a (an) open stratification system. closed stratification system. egalitarian class system. fractured class system.
slavery
A system of enforced servitude in which people are legally owned by others is known as feudalism. slavery. communism. a caste system.
estate system
A system of stratification under which peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection was known as a (an) estate system. slavery system. caste system. feudal system.
upward intergenerational mobility
A woman who was born and raised in a poor family becomes a regional supervisor for the U.S. Postal Service. She has experienced structural mobility. horizontal mobility. upward intergenerational mobility. institutional mobility.
women
According to Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales, the expressive role is performed by men. women. children. whichever adult has a career.
the southeast
According to the 2000 census, which geographic area of the U.S. contains the highest percentage of minority groups by county? the northwest the northeast the southeast the southwest
attained by a person largely through his or her own effort.
Achieved status is a social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts. assigned to a person by peers, without regard to the person's unique talents or characteristics. assigned to an individual at birth. given to an individual based upon his or her age, race, or gender.
functionalist perspective
Although it does not explicitly endorse traditional gender roles, which sociological perspective implies that dividing tasks between spouses is beneficial for the family unit? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
both the functionalist and conflict perspectives
Although male dominance in cross-sex conversations is an example of a microlevel analysis, it is also a reflection of macrolevel relationships. Which sociological perspective would focus on the macrolevel forces that influence these male-female conversations? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective both the functionalist and conflict perspectives
combining a majority group and a minority group through intermarriage to form a new group.
Amalgamation refers to the process of combining a majority group and a minority group through intermarriage to form a new group. expelling a group of people from a territory. deliberately and systematically killing an entire people or the members of a nation. forsaking a cultural identity in order to become part of a different culture.
Karl Marx
An approach to racism which emphasizes that racism keeps minorities in low-paying jobs, thereby supplying the capitalist ruling class with a pool of cheap labor, is based on the work of which classical theorist? Émile Durkheim Talcott Parsons Karl Marx Auguste Comte
assigned to a person without regard to the person's unique characteristics or talents.
An ascribed status is a social position attained by a person largely through his or her own effort. assigned to a person without regard to the person's unique characteristics or talents. based solely on income and wealth. based solely on lifestyle.
that is set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns.
An ethnic group is a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences. that is set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. whose members have significantly less control over their own lives than the members of a dominant group. that has reached very moral decisions about a way of life.
income
An individual's salary and wages are referred to as wealth. income. prosperity. finances.
a glass ceiling
An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity is known as pluralism. a glass ceiling. institutional discrimination. exploitation theory.
the glass ceiling
An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity, is called expressiveness. a gender role. the glass ceiling. instrumentality.
anti-semitism
Anti-Jewish prejudice
racial group
Asian Americans are identified in the text as an example of a (an) ethnic group. racial group. reference group. status group.
the feminization of poverty
By 2008, the number of female householders accounted for 51 percent of the poor in the U.S. This alarming trend is referred to as discriminating poverty. elementary poverty. the feminization of poverty. dramatic poverty.
the means of production are largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profit.
Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are collectively owned. all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce. the means of production are largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profit. none of these
ethnic groups
Characteristics of national origin or distinctive cultural patterns are used primarily by a society to set apart minority groups. ethnic groups. racial groups. polarization groups.
a reflection of the subjugation of one group, such as women, by another group, such as men.
Conflict theorists would view gender differences as a reflection of the subjugation of one group, such as women, by another group, such as men. necessary for the effective accomplishment of family and societal tasks. unrelated to the overall exploitation and injustice found in capitalist societies. all of these
True
Discriminatory practices continue in part because various individuals and groups actually benefit from racial and ethnic discrimination in terms of money, status, and influence. True False
interactionist perspective
Educators are concerned about the reasons girls and young women are affected by the verbal dominance of males in classroom settings. Which sociological perspective would be most likely to address this issue? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life are superior to all others.
Ethnocentrism refers to a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, such as a racial or ethnic minority. the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice. the process by which a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture. the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life are superior to all others.
Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the U.S. as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism.
Exploitation theory is a Weberian theory that views racial subordination as benefiting society, because it creates a supply of cheap labor. Parsonian theory that views ethnic subordination as a means of regulating social interactions between dominant and subordinate groups. Spencerian theory that views ethnic subordination as a valuable means of social control. Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the U.S. as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism.
expelling a group of people from a territory.
Expulsion refers to the process of combining a majority group and a minority group through intermarriage to form a new group. expelling a group of people from a territory. deliberately and systematically killing an entire people or the members of a nation. forsaking a cultural identity in order to become part of a different culture.
homophobia
Fear of and prejudice against homosexuality is called homophobia. gay fright. ebonics. heterophobia.
deliberately and systematically killing an entire people or the members of a nation.
Genocide refers to the process of combining a majority group and a minority group through intermarriage to form a new group. expelling a group of people from a territory. deliberately and systematically killing an entire people or the members of a nation. forsaking a cultural identity in order to become part of a different culture.
ethnic groups
German Americans, Italian Americans, and Norwegian Americans are all examples of racial groups. ethnic groups. stereotypes. none of these
all of these
Hate crime laws are directed at crimes involving issues of race/ethnicity. religion. sexual orientation. all of these
Japanese Americans
In 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed unprecedented legislation entitled the Civil Liberties Act, which required the federal government to apologize for the forced relocation of ____________________ to "evacuation camps" during World War II. Japanese Americans Jewish Americans African Americans Vietnamese Americans
class consciousness
In Karl Marx's view, a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change
primary mode of economic production
In Karl Marx's view, social relations during any period of history depend on who controls the mass media. primary mode of economic production. legislature. most powerful religious organizations.
people hold three distinct ranks in society.
In Max Weber's view people hold three distinct ranks in society. our position in a stratification system reflects some combination of class, stigma, and power. our rank in society is determined by four separate variables. all of these
extra month of 24-hour days
In a year, Arlie Hochschild concluded women work how much more time compared to men due to the notion of second shift? 7 more hours 7 more days 2 more weeks extra month of 24-hour days
surgeons and panhandlers
In national surveys of occupational prestige rankings in the U.S., the highest score and the lowest scores are received by __________, respectively. librarians and janitors sociologists and street-corner drug dealers surgeons and panhandlers dentists and waiters and waitresses
experience unequal treatment
In sociological terms, members of a minority group experience unequal treatment. are outnumbered by the dominant group. speak a different language than the dominant group. are members of a different religious group than the dominant group.
all of these
In sociological terms, members of a minority group experience unequal treatment. have a strong sense of group solidarity. generally marry others from the same group. all of these
upper class
In sociologist Daniel Rossides's model of the class system of the U.S., which social class contains the smallest portion of the population? lower class lower-middle class working class upper class
False
In the view of sociologists, the total number of people in a group determines the group's status as either a social minority or dominant group. True False
1920
In what year did women win the right to vote in national elections? 1865 1895 1920 1945
denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of society.
Institutional discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of society. belief that individuals or groups should be denied equal rights and opportunities. stereotyping of people who work in public or private institutions. establishment of laws that intentionally deny opportunities and equal rights to members of minority groups.
enforce official segregation.
Jim Crow laws were passed in Southern states to enforce official segregation. force legal integration. allow enslavement of Blacks. all of these
class differentiation
Karl Marx argued that social, economic, and political inequalities are dependent on class differentiation. achieved status. the Protestant work ethic. religious factors.
a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change.
Karl Marx used the concept of class consciousness to refer to an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect its objective position. the reputation that a particular individual has within an occupation. a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change. the respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society.
the working class
Karl Marx used the term "proletariat" to refer to the capitalist class. the owners of the means of production. the working class. the middle class.
bourgeoisie
Karl Marx's term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of production
proletariat
Karl Marx's term for the working class in a capitalist society
power
Max Weber defined __________ as the ability to exercise one's will over others. control status class power
life chances
Max Weber referred to people's opportunities to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable experiences as power. wealth. life chances. status.
wealth and income
Max Weber uses the term "class" to refer to people who share a similar level of culture. wealth and income. power. esteem.
True
Most people do not display strictly "masculine" or "feminine" qualities all the time. True False
extent to which political liberties and relative prosperity could contribute to a false consciousness.
One shortcoming of Karl Marx's work is that he failed to anticipate the end of feudalism. extent to which political liberties and relative prosperity could contribute to a false consciousness. effects of alienated labor on the working class. conflict between various capitalist nations.
an ideal more than reality.
Pluralism in the U.S. is considered a social norm. an ideal more than reality. a reality more than an ideal. a common socialized practice.
attitude is to behavior
Prejudice is to discrimination as norm is to value. attitude is to behavior. behavior is to attitude. good is to bad.
respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society.
Prestige refers to the reputation that a particular individual has within an occupation. ability to exercise one's will over others. respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society. people who have similar levels of wealth and income.
a belief that one race is supreme and that all others are innately inferior.
Racism is defined as a belief that one race is supreme and that all others are innately inferior. the tendency of people to respond to and act on the basis of stereotypes. the systematic killing of an entire people or nation. the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice.
have led to the emergence of an Internet gap AND the creation of the "digital divide."
Recent studies suggest that computers are readily available in the U.S. and have proved to be an effective device for integrating all ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic groups. have led to the emergence of an Internet gap that divides society into haves and have-nots based on financial ability to access the Internet. have led to the creation of the "digital divide," a new form of social inequality in the U.S. have led to the emergence of an Internet gap AND the creation of the "digital divide."
female characters were portrayed as passive and in need of strong males.
Research on children's books published in the U.S. in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s indicates that females were significantly overrepresented in central roles and illustrations. female characters were portrayed as passive and in need of strong males. females were portrayed as competent and generally equal to males. all of these
physically separating two groups; it is often imposed on a minority group by a dominant group.
Segregation refers to the act of deliberately and systematically killing the members of an ethnic, racial, or nationality group. physically separating two groups; it is often imposed on a minority group by a dominant group. combining a majority and a minority group through intermarriage. denying opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons.
all of these
Sociologist Michelle Budig discovered that men are uniformly advantaged in female occupations. in certain occupations, men are more likely than women to be encouraged to become administrators. the glass ceiling does not exist for men who are employed in female-dominated occupations. all of these
False
Sociologist Michelle Budig suggested that women are more advantaged when working in male occupations because of the existence of the glass ceiling. True False
all of these
Sociologist Ralf Dahrendorf suggests that among the most powerful groups in society are managers of industry. heads of the government bureaucracy. legislators. all of these
minority groups
Sociologists have identified five basic properties—unequal treatment, physical or cultural traits, ascribed status, solidarity, and in-group marriage—to describe minority groups. racial groups. ethnic groups. polarization.
closed stratification system
Some analysts suggest that inner-city riots have frequently occurred when poor people realize that their chances of climbing out of poverty are unlikely, because of the structure of our social system. Their frustration is based on their perception that they are living in a (an) open stratification system. closed stratification system. egalitarian class system. fractured class system.
inevitable.
Some radical feminist theorists view the oppression of women in male-dominated societies as retribution. inevitable. hyperreactive. merely a falsity.
True
Taking into account age, education, marital status, children, occupational specialization, work experience, and hours worked in a year reduced the pay gap between men and women by only 3 cents. True False
Arlie Hochschild.
The "second shift," which refers to the double burden borne by many women—work outside the home followed by child care and housework—was the subject of analysis by Letty Cottin Pogrebin. Heidi Hartmann. Susan Shaw. Arlie Hochschild.
amalgamation
The belief that the U.S. was a "melting pot," which became very compelling in the first part of the twentieth century, suggested that the nation had an almost divine mission to produce pluralism. amalgamation. segregation. assimilation.
institutional discrimination
The civil rights movement of the 1960s had little impact on school segregation. housing segregation. institutional discrimination. employment segregation.
absolute poverty
The commonly used "poverty line" measure of poverty used by the federal government is used to measure which type of poverty? relative poverty absolute poverty elementary poverty dramatic poverty
states that interracial contact between people of equal status will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon previous stereotypes.
The contact hypothesis is a Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the U.S. as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism. states that interracial contact between people of equal status will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon previous stereotypes. was a theory that gave moral support to the continued existence of apartheid in South Africa. is a Parsonian theory that views ethnic subordination as a means of regulating social interactions between dominant and subordinate groups.
False
The contact hypothesis suggests that if an African-American boss and her Italian employee work together for several years in the same office, they will become more prejudiced toward one another. True False
affluent people
The federal tax policies of the last four decades, especially in the 1980s and in the ten years from 2001 to 2010, have favored people below the poverty line. lower-class income earners. middle-class income earners. affluent people.
apartheid
The former policy of the South African government that was designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites was known as institutional discrimination. apartheid. afrocentricity. White power.
sexism
The ideology that one sex is superior to the other is known as sexual harassment. sexism. sex stratification. gender identity.
True
The majority of hate crimes reported to authorities involve racial bias. True False
60
The median household income of Blacks today is still only ________ percent that of Whites. 35 50 60 85
criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence.
The objective method of assessing social class assigns individuals to classes on the basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence. self-assessment. assessments by friends and colleagues. the neighborhoods in which they reside.
True
The overwhelming majority of people begin with a definite sex and quickly receive societal messages about how to behave. True False
racial profiling
The practice of assuming that people who fit certain descriptions are likely to be engaged in illegal activities is referred to as explanative prejudice. racial profiling. institutionalized stereotyping. contact hypothesis.
discrimination
The process of denying opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons is known as stereotyping. ethnocentrism. discrimination. segregation.
True
The social definitions of race and ethnicity affect a person's place and status in a stratification system. True False
they are more encouraged to become administrators.
Though male nurses, grade school teachers, and librarians may experience some scorn in the larger society, within the position they are also scorned. they earn the same as women. they are automatically "better." they are more encouraged to become administrators.
proletariat.
Using an analogy to Marx's analysis of class conflict, conflict theorists would argue that women are in a position comparable to that of the bourgeoisie. proletariat. middle class. upper class.
True
We socially construct our behavior so that male-female differences are either created or exaggerated. True False
all of a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property.
Wealth is all of a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property. salaries and wages. a term used by Max Weber to refer to people who have a similar level of income and prestige. a term used by Thorstein Veblen for people who have the same lifestyle, independent of their class position.
Title IX
What is the name of the federal policy that mandates gender equity in education in federally funded schools? Glass Educational Escalator School Act of 1976 Title IX Feminist Initiative of 1974
84.5 percent
What percentage of the total available wealth did the richest 20 percent of people in the U.S. own in 2002? 84.5 percent 54.5 percent 30 percent 3.5 percent
conspicuous leisure
What term did Thorstein Veblen use to describe the behavior of those at the top of the social hierarchy when they engage in such activities as jetting off to a remote destination for dinner? consumption flow inconspicuous ridicule conspicuous leisure consumptive frivolity
racial group
What term is used by sociologists to describe a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance? ethnic group racial group social group reference group
class, status, and power
Which of the following did Max Weber suggest were analytically distinct components of stratification? conformity, deviance, and social control class, status, and power class, caste, and age class, prestige, and esteem
A + B + C → A
Which of the following equations represents assimilation? A + B + C → A A + B + C = A + B + C A + B + C = D none of these
A + B + C → A + B + C
Which of the following equations would represent pluralism? A + B + C → A A + B + C → A + B + C A + B + C → D none of these
A woman has a career as a stockbroker, and she is also responsible for maintaining the apartment, doing the shopping, and cooking for herself and her husband.
Which of the following illustrates Arlie Hochschild's concept of the "second shift"? A woman works from 9 to 5 as a nurse and then has a second job as a waitress at a local diner. A man has a career as an accountant; when he gets home, he cleans the apartment and makes dinner for his wife, himself, and their children. A woman has a career as a stockbroker, and she is also responsible for maintaining the apartment, doing the shopping, and cooking for herself and her husband. all of these
To save money, a city fires all employees hired during the last three years. During the last three years, the city has had an aggressive minority-hiring program, and the majority of those fired are therefore members of various minority groups.
Which of the following illustrates institutional discrimination? A country club has a rule specifying that no Italians or Jews may be members. A mental institution in New York will not allow residents of Connecticut to receive services in the facility. To save money, a city fires all employees hired during the last three years. During the last three years, the city has had an aggressive minority-hiring program, and the majority of those fired are therefore members of various minority groups. A prejudiced personnel officer refuses to hire women.
women
Which of the following is a minority group in the U.S.? women Protestants Whites all of these
Mary believes that all men are "pigs."
Which of the following is an example of prejudice? John, who lives in Texas, believes that the U.S. is the best country in the world. Mary believes that all men are "pigs." Arnold refuses to hire Catholics to work in his office. Dawn likes to ice skate.
all of these
Which of the following is an example of vertical mobility? A person loses her job as a corporate vice president because of downsizing and remains unemployed for 14 months. An African president is overthrown in a bloodless coup and flees to a neighboring country where he works as a farmer. A National Football League star suffers a career-ending injury and gets a job as an auto mechanic. all of these
all of these
Which of the following is true regarding men in our society run by male-dominated institutions? Men have higher reported rates of certain types of mental illness. Men have a greater likelihood of death due to heart attack. Men feel intense competitive stress from pressure to succeed at work. all of these
all of these
Which of the following is true regarding the treatment of women in many different nations? denied pay equal to men sexually harassed in the workplace fired from jobs because they are pregnant all of these
all of these
Which of the following play an important part in gender-role socialization in the U.S.? the mass media religious institutions educational institutions all of these
relative poverty
Which of the following refers to a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison to the nation as a whole? absolute poverty elementary poverty relative poverty dramatic poverty
social mobility
Which of the following refers to the movement of individuals or groups from one position of society's stratification system to another? social mobility life chances relative poverty social distribution
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective argues that competition for scarce resources results in significant political, economic, and social inequality? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
Among the most important early critiques of women's position in society and culture was John Stuart Mill's The Subjection of Women (originally published in 1869).
Which of the following statements about the feminist movement is true? There was no feminist movement in the U.S. until the 1980s. Among the most important early critiques of women's position in society and culture was John Stuart Mill's The Subjection of Women (originally published in 1869). Modern feminist theory is based on the interactionist perspective. Friedrich Engels argued that the rise of industrialization benefited women.
false consciousness
Which of the following terms did Karl Marx use to refer to an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect the class's objective position? false consciousness bourgeoisie consciousness class consciousness proletariat consciousness
instrumentality
Which of the following terms is used by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales to refer to an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions? identification instrumentality expressiveness gender identity
expressiveness
Which of the following terms is used by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales to refer to concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family? expressiveness identification instrumentality gender roles
stratification
Which of the following terms is used by sociologists to refer to a structured ranking of groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in society? social mobility stratification hypergamy status
castes
Which of the following terms is used to refer to hereditary systems of rank that are relatively fixed, immobile, and generally religiously dictated? tenure slavery castes feudalism
institutional discrimination
Which of the following terms is used to refer to the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of a society? institutional discrimination innovation indoctrination instrumentality
prejudice
Which of the following terms refers to a negative attitude toward an entire category of people? exploitation prejudice discrimination pluralism
glass escalator
Which of the following terms refers to an advantage that men have when employed in female-dominated occupations? glass ceiling glass escalator crystal stairs transparent ascension
gender roles
Which of the following terms refers to expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females? expressiveness gender roles gender schema instrumentality
organizing a birthday lunch at work
Which of the following would be an example of a man redoing traditional gender? fist fighting in public organizing a birthday lunch at work not crying when hurt carrying lots of heavy items
all of these
Which of the following would be included in the matrix of domination? gender race social class all of these
A homeless man in tattered clothes begs in the streets for money and food.
Which of the following would be the best example of absolute poverty? A homeless man in tattered clothes begs in the streets for money and food. A dual-career couple lives in a suburban community and struggles to pay their monthly bills. A family owns only two luxury automobiles, although their friends and neighbors own three such vehicles. none of these
applying to baby-sit
Which of the following would not be considered a violation of traditional gender roles by a female? spitting in public talking knowledgeably about cars applying to baby-sit chewing tobacco
Sue believes poor people are criminals.
Which of the following would not be considered discrimination? Sue believes poor people are criminals. Sue refuses to give Jane a ride to work because Jane is poor. Jane, who is poor, vandalizes the cars of rich people who she believes are snobs. Sue refuses to hire Jane because she is poor.
conflict perspective
Which perspective suggests that men may originally have become powerful in preindustrial times because their size, physical strength, and freedom from childbearing duties allowed them to dominate women physically, but in contemporary societies such considerations are not so important? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
Latinos
Which population group represents the largest minority in the U.S.? African Americans Latinos Asian Americans Jews
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective has influenced the creation of the feminist perspective the most? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective suggests that the higher rates of poverty among single mothers are due to the difficulty women have finding affordable child care, sexual harassment, and sex discrimination in the labor market? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective views race from the macrolevel and purports the economic structure as a central factor in the exploitation of minority groups? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to argue that most talented people would not go to school for many years to become biochemists if they could make as much money and gain as much respect working as elevator operators? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to emphasize that a person's health and educational opportunities are affected by his or her class position in imp?ortant ways functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
feminist perspective
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that studies of social class have tended to neglect the occupations and incomes of women as determinants of social rank, thereby elevating the status of males? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
both Robert Bales and Talcott Parsons
Which sociologist argued that to function most effectively, the family requires adults who specialize in particular roles? Robert Bales Talcott Parsons Margaret Mead both Robert Bales and Talcott Parsons
Herbert Gans
Which sociologist has identified a number of social, economic, and political functions that the poor perform for society (e.g., poor people do society's dirty work at low cost; poverty creates jobs for those in occupations serving the poor; the existence of poor people guarantees the higher status of the more affluent)? Herbert Gans Émile Durkheim Peter Blau Daniel Rossides
William I. Thomas
Which sociologist observed that people respond not only to the objective features of a situation or person but also to the meaning that situation or person has for them? William I. Thomas William Graham Sumner Karl Marx Robert Merton
Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore
Which sociologist(s) argue(s) that stratification is universal and that social inequality is necessary so that people will be motivated to fill functionally important positions? Ralf Dahrendorf Karl Marx Pitirim Sorokin and William Ryan Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore
bourgeoisie
Which term is used by Karl Marx to refer to the capitalist class that owns the means of production? bourgeoisie proletariat peasantry oligarchy
matrix of domination
Which term refers to the convergence of social forces that contributes to the subordinate status of poor non-White women? web of power kitchen prison matrix of domination gender trap
Friedrich Engels
Who argued that women's subjugation coincided with the rise of private property during industrialization? Friedrich Engels Ralf Dahrendorf Talcott Parsons Robert Bales
80 percent
Women earn what percent of every dollar a man earns? 95 percent 90 percent 85 percent 80 percent
False
Worldwide, women hold about 10 percent of corporate managerial positions. True False
exploitation theory
a Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the United States as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism
social inequality
a condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power
relative poverty
a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles are judged to be disadvantage in comparison with the nation as a whole
apartheid
a former policy of the South Africa government, designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites
class
a group of people who have a similar level of wealth and income
ethnic group
a group that is set apart form others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns
caste
a hereditary rank, usually religiously dictated, that tends to be fixed and immobile
socioeconomic status (SES)
a measure of social class that is based on income, education, and occupation
absolute poverty
a minimum level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live below
dominant ideology
a set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests
ascribed status
a social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics
slavery
a system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people
estate system
a system of stratification under which peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services
objective method
a technique for measuring social class that assigns individuals to classes on the basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence
false consciousness
a term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position
feminization of poverty
a trend in which women constitute an increasing proportion of the poor people of both the United States and the world
living wage
a wage that meets workers' basic needs, allowing them to maintain a safe, decent standard of living within their community
capitalism
an economic system in which the means of production are are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits
wealth
an inclusive term encompassing all a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property
contact hypothesis
an interactionist perspective which states that in cooperative circumstances, interracial contact between people of equal status will reduce prejudice
glass ceiling
an invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity
intragenerational mobility
changes in social position within a person's adult life
intergenerational mobility
changes in the social position of children relative to their parents
precarious work
employment that is poorly paid, and from the worker's perspective, insecure and unprotected
discrimination
the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons
social mobility
movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another
status group
people who have the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of their class positions
affirmative action
positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities
conspicuous consumption
purchasing goods not to survive but to flaunt one's superior wealth and social standing
income
salaries and wages
power
the ability to exercise one's will over others
genocide
the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation
underclass
the long-term poor who lack training and skills
vertical mobility
the movement of an individual from one social position to another of a different rank
horizontal mobility
the movement of an individual from one social position to another of the same rank
life chances
the opportunities people have to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences
amalgamation
the process through which a majority group and a minority group combine to form a new gorup
assimilation
the process through which a person forsakes his or her cultural tradition to become part of a different culture
esteem
the reputation that a specific person has earned within an occupation
prestige
the respect and admiration that an occupation holds in a society
ethnocentrism
the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others
color-blind racism
the use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo
