Sociology Exam 4

health

human condition measured by 4 components: physical, mental, social, and spiritual. Culture defines health and illness. Varies from culture to culture. (ex. Germs, a punishment from god, imbalance of forces in body, a hex by another). Significance of naming the illness- implies the cause and treatment for problem. ow people determine that they are sick.

Grade inflation/mediocrity

higher grades given for the same work; a general rise in student grades without a corresponding increase in learning

Fee-for-service system

payment to a physician to diagnose and treat a patient's medical problem (VS universal health care). *Medical care as a citizen right or a commodity to sell

trends in student violence

the average number of annual murders in US Schools for 1992 to 2000 is 29. For 2000-2010, it is 20.4 a drop of 29 percent

trend of children under 18 living with both parents

children under 18 living with their parents are decreasing

families without children

children-16% of married women do not give birth. Likely to increased education and careers for women; more contraception options, legal abortion; children being expensive, cultural emphasis on having material possessions

nuclear family

family consisting of wife, husband, & kid. (More emotional overload possible)

family of procreation

family formed when a couple's first child is born

family of orientation/origin

family in which a person grows up

extended family

family in which relatives, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cohesion live with parents and their children

marriage

group's approved mating arrangements, usually marked by a ritual of some sort

functional illiteracy

high school graduate who has difficulty basic reading and math-skills inadequate for everyday living

social inequality in medical care

is when the wealthy receive superior medical care and the poor inferior medical care

blended families

more divorces mean more blended families.(family whose members were once part of other families)

Father's contact with children after divorced

most common pattern is fathers see children frequently (38%). Similar number of fathers have little contact with their children

mandatory educational laws

require all children to attend school until a specified age or until they complete a minimum grade in school

sandwich generation family

responsible for both their children and their aging parents. Can lead to emotional overwhelm

practices

rituals centering on the things considered sacred. No particular belief or practice is common to all religions

Gender equality in initiating marital violence and impact on possible solution

should concentrate on both men and women

social class placement

social class and mobility. Education leads to a longer life.

belief

some things are sacred (set apart from the ordinary/everyday)

the concepts of the material world

things that are not connected with religion but, instead, are part of ordinary, everyday life.

the concept of a sacred world

things that have to fo with the supernatural, things that inspire awe, reverence, deep respect, or even fear

family

two or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption

cohabitation

unmarried couple living together in a sexual relationship. Couples who cohabitate before marriage have same divorced rate as those who don't cohabit. 23% of all U.S. children are born to cohabiting parents.

hidden curriculum

unwritten goals of schools, such as teaching obedience to authority and conformity to cultural norms like language and proper speech.

credential society

use of diplomas and degrees to determine who is eligible for jobs(even tho the diploma or degree may be irrelevant to actual work)

gatekeeping

education opens and closes doors of opportunity.

community

(a church) which results from a group's beliefs/practices

functions of religion

-Provide ultimate meaning or purpose in life -emotional comfort -social solidarity/cohesion/control -guidelines for everyday life -support the government -may lead to social change

sick role - elements of the sick role

-not held responsible for being sick -exempt from normal responsibility -sick person does not like sick role -gets help to return to prior roles

The Family Life Cycle

1. economic production 2. socialization of children 3. care for sick and aged 4. recreation 5. sexual control 6. reproduction

childbirth and marital satisfaction

After the birth of a child, marital satisfaction usually decreases but then increases when the child reaches age 6

review correspondence principle and the importance of family background to attendance at college

Correspondence principle: the sociological principle that schools correspond to (or reflect) the social structure of their society. Family background to attend college is important because of the history, hard work, and expectations. High school administrators and faking graduation rates to not lose funding.

Who in the world's least industrialized nations mainly gets formal education?

In the world's least industrialized nations, it is mainly the wealthy who get a formal education. Richer communities have more local taxes to pay better teachers and to afford better teaching resources. Cali has low rate of spending per student per year- 46th.

what reduces your risk of getting divorced? education and income

Less likely to get divorced if: -annual income over 25,000 -have a baby 7 month or longer after marriage -age 25 or over -affiliated with a religion -some college -if you work less with other sex workers -if you work with fewer people who are recently divorced

review impact of unequal funding. how are public schools usually funded? conflict theory and education reproducing social class

Public schools are usually funded largely by local property taxes. Conflict theorists state that the educational system is designed to turn students into dependable workers who won't question their bosses. Reproducing social class, the richer the parents, better the education

dysfunctions of religion

Religious persecution and war

aspects and importance of romantic love

Romantic love is seen as the only proper basis for marriage

what do sociologists analyze and not analyze when they study religion?

Sociologists study the relationship between society and religion and how religion influences people's lives, not which religion is best or has the truth

what are main points of the conflict perspective about religion? marx's quote about religion

Stresses that religion supports the status quo and helps maintain social inequalities. "Religion is.... The opium of the people" Marx's idea that religion is like a drug that helps people forget their misery reducing their efforts to change society for the better

how are the development of formal and universal education linked to industrialization?

The development of formal education and universal education is are linked to Industrialization because it helped society recognize the need for an educated workforce, and also help create Mandatory educational laws

role of biology and culture in the study of medicine, health, and illness

The role of biology and culture in medicine, health, and illness is to analyze how lifestyles affect health, how ideas about health and illness affect people's lives

trend of families

average first time marriage couple is older than at any time in U.S. history (27)- age at first child is also older (26)- families still have fewer children

gatekeepers to the sick role

based more on social considerations than on physical condition. Parents and physicians are official gatekeepers of sick role.

health benefits of marriage

living longer if marry and stay married

social integration of students

mainstreaming the disabled, immigrants and maintaining national identity.

Divorce rate for remarriage for people with and without children

men remarry more often than women. Divorced people more likely to remarry another divorced person. Divorced rate of remarried people with no children same as first marriage; higher divorce rate if bring children to new marriage.

gay/lesbian families

most same sex couples lack legal marriage and legal protections of marriage. Similar issues as straight couples except added stress of discrimination and absence of stability of legal marriage. Children of same sex couple not more likely to have same sex orientation or adjustment problems than children of other sex couples.

medicine

one of the social institutions that sociologists study; a society's organized ways of dealing with sickness and injury

social promotion

passing students to the next level even tho they haven't mastered basic materials

religion and health

people who attend religious services once a week or more have 25 percent fewer deaths in a given time period than people who don't go to church. Churchgoers are less likely to smoke get drunk and so on. They have a healthier lifestyle. People who attend church are more likely to live an average 7.5 years longer than those who don't

household

people who occupy the same housing unit

secularization

process by which culture becomes less influenced by religion- spiritual concerns replaced by worldly concern

Cultural transmission of values

promotes national identity

Tracking

the sorting of students into different educational programs on the basis of real or perceived abilities

not so empty nest

when kids do not leave their homes after high school. Parents do less homework and time with friends

empty nest

when the kids leave their homes right after high school

Two tier system of medical care

where the wealthy receive superior medical care and the poor inferior medical care. The poor use emergency room because they have no insurance. The cost of medical care is increasing.

gender differences in the sick role

women lives longer while also being sick more often and going to the doctor/hospital more often than men. Women's role is more compatible with sick role(both include sharing feelings and seeking help from others)