Sociology Exam 4
health
human condition measured by 4 components: physical, mental, social, and spiritual. Culture defines health and illness. Varies from culture to culture. (ex. Germs, a punishment from god, imbalance of forces in body, a hex by another). Significance of naming the illness- implies the cause and treatment for problem. ow people determine that they are sick.
Grade inflation/mediocrity
higher grades given for the same work; a general rise in student grades without a corresponding increase in learning
Fee-for-service system
payment to a physician to diagnose and treat a patient's medical problem (VS universal health care). *Medical care as a citizen right or a commodity to sell
trends in student violence
the average number of annual murders in US Schools for 1992 to 2000 is 29. For 2000-2010, it is 20.4 a drop of 29 percent
trend of children under 18 living with both parents
children under 18 living with their parents are decreasing
families without children
children-16% of married women do not give birth. Likely to increased education and careers for women; more contraception options, legal abortion; children being expensive, cultural emphasis on having material possessions
nuclear family
family consisting of wife, husband, & kid. (More emotional overload possible)
family of procreation
family formed when a couple's first child is born
family of orientation/origin
family in which a person grows up
extended family
family in which relatives, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cohesion live with parents and their children
marriage
group's approved mating arrangements, usually marked by a ritual of some sort
functional illiteracy
high school graduate who has difficulty basic reading and math-skills inadequate for everyday living
social inequality in medical care
is when the wealthy receive superior medical care and the poor inferior medical care
blended families
more divorces mean more blended families.(family whose members were once part of other families)
Father's contact with children after divorced
most common pattern is fathers see children frequently (38%). Similar number of fathers have little contact with their children
mandatory educational laws
require all children to attend school until a specified age or until they complete a minimum grade in school
sandwich generation family
responsible for both their children and their aging parents. Can lead to emotional overwhelm
practices
rituals centering on the things considered sacred. No particular belief or practice is common to all religions
Gender equality in initiating marital violence and impact on possible solution
should concentrate on both men and women
social class placement
social class and mobility. Education leads to a longer life.
belief
some things are sacred (set apart from the ordinary/everyday)
the concepts of the material world
things that are not connected with religion but, instead, are part of ordinary, everyday life.
the concept of a sacred world
things that have to fo with the supernatural, things that inspire awe, reverence, deep respect, or even fear
family
two or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption
cohabitation
unmarried couple living together in a sexual relationship. Couples who cohabitate before marriage have same divorced rate as those who don't cohabit. 23% of all U.S. children are born to cohabiting parents.
hidden curriculum
unwritten goals of schools, such as teaching obedience to authority and conformity to cultural norms like language and proper speech.
credential society
use of diplomas and degrees to determine who is eligible for jobs(even tho the diploma or degree may be irrelevant to actual work)
gatekeeping
education opens and closes doors of opportunity.
community
(a church) which results from a group's beliefs/practices
functions of religion
-Provide ultimate meaning or purpose in life -emotional comfort -social solidarity/cohesion/control -guidelines for everyday life -support the government -may lead to social change
sick role - elements of the sick role
-not held responsible for being sick -exempt from normal responsibility -sick person does not like sick role -gets help to return to prior roles
The Family Life Cycle
1. economic production 2. socialization of children 3. care for sick and aged 4. recreation 5. sexual control 6. reproduction
childbirth and marital satisfaction
After the birth of a child, marital satisfaction usually decreases but then increases when the child reaches age 6
review correspondence principle and the importance of family background to attendance at college
Correspondence principle: the sociological principle that schools correspond to (or reflect) the social structure of their society. Family background to attend college is important because of the history, hard work, and expectations. High school administrators and faking graduation rates to not lose funding.
Who in the world's least industrialized nations mainly gets formal education?
In the world's least industrialized nations, it is mainly the wealthy who get a formal education. Richer communities have more local taxes to pay better teachers and to afford better teaching resources. Cali has low rate of spending per student per year- 46th.
what reduces your risk of getting divorced? education and income
Less likely to get divorced if: -annual income over 25,000 -have a baby 7 month or longer after marriage -age 25 or over -affiliated with a religion -some college -if you work less with other sex workers -if you work with fewer people who are recently divorced
review impact of unequal funding. how are public schools usually funded? conflict theory and education reproducing social class
Public schools are usually funded largely by local property taxes. Conflict theorists state that the educational system is designed to turn students into dependable workers who won't question their bosses. Reproducing social class, the richer the parents, better the education
dysfunctions of religion
Religious persecution and war
aspects and importance of romantic love
Romantic love is seen as the only proper basis for marriage
what do sociologists analyze and not analyze when they study religion?
Sociologists study the relationship between society and religion and how religion influences people's lives, not which religion is best or has the truth
what are main points of the conflict perspective about religion? marx's quote about religion
Stresses that religion supports the status quo and helps maintain social inequalities. "Religion is.... The opium of the people" Marx's idea that religion is like a drug that helps people forget their misery reducing their efforts to change society for the better
how are the development of formal and universal education linked to industrialization?
The development of formal education and universal education is are linked to Industrialization because it helped society recognize the need for an educated workforce, and also help create Mandatory educational laws
role of biology and culture in the study of medicine, health, and illness
The role of biology and culture in medicine, health, and illness is to analyze how lifestyles affect health, how ideas about health and illness affect people's lives
trend of families
average first time marriage couple is older than at any time in U.S. history (27)- age at first child is also older (26)- families still have fewer children
gatekeepers to the sick role
based more on social considerations than on physical condition. Parents and physicians are official gatekeepers of sick role.
health benefits of marriage
living longer if marry and stay married
social integration of students
mainstreaming the disabled, immigrants and maintaining national identity.
Divorce rate for remarriage for people with and without children
men remarry more often than women. Divorced people more likely to remarry another divorced person. Divorced rate of remarried people with no children same as first marriage; higher divorce rate if bring children to new marriage.
gay/lesbian families
most same sex couples lack legal marriage and legal protections of marriage. Similar issues as straight couples except added stress of discrimination and absence of stability of legal marriage. Children of same sex couple not more likely to have same sex orientation or adjustment problems than children of other sex couples.
medicine
one of the social institutions that sociologists study; a society's organized ways of dealing with sickness and injury
social promotion
passing students to the next level even tho they haven't mastered basic materials
religion and health
people who attend religious services once a week or more have 25 percent fewer deaths in a given time period than people who don't go to church. Churchgoers are less likely to smoke get drunk and so on. They have a healthier lifestyle. People who attend church are more likely to live an average 7.5 years longer than those who don't
household
people who occupy the same housing unit
secularization
process by which culture becomes less influenced by religion- spiritual concerns replaced by worldly concern
Cultural transmission of values
promotes national identity
Tracking
the sorting of students into different educational programs on the basis of real or perceived abilities
not so empty nest
when kids do not leave their homes after high school. Parents do less homework and time with friends
empty nest
when the kids leave their homes right after high school
Two tier system of medical care
where the wealthy receive superior medical care and the poor inferior medical care. The poor use emergency room because they have no insurance. The cost of medical care is increasing.
gender differences in the sick role
women lives longer while also being sick more often and going to the doctor/hospital more often than men. Women's role is more compatible with sick role(both include sharing feelings and seeking help from others)