Anatomy and physiology Chapter 25 ST Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid‐Base Balance

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Hypoventilation leads to

respiratory acidosis

Consuming a meal high in salt will

result in a temporary increase in blood volume

Antidiuretic hormone does not

cause water to shift out of the ICF.

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid- base disorder respiratory alkalosis?

consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness

With regard to fluid balance, water gains occur primarily in the

digestive tract

Normal K + concentration in extracellular fluid is ________ mEq/L.

3.5-5.0

In an adult female, the body consists of about ________ percent water.

50

In an adult male, the body consists of about ________ percent water.

60

The normal pH range for extracellular fluid is

7.35-7.45

Describe a fluid shift. (Module 25.2B)

A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water between the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient.

Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism?

ADH

Which body system is not involved in fluid, electrolyte, and acid- base balance?

All systems produce metabolic wastes and therefore are involved in fluid and electrolyte balance.

The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are sodium and

Chloride

Which of the following is required as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis?

Copper

Explain dehydration and its effect on the osmotic concentration of blood. (Module 25.2C)

Dehydration occurs when water losses outpace water gain causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to increase.

The principal cation in cytoplasm is

Potassium

Intracellular fluid is found only within

The cells of the body

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by

The kidneys

With regard to mineral balance, the primary site of ion loss in the body is

The kidneys

Which buffers/buffer system exist(s) only in intracellular fluid?

The phosphate buffer system

________ play(s) a key role in maintaining acid- base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide.

The respiratory system

Secretion of potassium into the urine is

WRONG associated with the secretion of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts.

Identify routes of fluid loss from the body. (Module 25.2A)

Water can be lost during urination, evaporation at skin and lungs, and in feces.

When the blood pH falls below 7.35, ________ results.

acidemia

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by

aldosterone

Which substance plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption?

aldosterone

When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists.

alkalosis

The hemoglobin buffer system exists in

both intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid.

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

buffer

A(n) ________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion.

buffer system

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid- base disorder metabolic alkalosis?

consequence of prolonged vomiting

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid- base disorder respiratory acidosis?

consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema

The release of natriuretic peptides from the heart will cause the following response

decrease of ADH release.

Increased blood volume will

decrease thirst

When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys

excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions.

Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the

extracellular fluid

A(n) ________ acid is an acid that cannot leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

fixed

Small amounts of ________ acids are generated during the catabolism of amino acids and compounds that contain phosphate groups

fixed

Rapid water movement between the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid is termed

fluid shift

About two- thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid

intracellular

The primary role of the carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer system is to

limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda") to settle an upset stomach risks

metabolic alkalosis

Prolonged vomiting can result in

metabolic alkalosis.

Which hormone(s) is released by cardiac muscle cells in response to increased atrial distension?

natriuretic peptides

When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,

osmosis moves water from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid.

All of the following factors are consistent with hypokalemia except

overuse of diuretics.

Which solid component makes up most of the body mass? (Module 25.1C)

proteins

Hyperventilation will ________ pH.

raise(increase)

A(n) ________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

volatile

Metabolic water is

water produced through catabolic processes.


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