Anatomy and physiology Chapter 25 ST Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid‐Base Balance
Hypoventilation leads to
respiratory acidosis
Consuming a meal high in salt will
result in a temporary increase in blood volume
Antidiuretic hormone does not
cause water to shift out of the ICF.
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid- base disorder respiratory alkalosis?
consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness
With regard to fluid balance, water gains occur primarily in the
digestive tract
Normal K + concentration in extracellular fluid is ________ mEq/L.
3.5-5.0
In an adult female, the body consists of about ________ percent water.
50
In an adult male, the body consists of about ________ percent water.
60
The normal pH range for extracellular fluid is
7.35-7.45
Describe a fluid shift. (Module 25.2B)
A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water between the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient.
Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism?
ADH
Which body system is not involved in fluid, electrolyte, and acid- base balance?
All systems produce metabolic wastes and therefore are involved in fluid and electrolyte balance.
The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are sodium and
Chloride
Which of the following is required as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis?
Copper
Explain dehydration and its effect on the osmotic concentration of blood. (Module 25.2C)
Dehydration occurs when water losses outpace water gain causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to increase.
The principal cation in cytoplasm is
Potassium
Intracellular fluid is found only within
The cells of the body
Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by
The kidneys
With regard to mineral balance, the primary site of ion loss in the body is
The kidneys
Which buffers/buffer system exist(s) only in intracellular fluid?
The phosphate buffer system
________ play(s) a key role in maintaining acid- base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide.
The respiratory system
Secretion of potassium into the urine is
WRONG associated with the secretion of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts.
Identify routes of fluid loss from the body. (Module 25.2A)
Water can be lost during urination, evaporation at skin and lungs, and in feces.
When the blood pH falls below 7.35, ________ results.
acidemia
The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by
aldosterone
Which substance plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption?
aldosterone
When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists.
alkalosis
The hemoglobin buffer system exists in
both intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid.
A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)
buffer
A(n) ________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion.
buffer system
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid- base disorder metabolic alkalosis?
consequence of prolonged vomiting
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid- base disorder respiratory acidosis?
consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema
The release of natriuretic peptides from the heart will cause the following response
decrease of ADH release.
Increased blood volume will
decrease thirst
When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys
excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions.
Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the
extracellular fluid
A(n) ________ acid is an acid that cannot leave solution and enter the atmosphere.
fixed
Small amounts of ________ acids are generated during the catabolism of amino acids and compounds that contain phosphate groups
fixed
Rapid water movement between the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid is termed
fluid shift
About two- thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid
intracellular
The primary role of the carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer system is to
limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids
A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda") to settle an upset stomach risks
metabolic alkalosis
Prolonged vomiting can result in
metabolic alkalosis.
Which hormone(s) is released by cardiac muscle cells in response to increased atrial distension?
natriuretic peptides
When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,
osmosis moves water from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid.
All of the following factors are consistent with hypokalemia except
overuse of diuretics.
Which solid component makes up most of the body mass? (Module 25.1C)
proteins
Hyperventilation will ________ pH.
raise(increase)
A(n) ________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere.
volatile
Metabolic water is
water produced through catabolic processes.
