Sociology Exam Chapters 4 and 6
Two people who have just had a baby have turned from a ____ to a ____. A. Primary group; secondary group C. Couple; family B. Dyad; triad D. De facto group; nuclear family
B. Dyad; triad
Which of the following is NOT an example of a normative organization? A. A book club C. A study hall B. A church youth group D. A protest group, such as PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals)
C. A study hall
Which type of group leadership has a communication pattern that flows from the top down? A. Authoritarian C. Laissez-faire B. Democratic D. Expressive
C. Laissez-faire
Those people present at a grocery store when a fire starts are an example of a A. Secondary group. C. Social aggregate. B. Primary group. D. Social category.
C. Social aggregate.
Who is more likely to be an expressive leader? A. The sales manager of a fast-growing cosmetics company B. A high school teacher at a reform school C. The director of a summer camp for chronically ill children D. A manager at a fast-food restaurant
C. The director of a summer camp for chronically ill children
What role do secondary groups play in society? A. They are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs. B. They provide a social network that allows people to compare themselves to others. C. The members give and receive emotional support. D. They allow individuals to challenge their beliefs and prejudices.
C. The members give and receive emotional support.
What is an advantage of the "McDonaldization of society"? A. There is more variety of goods. B. There is less theft. C. There is more worldwide availability of goods. D. There is more opportunity for businesses.
C. There is more worldwide availability of goods.
Information societies (aka postindustrial or digital societies)
based on the production of nonmaterial goods and services.
Habitualization
behave accordingly to social situations (different behaviors at job interview or a sports game).
Instrumental functions
being oriented toward a task or goal
Primary groups
small, informal groups of people who are closest to us
Feudal societies
societies that operate on a strict hierarchical system of power cased around land ownership and protection.
Agricultural societies
rely on permanent tools for survival like farming
Pastoral societies
rely on the domestication of animals as a resource for survival.
Which of the following is an example of an ascribed status? A. Being a grandchild C. Being the mayor of a town B. Being a college graduate D. Being a wife
A. Being a grandchild
Which of the following is an example of an achieved status? A. Being a teacher C. Being a son B. Being a male D. Being born in Chicago
A. Being a teacher
What is a disadvantage of the "McDonaldization of society"? A. There is less variety of goods. B. There is an increased need for employees with postgraduate degrees. C. There is less competition, so prices are higher. D. There are fewer jobs, so unemployment increases.
A. There is less variety of goods.
What role do secondary groups play in society? A. They are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs. B. They provide a social network that allows people to compare themselves to others. C. The members give and receive emotional support. D. They allow individuals to challenge their beliefs and prejudices.
A. They are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs.
Why do people join utilitarian organizations? A. Because they feel an affinity with others there B. Because they receive a tangible benefit from joining C. Because they have no choice D. Because they feel pressured to do so
B. Because they receive a tangible benefit from joining
Give an example of a primary group and a secondary group to which you belong. Which group has a stronger impact on your life? Give examples of the impacts of each group. List three social categories to which you belong.
Catagories: Athlete Daughter Student Primary group: Coaches in sports give strict information that you are to follow and they are respected members of the team who are the most knowledgeable and offer advice on how to improve athletically Secondary Group: My parents which I have a very emotional and long-term bond to. They know a lot about me and have been there for me and supported me along with my other siblings for a while.
Which of the following is NOT an appropriate group for democratic leadership? A. A fire station C. A high school prom committee B. A college classroom D. A homeless shelter
D. A homeless shelter
In Asch's study on conformity, what contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming? A. A very small group of witnesses C. The ability to keep one's answer private B. The presence of an ally D. All of the above
D. All of the above
What are some of the intended benefits or positive aspects of bureaucracies? A. Increased productivity C. Equal treatment for all B. Increased efficiency D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Think of a self-fulfilling prophecy that you've experienced. Based on this experience, do you agree with the Thomas theorem? Use examples from current events to support your answer as well.
Not entirely true because we can perceive something wrong about someone therefore, it will not be a fulfilled prophecy. For example, coaches expect freshmen to be the worst on the team at tryouts, but they have never seen them play so that is just what they assume. Some could have played since they were very young and play year round and could be amazing and at the same level or better than seniors. This was not what they anticipated.
From your perspective, would illegal aliens attending York High School be considered part of the in- group or the out-group? Clarify who establishes and enforces these boundaries?
Out-groups because I'm guessing they would be feared and not seen as admirable figures snd not many things would belong to their group. They are also new, so people might not know how to act yet. The student and and staff of YHS would be the ones enforcing boundaries. Students would enforce it to their fellow alien students during the nuerous hours of interaction they have everyday. Teachers might enforce this during class, but that would cause issues with ethics and alien parents. If the aliens became staff members they might be left out of work parties or not accepted in breakrooms with the other teachers.
A public school teacher is required by law to report any suspected abuse or neglect toward her students. Describe how role conflict occurs when a suspected abuser is a neighbor, good friend, and bowling partner of the teacher.
She already knows the potential abuser and they have a relationship outside of her being a teacher. She still must report it because she is a teacher and it is a requirement of that role in her life. It will make things very awkward and potentially damage or end the relationship with the child's parent in her social role as their neighbor, friend, or bowling partner and that's where the role conflict comes into play.
Make a diagram of your own life - Include at least THREE of the statuses you occupy and the responsibilities or role expectations for each. Are each of these three statuses ascribed or achieved? Remember: examples of statuses include son/daughter, student, band member, etc.
Student - achieved Do homework Attend every week day unless good excuse Be respectful to school property, peers, and teachers Athlete - archived Show up to practice Respect and support teammates Try your hardest Daughter - ascribed Be respectful of family Be a helpful contribution to the household (chores) Follow family rules
Status
responsibilities and benefits that a person is connected to his or her social group
Meritocracies
a bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on merit—proven and documented skills
Social aggregate
a collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who don't interact or share a sense of identity
Expressive functions
a group function that serves an emotional need
Out group
a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with, targeted by in-groups (jocks target nerds and nerds target jocks)
Democratic leaders
a leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building before moving into action
Expressive leaders
a leader who is concerned with process and with ensuring everyone's emotional wellbeing
Instrumental leaders
a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks
Authoritarian leaders
a leader who issues orders and assigns tasks
Role conflict
a situation when one or more of an individual's roles clash
Triad
a three-member group
Dyad
a two-member group
Listed below are some examples of primary and secondary relationships. Indicate which are most likely to be primary relationships (P) and which are most likely to be secondary relationships (S). a. A marine recruit and his drill instructor at boot camp b. A married couple c. A coach and her soccer team d. A sister and brother e. A car salesperson and her potential customer
a. A marine recruit and his drill instructor at boot camp s b. A married couple p c. A coach and her soccer team s d. A sister and brother p e. A car salesperson and her potential customer s
Role set
an array of roles attached to a particular status
Group
any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of aligned identity.
Bureaucracies (definition & characteristics)
bad sides can be that ir makes people feel ledd than their position in the organization, alienation, feel that their work is less valued, have less of a voice. Good: structure, exspectaitions, consistancy
Hunter gatherer societies
demonstrate the strongest dependence on the environment of various types of preindustrial societies.
Match each situation below with the key term (a-e) it illustrates. ___Doctors receive reserved parking spots at the hospital where they work. ___A mother is expected to take care of her children. ___A student struggles to keep up with homework in all of their varied classes. ___A school principal hands out diplomas at a graduation ceremony. ___A corporate chief executive officer is economically forced to terminate employees who are his friends. a. role b. role conflict c. role performance d. role strain e. status
e, a, d, c, b
Laissez
faire leaders - a hands-off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions
Horticultural societies
formed in areas where rainfall and other conditions allow them to grow stable crops, largely depend on environment for survival, permanent settlements.
Self
fulfilling prophecy -
In
group - a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of his identity, exlusive, have to work to get into
Reference group
groups to which an individual compares herself
Thomas theorem
how a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality
Formal organizations
large, impersonal organizations
Role
norms associated with statuses, patterns of behavior that are representative of a person's social status
Utilitarian organizations
organizations that are joined to fill a specific material need
Coercive organizations
organizations that people do not voluntarily join, such as prison or a mental hospital
Normative / voluntary organizations
organizations that people join to pursue shared interests or because they provide some intangible rewards
Heirarchy of authority
organized by power (boss, manager, workers), impersonality/secondary group, clear division of labor (boss does different things than his employees), promoting within the company based on performance
Social category
people who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way
Institutionalization
the act of implanting a convention of norm into society
Role performance
the expression of a role
Conformity
the extent to which an individual complies with group or societal norms
Clear division of labor
the fact that each individual in a bureaucracy has a specialized task to perform
McDonaldization of society
the increasing presence of the fast food business model in common social institutions
Leadership function
the main focus or goal of a leader
Achieved status
the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income
Ascribed status
the status outside of an individual's control, such as sex or race.
Iron Rule of Oligarchy
the theory that an organization is ruled by a few elites rather than through collaboration
Explicit rules
the types of rules in a bureaucracy; rules that are outlined, recorded, and standardized
Role strain
to much required if a single role - to may roles associated with a single status (4 tests in one day being a student)