Sociology Exam Chapters 4 and 6

Two people who have just had a baby have turned from a ____ to a ____. A. Primary group; secondary group C. Couple; family B. Dyad; triad D. De facto group; nuclear family

B. Dyad; triad

Which of the following is NOT an example of a normative organization? A. A book club C. A study hall B. A church youth group D. A protest group, such as PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals)

C. A study hall

Which type of group leadership has a communication pattern that flows from the top down? A. Authoritarian C. Laissez-faire B. Democratic D. Expressive

C. Laissez-faire

Those people present at a grocery store when a fire starts are an example of a A. Secondary group. C. Social aggregate. B. Primary group. D. Social category.

C. Social aggregate.

Who is more likely to be an expressive leader? A. The sales manager of a fast-growing cosmetics company B. A high school teacher at a reform school C. The director of a summer camp for chronically ill children D. A manager at a fast-food restaurant

C. The director of a summer camp for chronically ill children

What role do secondary groups play in society? A. They are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs. B. They provide a social network that allows people to compare themselves to others. C. The members give and receive emotional support. D. They allow individuals to challenge their beliefs and prejudices.

C. The members give and receive emotional support.

What is an advantage of the "McDonaldization of society"? A. There is more variety of goods. B. There is less theft. C. There is more worldwide availability of goods. D. There is more opportunity for businesses.

C. There is more worldwide availability of goods.

Information societies (aka postindustrial or digital societies)

based on the production of nonmaterial goods and services.

Habitualization

behave accordingly to social situations (different behaviors at job interview or a sports game).

Instrumental functions

being oriented toward a task or goal

Primary groups

small, informal groups of people who are closest to us

Feudal societies

societies that operate on a strict hierarchical system of power cased around land ownership and protection.

Agricultural societies

rely on permanent tools for survival like farming

Pastoral societies

rely on the domestication of animals as a resource for survival.

Which of the following is an example of an ascribed status? A. Being a grandchild C. Being the mayor of a town B. Being a college graduate D. Being a wife

A. Being a grandchild

Which of the following is an example of an achieved status? A. Being a teacher C. Being a son B. Being a male D. Being born in Chicago

A. Being a teacher

What is a disadvantage of the "McDonaldization of society"? A. There is less variety of goods. B. There is an increased need for employees with postgraduate degrees. C. There is less competition, so prices are higher. D. There are fewer jobs, so unemployment increases.

A. There is less variety of goods.

What role do secondary groups play in society? A. They are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs. B. They provide a social network that allows people to compare themselves to others. C. The members give and receive emotional support. D. They allow individuals to challenge their beliefs and prejudices.

A. They are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs.

Why do people join utilitarian organizations? A. Because they feel an affinity with others there B. Because they receive a tangible benefit from joining C. Because they have no choice D. Because they feel pressured to do so

B. Because they receive a tangible benefit from joining

Give an example of a primary group and a secondary group to which you belong. Which group has a stronger impact on your life? Give examples of the impacts of each group. List three social categories to which you belong.

Catagories: Athlete Daughter Student Primary group: Coaches in sports give strict information that you are to follow and they are respected members of the team who are the most knowledgeable and offer advice on how to improve athletically Secondary Group: My parents which I have a very emotional and long-term bond to. They know a lot about me and have been there for me and supported me along with my other siblings for a while.

Which of the following is NOT an appropriate group for democratic leadership? A. A fire station C. A high school prom committee B. A college classroom D. A homeless shelter

D. A homeless shelter

In Asch's study on conformity, what contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming? A. A very small group of witnesses C. The ability to keep one's answer private B. The presence of an ally D. All of the above

D. All of the above

What are some of the intended benefits or positive aspects of bureaucracies? A. Increased productivity C. Equal treatment for all B. Increased efficiency D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Think of a self-fulfilling prophecy that you've experienced. Based on this experience, do you agree with the Thomas theorem? Use examples from current events to support your answer as well.

Not entirely true because we can perceive something wrong about someone therefore, it will not be a fulfilled prophecy. For example, coaches expect freshmen to be the worst on the team at tryouts, but they have never seen them play so that is just what they assume. Some could have played since they were very young and play year round and could be amazing and at the same level or better than seniors. This was not what they anticipated.

From your perspective, would illegal aliens attending York High School be considered part of the in- group or the out-group? Clarify who establishes and enforces these boundaries?

Out-groups because I'm guessing they would be feared and not seen as admirable figures snd not many things would belong to their group. They are also new, so people might not know how to act yet. The student and and staff of YHS would be the ones enforcing boundaries. Students would enforce it to their fellow alien students during the nuerous hours of interaction they have everyday. Teachers might enforce this during class, but that would cause issues with ethics and alien parents. If the aliens became staff members they might be left out of work parties or not accepted in breakrooms with the other teachers.

A public school teacher is required by law to report any suspected abuse or neglect toward her students. Describe how role conflict occurs when a suspected abuser is a neighbor, good friend, and bowling partner of the teacher.

She already knows the potential abuser and they have a relationship outside of her being a teacher. She still must report it because she is a teacher and it is a requirement of that role in her life. It will make things very awkward and potentially damage or end the relationship with the child's parent in her social role as their neighbor, friend, or bowling partner and that's where the role conflict comes into play.

Make a diagram of your own life - Include at least THREE of the statuses you occupy and the responsibilities or role expectations for each. Are each of these three statuses ascribed or achieved? Remember: examples of statuses include son/daughter, student, band member, etc.

Student - achieved Do homework Attend every week day unless good excuse Be respectful to school property, peers, and teachers Athlete - archived Show up to practice Respect and support teammates Try your hardest Daughter - ascribed Be respectful of family Be a helpful contribution to the household (chores) Follow family rules

Status

responsibilities and benefits that a person is connected to his or her social group

Meritocracies

a bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on merit—proven and documented skills

Social aggregate

a collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who don't interact or share a sense of identity

Expressive functions

a group function that serves an emotional need

Out group

a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with, targeted by in-groups (jocks target nerds and nerds target jocks)

Democratic leaders

a leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building before moving into action

Expressive leaders

a leader who is concerned with process and with ensuring everyone's emotional wellbeing

Instrumental leaders

a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks

Authoritarian leaders

a leader who issues orders and assigns tasks

Role conflict

a situation when one or more of an individual's roles clash

Triad

a three-member group

Dyad

a two-member group

Listed below are some examples of primary and secondary relationships. Indicate which are most likely to be primary relationships (P) and which are most likely to be secondary relationships (S). a. A marine recruit and his drill instructor at boot camp b. A married couple c. A coach and her soccer team d. A sister and brother e. A car salesperson and her potential customer

a. A marine recruit and his drill instructor at boot camp s b. A married couple p c. A coach and her soccer team s d. A sister and brother p e. A car salesperson and her potential customer s

Role set

an array of roles attached to a particular status

Group

any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of aligned identity.

Bureaucracies (definition & characteristics)

bad sides can be that ir makes people feel ledd than their position in the organization, alienation, feel that their work is less valued, have less of a voice. Good: structure, exspectaitions, consistancy

Hunter gatherer societies

demonstrate the strongest dependence on the environment of various types of preindustrial societies.

Match each situation below with the key term (a-e) it illustrates. ___Doctors receive reserved parking spots at the hospital where they work. ___A mother is expected to take care of her children. ___A student struggles to keep up with homework in all of their varied classes. ___A school principal hands out diplomas at a graduation ceremony. ___A corporate chief executive officer is economically forced to terminate employees who are his friends. a. role b. role conflict c. role performance d. role strain e. status

e, a, d, c, b

Laissez

faire leaders - a hands-off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions

Horticultural societies

formed in areas where rainfall and other conditions allow them to grow stable crops, largely depend on environment for survival, permanent settlements.

Self

fulfilling prophecy -

In

group - a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of his identity, exlusive, have to work to get into

Reference group

groups to which an individual compares herself

Thomas theorem

how a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality

Formal organizations

large, impersonal organizations

Role

norms associated with statuses, patterns of behavior that are representative of a person's social status

Utilitarian organizations

organizations that are joined to fill a specific material need

Coercive organizations

organizations that people do not voluntarily join, such as prison or a mental hospital

Normative / voluntary organizations

organizations that people join to pursue shared interests or because they provide some intangible rewards

Heirarchy of authority

organized by power (boss, manager, workers), impersonality/secondary group, clear division of labor (boss does different things than his employees), promoting within the company based on performance

Social category

people who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way

Institutionalization

the act of implanting a convention of norm into society

Role performance

the expression of a role

Conformity

the extent to which an individual complies with group or societal norms

Clear division of labor

the fact that each individual in a bureaucracy has a specialized task to perform

McDonaldization of society

the increasing presence of the fast food business model in common social institutions

Leadership function

the main focus or goal of a leader

Achieved status

the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income

Ascribed status

the status outside of an individual's control, such as sex or race.

Iron Rule of Oligarchy

the theory that an organization is ruled by a few elites rather than through collaboration

Explicit rules

the types of rules in a bureaucracy; rules that are outlined, recorded, and standardized

Role strain

to much required if a single role - to may roles associated with a single status (4 tests in one day being a student)