Sociology Final

According to our text, what explanation does functionalism have for prejudice and discrimination today?

Prejudice and discrimination help to increase group cohesion.

What term revolves around the tastes, habits, and expectations that children "inherit" or learn from their parents, which help them achieve material success in life?

Cultural capital

What are the types of jobs usually available to members of the lower-middle class?

Blue collar or manual labor jobs

Stealing avocados or almost any other agricultural product is a felony in California if the product is worth more than $100. A ________ would say that such laws target homeless people who have little power in society and are simply trying to eat. Correct!

Conflict theorist

Which theory suggests that crimes committed by the upper classes are typically treated more leniently than crimes committed by the lower classes because laws represent the interests of those in power?

Conflict theory

Which of the following describes how deviance can be explained from the functionalist perspective?

Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms.

________ is an action or behavior that results in the unequal treatment of an individual because of their membership in a racial or ethnic group.

Discriminaton

According to Karl Marx, the social relations that matter MOST in a capitalist system are

Economic relations

How is institutional discrimination different from individual discrimination?

Institutional discrimination is more systemic, invisible, and widespread.

Why would using the wrong fork to eat a salad at a dinner party NOT usually qualify as deviance?

It is not a serious enough norm violation to provoke sanctions.

Which sociologist argued that economic relations matter the MOST in a capitalist system?

Karl Marx

Priests, ministers, rabbis, imams, and clergy are often prestigious members of their communities, although they make very little money. Which social theorist first suggested that this is an important element of class status?

Max Weber

The Welfare Reform Act of 1996 ended the concept of entitlements by requiring recipients of welfare to find work within two years of receiving assistance. How has this changed the lives of the poor?

Moving from welfare to work did not substantially increase income levels; it simply shifted the poor from welfare to low-paying jobs.

Why are people are more likely to marry individuals with social and cultural backgrounds similar to their own?

People have greater access to individuals like themselves.

A person arrived at a company party dressed in a bunny costume only to discover that the party was not a costume party and he had been tricked by a co-worker. Everyone from then on saw him as crazy and eccentric and eventually he came to think of himself in this way too. The initial mistake at the party is an example of

Primary deviance

For most sociologists, what is the difference between sex and gender?

Sex is biologically based; gender is socially constructed.

What term describes the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society?

Social inequality

The folk-pop singer Jewel is famous for having lived in her van when she first moved to San Diego and started performing in a coffee shop. Soon after Atlantic Records signed her, her advance allowed her to rent a house and buy a new car. Of what class-based phenomenon is this an example?

Social mobility

What term describes the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy?

Social stratification

What is Mother Teresa an example of, given that she was a person with tremendous power and prestige yet she was very poor?

Status inconsistency

Marco is a fourth-generation Mexican American. Both his grandparents and parents were born in the United States. Neither he nor his parents have learned Spanish and he does not often think of his heritage. Most of his friends do not think of him as Hispanic or Latino. However, on Cinco de Mayo, Marco likes to go out and celebrate by eating Mexican food and wearing a sombrero. Marco's relationship with his ethnicity can be described as

Symbolic

The school of social thought that insists all social structures, including systems of stratification, are built out of everyday interactions is called

Symbolic interactionism

What theory would analyze how symbols are used? What meanings are attached to them? How is behavior shaped by the material or non-material cultural expressions in the space?

Symbolic interactionism

What is one of the principal reasons people turn to deviant behavior in the United States, according to the structural strain theory of deviance as articulated by Robert Merton?

The goal of success is shared by a majority of people, but not everyone has equal means for achieving that goal.

A black man in the United States was convicted of a felony when he was 17. He is now 58 and has not committed any crimes since his release. However, he is still not permitted to vote. In our text Michelle Alexander describes this as an example of...

The new Jim Crow

Which is true of social mobility in a caste system?

There is virtually no chance of social mobility

Our textbook discusses ________, who proposed social control theory, which suggests that individuals with stronger bonds are LESS likely to commit crime.

Travis Hirschi

What is Social mobility?

When members of society advance in the social ladder of society.

Texas has never had a Hispanic governor, and the percentage of Hispanic Americans in Texas state government is low. However, many Hispanic Americans live in Texas. In 2012, they made up nearly 40% of the state's population. Would a sociologist in Texas call Hispanic Americans a minority group?

Yes, because they are denied access to power and resources.

Imagine that a powerful and influential person living in San Francisco decides to tattoo most of her face with symbols. Would she be seen as deviant?

Yes, but only because she lives in the United States where face tattoos are not the norm.

Most sociologists argue that gender is a social construction, and they acknowledge the possibility that binary male-female categories are not the only way of classifying individuals. According to our textbook this perspective is called

a constructionist perspective

Race is defined by sociologists as

a social category based on real or perceived biological differences.

As our textbook notes, some people believe that women are better suited to be homemakers because they are naturally more caring and emotional than men. What perspective is expressed in this statement?

an essentialist perspective

Sociologists define ethnicity

as a group with a shared ancestry or shared cultural heritage.

Regarding racial categories, modern science has determined that

biologically, there is no such thing as a pure race.

In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Kinsey surveyed Americans to find out about their sexual behavior. His findings were important because they

challenged the view that Americans were either exclusively heterosexual or homosexual.

Barack Obama became the first black president in 2009. Some people feel that this election demonstrates that racism is a thing of the past. This way of thinking is typical of Correct!

color-blind racism

Almost any ________ can have a stigmatizing effect, including a physical disability, an addiction, or a mental illness.

departure from the norm

A person's self-conception of being male or female based on their association with masculine or feminine gender roles can be defined as

gender identity

Feminist theory has contributed to our understanding of gender by supporting the claim that

gender is not biologically based, so inequalities between women and men can be changed.

A three-year-old boy scrapes his knee while playing in his backyard and immediately begins to cry. In response, his father walks over to him and says, "Don't be a sissy; boys don't cry." This is an example of

gender socialization

Regarding stigma, our textbook highlights that symbolic interactionists are interested in

how people manage their stigmatized identities on an everyday basis.

Sociologist C. J. Pascoe found that boys often use homophobic slurs toward each other in an effort to define masculinity for themselves and other boys in her ethnography of high school boys titled Dude, You're a Fag. This is an example of the

influence that peers can have as agents of socialization.

The "Jim Crow" laws, which mandated separate facilities for whites and blacks, were an example of

institutional discrimination.

According to labeling theory, none of the pseudo-patients in David Rosenhan's "On Being Sane in Insane Places" were discovered because

it is difficult for anyone to see past the label once a person has been labeled "mentally ill."

White privilege is the idea that one group in society enjoys certain unearned privileges and that group members are

largely unaware of the unequal benefits they possess.

What is it called when individuals live as if they were members of a different racial category than the one into which they were born?

racial passing

Men usually make more money than women because

socially constructed categories of employment lead to larger numbers of men than women in many lucrative jobs.

Regarding gender, structural functionalists generally believe that

some social roles are better suited to one gender than the other.

The sociological perspective of ________ is concerned with how gender is constructed and maintained in our everyday lives.

symbolic interactionism

Women are the main characters in the vast majority of commercials that advertise cleaning supplies. This illustrates that

the media portrays gender roles in highly stereotypical ways.

In the early 1900s, native-born Americans, usually Protestants, did NOT consider Irish, Italian, or Jewish immigrants to be white. What does this illustrate?

the social construction of race

What is the real source of racism according to conflict theory?

the struggle between groups over power and control

What do sociologists consider to be deviance?

violations of social norms

Sociologists define a minority group as a group

with members who are treated unequally and denied access to power and resources.

Poverty can be defined in either relative or absolute terms. How is poverty defined according to absolute deprivation?

By considering access to food, shelter, clothing, and medical care

What is a system of stratification commonly used in modern capitalist societies?

Social class

The Amish have neither the resources nor the desire to use prison as a sanction against members of their community who violate the rules. What sanction do they use instead?

They use meidung, or shunning, which is a process whereby community members will not associate with a rule breaker for a set period of time.

What happened to the pseudo-patients in David Rosenhan's "On Being Sane in Insane Places"?

They were all finally released, but their "illnesses" were considered "in remission."

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, replacing a housewife with paid laborers would cost at least $100,000 per year. How could this be interpreted according to conflict theory?

Men have a great deal to lose if gender segregation disappears.

Which of the following is true regarding gendered occupations?

Men outnumber women in occupations with more prestige and higher salaries.

A same-sex couple holding hands or kissing in public may receive disapproving looks or even abusive comments from other people. As our textbook notes, this is an example of

homophobia

Some subcultures have adopted branding as a form of body art, though it is no longer used as a form of punishment in the United States. This demonstrates that...

what is considered deviant changes over time.