Sociology Final
Middle-income nations typical per capita range...
$2,500 - $10,000
What share of the richest people in the U.S. achieved their wealth from inheritance
1/3
What percentage of the U.S. is counted as officially poor?
12.3%
How many people in the world die each year from hunger...
15 million
The wealthiest 1% of the rich families in the U.S. control which percent of privately held wealth?
35%
McDonaldization
ATM's, Climate controlled malls, chain franchises
Most serious problem os increasing poverty...
Africa
In what share of the worls societies do we find stratification...
All of them
Social position achieved at birth or otherwise aquired involuntarily
Ascribe status
Global region that has seen the greatest reduction of poverty...
Asia
Single most important factor in being defined as an adult
Completion of school
Jill buys a very expensive car to impress her friends
Conspicuous consumption
Judging any other culture using its own standards
Cultural relativism
Subculture
Culture patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population
Type of slavery in which employers hold workers by paying them too little to cover their debts...
Debt bondage
Basic idea behind labeling theory...
Deviance arises not so much by what people do, but how others respond
Globalization of the economy has hurt whom?
Factory workers
Social-conflict approach that deals with inequality between women and men?
Feminism and the gender-conflict approach`
Developed "dramaturgical analysis"...
Goffman
First type of society to generate a material surplus
Horticultural & Pastoral
What summarizes the focus of the symbolic-interaction approach...
How do people experience society?
Sociology differs from earlier philosophy by focusing on...
How society typically operates
Type of leadership that calls for more distant relationship with members...
Insturmental
Refers to upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents.
Intergenerational mobility
Keeping young people off the streets would be a ___________ function of sports
Latent function
Income inequality is greatest in which region?
Latin America
Today's student are more concerned with __________ then they were in 1960
Making money
Sociologist who called on his colleagues to be value free...
Max Weber
Opposing trends
McDonald's
Legal term meaning "guilty mind"
Mens rea
U.S. sociologist who pointed out manifest funtions and latent functions of social patterns...
Merton
Focus of Kohlberg
Moral reasoning
Culture acts as a constraint on human freedom because...
Much culture is a habit, and repeated again and again
Peer group differs from the family in that...
No parental supervision
"Looking-glass self"
People see themselves how they think others see them
Use of costumess, props, tone of voice to convey information are elements of a...
Performance
Erikson's view of socialization
Personality develops over the entire life course in patterned ways
Viewed as master status...
Physical or mental disability
Small group whose members share personal and enduring relationships...
Primary group
Thomas theoreum state that situations defined as real are...
Real in their consequences
Describes people including alcohol and drug addicts who "drop out"...
Retreatists
Looking at childhood in a global perspective...
Rich societies prolong childhood much longer
What describe sthe behavior of a low paind, yet rigidly conforming bank teller...
Ritualism
Behavior people expect from someone holding a particular status
Role
Assembled students at a graduation cermony...
Secondary group
Mead would agree that your _______ may change after a major change such as winning the lottery, or becoming famous...
Self
Children learn to take the role of others
Significant others
The case of Anna and Genie provides strong evidence that...
Social experience has a crucial role in forming human personality
2 or more people who identify and interect
Social group
In agrarian societies, which dimension of social inequality has the greatest importanct?
Social prestige or honor
Distinction between high culture and pop culture is based mostly on...
Social standing of the people who display the cultural pattern
U.S. sociologist who described the difference between folkways and mores
Sumner
Helping another to "save face", or avoid embarrasment
Tact
Crime is composed of what two elements...
The Act, and Criminal Intent
Iron Law of Oligrachy...
The few will always rule the many
Medicalization of deviance...
Theft is compulsize, drinkning excessively is alcoholism
What illustrates/examplifies a micro-level focus?
Two passengers on an airplane getting to know one another
The structural-functional approach helps us to:
Understand what makes society "tick"
Standards by which people who share a culture define what is desireable, good, and beautiful
Values
Not a characteristic of a secondary group
Warm, personal interaction
Differential association theoryindicated that the amount of contact...
a person has with with others who encourage or discourage the behavior in question
Role set refers to a number of rules attached to...
a single status
Max Weber argued that formal organization have the ability to...
alienate people from within them
"Meritocracy" refers to social stratification...
based entirely on personal merit
Social-conflict approach is sometimes criticized for...
being clearly political
Sutherland states that white-collar crime is usually settled in...
civil, rather than criminal court
Belif that social inequality if fair b/c social position reflects talent and effort...
class system
Hate crime...
crime motivated by racial or other bias
Agesim means...
discrimination against old people
Gena and Mark are married and have a relatively low social standing. We would expect them to...
engage in different everyday activities
Contribution of schooling to the socialization process
exposing children to peope whose background differ from their own
In poor countries, the disadvantages poor women face relative to men are:
greater than in rich countries
Soloman Asch
group pressure
Illustrates group think...
group that seeks consensus and discourages groups from speeking freely.
Elderly people in the U.S....
have less poverty than average
In his study of prison behavior, Phillip Zimbardo was trying to learn...
if prisons themselves create violence
C. Wright Mills pointed out that sociological awareness tends to be more widespread...
in times of social crisis
A person who gets rich by commiting fraud while working in a bank is an example of...
innovation
Arrest for serious crime...
is higher among lower class people
The text explains that slavery...
is still found in Africa, Middle East, and Asian low-income nations
If you were trying to measure the social class of people, you would have to keep in mind that...
it is necessary to specify exactly what you are measuring
Ethnocentrism
juddging another culture by the standards of one's own culture
Simmels understanding of the Dyad...
less stable than groups with more members
A category of people with a higher suicide rate typically has...
lower social integration
The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are...
manifest functions
The value of psychological theories of deviance is limited b/c
most people who commit crimes have "normal" personalities
Durkeim's basic insight is that deviance is a...
normal element of social organization
Social-conflict approach draws attention to...
patterns of social inequality
Describes a radical who rejects...
rebelli8on
Small # of people used to represent an entire population...
sample
Refers to relatively stable patterns of social behavior...
social structure
Social stratification refers to...
society ranking people in a hierarchy
Refers to a powerful and negative lavel that changes a persons self-concept and social identity...
stigma
Criminal recidivism...
subsequent offenses by a person who has been previously convicted.
Spencer described human societyas having much in common with...
the human body
Term for basic image of society that guides thinking and research...
theoretical approach
As bearaucract spread through the U.S. privacy has become...
threatened more than ever before
Modernization thoery claims that main causes of poverty include...
traditional culture and lack of advanced technology
Dependency theory claims that poor nations...
were underdeveloped by colonialism
2/3 of the poor population in the U.S. are...
white
