Sociology final!

In what time did osteopaths receive scientific medical training in surgery and pharmacology?

1860s

Osteopathy began in the ______, in _______

1860s, Kirksville, Missouri

Training for osteopaths takes place at ____ colleges in the US

19

In what year did the American Medical Association recognize osteopaths as a medical specialty, giving them the rights and privileges of other doctors?

1953

When was the Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine created?

1992 by Congress, as part of National Institutes of Health

Baccalaureate programs in nursing have risen from 13% of all nursing grads in 1961 to

42% in 2007

How many licensed osteopaths existed in 2007?

61,000

Why has controversy arisen regarding the rise of nurses with associate degrees?

A.D. programs only require two years of training, yet puts graduates on the same career path as all other nurses (functioning beyond their level of training) • Essentially vocational rather than professional

The professional organization of osteopaths is called

American Osteopathic Association

Osteopathy founder

Andrew Taylor Still

Baccalaureate nurses are considered most professional, but _____ and ____ also consider themselves to be professional

Associate degree and diploma nurses

What program has become the largest source of nurses in the United States?

Associate degree programs

What is naturopathy?

Based on the idea that disease arises from blockages in a person's life force in the body, and treatments such as acupuncture and homeopathy are needed to restore energy flow

Osteopathy graduates are awarded

Doctor of Osteopathy → further training as intern required

Andrew Taylor Still, the founder of osteopathy, believed that

Illness was caused by a dislocation of one or more bones in the spinal column and that a pathological condition in one part of the body affects other organs

The neuromuscular system is considered to play a vital role in the health functioning of the body because

Of the close relationship between the spinal vertebrae and the autonomic nervous system

For many years, osteopathy was viewed as

Quackery

Why did nursing receive a boost in status and income in the late 1980s?

Severe nursing shortage in hospitals

Osteopaths are physicians with training in

Spinal procedures

What is homeopathy?

The use of microdoses of natural substances to bolster immunity (large doses would cause illness)

What is the current trend for osteopaths?

They have been able to maintain separate identity, but the trend is moving towards absorption into medicine (can now specialize in surgery, radiology, pediatrics, etc.)

Nursing schools have traditionally been characterized as having

lower-middle-class and working class social origins, often from small towns or rural areas: People attracted to nursing as a means of upward social mobility

How much do Americans spend on CAM therapies annually?

• $27 Billion • Dietary supplements alone = One Billion

How many colleges are in America for chiropractics?

• 17, four years in duration, no residences or internships

Nightingale received her training as a nurse from?

• A Protestant minister in Germany

Although Nightingale established nursing as an occupation, she perpetuated the role of the nurse as....?

• A female supervised and controlled by a male physician

African American folk healers believe that natural illnesses are caused by...?

• Abusing the natural environment (staying out too late, eating too much) • Brought on as punishment for not living up to God's expectations

Practicing folk healers are most likely to be found among

• African Americans • Hispanics • American Indians

Rather than cures, the most common form of healing among spiritual healing groups in Baltimore was _______?

• Alleviation of symptoms - most common • Relief from psychological distress • Acceptance of one's health or life situation • Adoption of another perspective about one's situation

What were Nightingale's nurses called?

• Angels of mercy

What is the most prestigious of the nursing education programs?

• Baccalaureate • Intended to not only provide nursing skills but also the background for becoming a nursing educator or leader

Why is there opposition to chiropractics in the medical profession?

• Based on the idea that chiro methods are derived from inaccurate theories, low educational standards, and low therapeutic value to patients

What do people who use folk medicine and people who use alternative medicine have in common?

• Both are dissatisfied with their professional medicine

How has the public accepted Complementary and Alternative medicine?

• Broad acceptance of many therapies, steady rise in the number of practitioners • Some CAM practitioners are allows to provide services in hospitals and clinincs but are not part of the regular staff

In Curanderismo healing, witches are called ___?

• Brujas • Are evil persons who have supposedly made pacts with the devil and use supernatural powers

Many folk healers conduct business...?

• By phone or by mail

African American folk healers believe that all illnesses...?

• Can be cured • Supported by idea that illnesses are natural or unnatural

Prior to the late 19th century, nursing activities in hospitals was thought of as _______, and people who could afford it were usually ______?

• Charity (people were illiterate and dirty) • Cared for at home

The most prominent group in American society advocating a preference for religious healing is _______?

• Christian Science Church • Maintains that sickness and pain are an illusion • Disease is not God-given and is produced by a distorted view people have of their spiritual nature • Key to life and health is spiritual discovery

Most people use chiropractors in a ________ manner

• Complimentary

Why was Nightingale's hospital unsuccessful?

• Conflict between the duties of the nurse and the standard of proper behavior for "ladies" • Some nurses didn't want to view nudity

Who showed the most universal acceptance of witchcraft?

• Conservative, lower-class Mexican Americans

What war provided Nightingale with a better opportunity to establish nursing as a formal occupation?

• Crimean

Idler found that persons with the highest level of religious involvement showed the least

• Depression and physical disability

What led to the flourishing of dietary supplements?

• Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, passed by Congress in 1994 • Allowed food products to be sold as cures for diseases as long as claims that they can actually enhance health are not on the lable • Claims can be displayed in books, pamphlets, and store signs

Folk practices seem to have persisted in modern societies because?

• Dissatisfaction with professional medicine • Cultural gap between biomedical practitioners and particular patients

The doctrines of a few religious groups prohibit their members from seeking modern medical treatment. These groups utilize

• Faith Healing • Laying on of hands • Individual and communal prayers in treating illnesses

People who use the power of suggestion, prayer, and faith in God to promote healing

• Faith healers

Whose ideas formed the basis for establishing the first accredited schools of nursing?

• Florence Nightingale

_________ was ________, so she could not become a nun. Instead, she became a nurse.

• Florence Nightingale • Protestant

How did Nightingale seek to make nursing honorable and respected?

• Formal training program • Recruits from upper and middle class backgrounds

Why was physician's assistance permissible in the Pentecostal church?

• God's methods are sometimes through humans • God put doctors in the world and gave them their skills

The two basic beliefs in religious healing are

• Healing occurs primarily through psychological processes and is effective only with psychophysiological disorders • Healing is accomplished through the intervention of God and constitutes a present-day miracle

Most studies find that religion is associated with positive levels of....?

• Health and lower mortality

What nursing program has declined sharply between 1961 and 2007?

• Hospital-based diploma

Although the first nursing schools were intended to be established separately, they were affiliated with ______?

• Hospitals • Required that students provide nursing services in hospital wards

Why did an increasing number of women enter the labor market while hospitals and nursing schools expanded?

• Immigration from abroad • Migration from rural to urban areas

How does the American Medical Association feel about chiropractics?

• In 1987, the fed court ruled that the AMA had conspired to destroy chiro medicine in violation of antitrust statues

According to African American folk medicine, all life events (including illness) are viewed _____?

• In relation to the total environment o Natural or unnatural o Good or evil

Six distinct stages of socialization of nursing students in 1972

• Initial innocence • Labeled recognition in incongruity • Psyching out • Role simulation • Provisional internalization • Stable internalization

Why was divine healing preferred over professional medical care in the Pentecostal church?

• It offered the advantage of providing both spiritual and physical healing • Believed to work in many cases where orthodox medical practices failed

Why may low income people view folk medicine as a resource?

• It represents a body of knowledge about how to treat illness that has grown out of historical experiences of their family or ethnic group

During what time did the number of hospitals and hospital nursing schools grow rapidly?

• Late nineteenth and early 20th century

What trend is developing between physicians and other health care occupations?

• Less dependency and increased equality • NP and PA can make treatment decisions independently of doctors in some states and prescribe drugs

Chiropractics today...

• Licensed to practice in all 50 states • Authorized to receive Medicare payments for patients over 65 • 67,000 chiropractors nationwide • Tend to be favored for charging less, being friendly, giving more time to patients, and using words that are easily understood • Physicians do NOT refer patients to a chiro • 2nd largest category of primary health care practitioners

The most authorities account of urban African American folk healers?

• Loudell Snow • Studied black folk healers in Chicago

Folk medicine patients are typically _____?

• Low income

From what background are many people who use faith and folk healers?

• Lower-class background • Used because practitioners are too expensive

Basis of chiropractics is?

• Manipulation of the spine can relieve pressure on the nerves and alleviate illness and pain

What is the difference between medical school and nursing school?

• Med school is relatively the same wherever you go • Nursing school can be a two-year degree, hospital based diploma, or four-year or five-year university program

From what background are many people who use alternative medicine?

• Middle or working-class • Middle age or younger adults • Consult regularly with doctors • Typically used because they are dissatisfied with physician care

Nursing as a formal occupation was significantly influenced by the large number of _____?

• Nuns performing under the Roman Catholic Church

What is "psyching out?"

• Nursing students attempted to anticipate what their teachers wanted them to know and just started focusing on the requirements • The entire class was participating in the process

What is labeled recognition of incongruity?

• Nursing students began to collectively articulate their disappointment and question their decision to become a nurse • A number of students resigned from the school

What is initial innocence?

• Nursing students wanting to do things for patients within Christian/humanitarian ethic of care and kindness • Consistent with the image of a nurse (mother figure) • Characterized with feelings of worry, inadequacy, and frustration as they failed to support the "image" of a nurse • Students were annoyed because they were doing tasks such as making beds and giving baths

How did Nightingale assist in the Crimean war?

• Organized group of nurses • Sailed for Crimea • Offered assistance to British military troops

African American folk healers believe that unnatural illnesses are...?

• Outside of God's plan • Beyond self-treatment

African American folk healers believe that the cure for a person afflicted with divine punishment is...?

• Prayer and repentance

Folk Medicine is often regarded as a residue of health measures left over from

• Pre-scientific historical periods

Studies suggest that the benefits of religious healing primarily lay in ________?

• Relief from stress • Enhanced feelings of support from God • Adoption of a different viewpoint about the meaning of their health problem in their lives

Why is religion associated with being healthy?

• Religion encourages a healthy lifestyle, free of alcohol/drugs/sex

Nightingale's approach emphasized a code of behavior that idealized nurses as being

• Responsible • Clean • Self-sacrificing • Courageous • Possessing qualities of a mother/housekeeper

Loudell Snow found that healers and patients of African American folk medicine believe in a system that does not differentiate between...?

• Science and religion

Five categories of faith healing

• Self-treatment through prayer • Treatment by a layperson thought to be able to communicate with God • Treatment by an official church leader, for whom healing is one of many tasks • Healing obtained from a person or group of persons who practice healing full time without an affiliation with a major religious organization • Healing obtained from religious healers who practice full time and are affiliated with a major religious group (ex: Christian Science healers)

When was divine healing used in conjunction with professional medicine?

• Serious illness

What was the name of Nightingale's hospital?

• Sick Gentlewomen in Distressed Circumstances

Idler found that religiousness could also be associated with poor health because

• Sick people use religion to help them cope with illness

How have chiropractors hampered their own attempts at professionalization?

• Some favor a more expanded role using a variety of techniques, while others prefer a more "pure" approach in which they are limited to spinal manipulation • Must strongly compete with one another for clients • Have little control over who should be licensed to practice

What is divine healing?

• Some people have the power to transmit the healing forces of the Holy Spirit or to exorcise demons • Healing can be obtained through faith the same way as salvation from sin

After capitalizing on fame and popularity, Nightingale held a fundraising effort that generated enough money to open a nursing school in _____?

• St. Thomas, London

What is role simulation?

• Students performing to elicit favorable responses from the instructors • Approved behavior was an objective and professional attitude toward patient care • Many students felt they were "playing at acting like a nurse" • The more successful they were at acting like a nurse, the more confidence they actually gained

What are the four characteristics of subordinancy positions (nurse, lab assistant) in the practice of medicine?

• Technical knowledge employed in health occupations needs to be approved by physicians • Workers usually assist physicians in their work rather than replace the skills of diagnosis and treatment • Workers are subordinate to the physician because their work largely occurs at the request of a physician • Physicians have the greatest prestige

Folk diagnosis of a health problem emphasizes ______?

• The cause, not the symptoms

What is provisional internalization and stable internalization?

• The final two stages of the nursing socialization • Nursing students took on a temporary identity as a professional nurse • Settled in to the identity by the time they graduated

How do lower-class Mexican Americans see illness in comparison to Anglos?

• They see illness as related to one's interpersonal relationships, community, and life, while Anglos see it as unemotional/impersonal and related to germs

Why are Curanderos "needed?"

• To provide "good" power to offset "evil" influences

From what demographic has there been an increasing number of students in nursing?

• Upper-middle class • Urban areas • Middle-class occupation

In Curanderismo Healing, the most dreaded form of disorder is caused by ____?

• Witchcraft

Why was nursing an attraction occupation to immigrants and migrants?

• Women could make a living and have a respectable position in the community

What advantage to Curanderos bring to the treatment setting?

• Works in a subculture supportive of beliefs in the effectiveness of the Curandero's methods • Anxiety-reducing approach