Sociology: Final Exam

With the transition to a greater prevalence of chronic diseases, physicians have increasingly had to take which approach to medical care?

"Whole person" care

In 2010, the average infant in the U.S. could expect to live for ______ years.

78.7

Which is NOT a major area of investigation in medical sociology?

ALL OF THE ABOVE -Social facets oof health and disease -social behavior -social functions -the relationship of systems to other systems

Medical education is adjusting to new realities in medical practice. Changes include the transition in American health care delivery from:

ALL OF THE ABOVE -A system run by doctors to one shaped by the purchasers of care and the competition for profits. -A decline in the public's trust in doctors to greater questioning and even distrust. -A change in emphasis on specialization and subspecialization to primary care and prevention. -Less hospital care to more outpatient care in homes and doctors' offices.

Which is a relevant factor driving consumerism?

ALL OF THE ABOVE -Shift in the state's role from protecting the medical profession to protecting corporate health care interests in order to reduce costs. -Proliferation of commercial products for the body that the patient can use independent of the physician. -rise of chronic disease

The Hippocratic Oath requires the physician to swear that he or she will:

ALL OF THE ABOVE -help the sick -refrain from international wrongdoing or harm -keep all matters confidential

Which can cause the receiver of a message to misunderstand what is said?

ALL OF THE ABOVE -poor hearing -selective listening -not understanding the words the speaker uses -accepting the wrong message when there is a discrepancy between the spoken message and the speaker's nonverbal behavior

Cassell explains that information can be an important therapeutic tool in medical situations if it meets which test(s)?

ALL OF THE ABOVE -reduces uncertainty -provides a basis for action -strengthens the physician-patient relationship

Medical sociology, as a sub-discipline, began gaining strength:

After World War II with the infusion of large amounts of federal funding for research.

The lowest AIDS mortality rates for American males are found in:

Asians

For all causes of death, _____________ have the lowest death rates.

Asians/Pacific Islanders

____________ are schedules of fees placing a ceiling on how much the government will pay for specific services rendered to Medicare patients by hospitals and doctors.

DRGs

One of your patients, Mrs. V., exhibits a number of difficult behaviors. You suspect that she has some need that is not being met. Which is the most appropriate action for you to take?​

Discuss your concerns with your supervisor.

The germ theory of disease is a perspective which asserts:

Diseases are caused by a biological agent.

Which group has the highest percentage of persons without health insurance?

Hispanic

Persons with a low sense of locus-of-control tend to have:

Less self-initiated preventive care.

Unlike infectious diseases, chronic diseases typically are _____________ and ______________.

Long term; incurable

Which racial group in the United States is especially disadvantaged in regard to health?

Non-Hispanic blacks

For all causes of death, _____________ have the highest death rates.

Non-Hispanic blacks.

Public opinion surveys show:

Nursing is viewed as the most honest and ethical career.

The level of acceptance of advance practice providers by physicians:

ONLY A AND B ARE CORRECT -is greater when physicians have a busier workload. -is related to the degree to which physician authority and autonomy are threatened.

What is a double agent?

Physicians who look out for the interests of the patient and the interests of a managed care organization.

The medicine of social spaces is concerned with:

Preventing disease

The cause(s) of the social gradient is most likely related to differences between socioeconomic groups and classes in:

SOME COMBINATIONS OF ALL OF THE ABOVE -self-esteem and stress levels -the effects of income inequality -deprivation through the life course -health lifestyle and social support

One of the greatest threats from infectious diseases worldwide comes from:

STD

Talcott Parsons's book The Social System contained which concept important for medical sociology?

Sick role.

People who become infected with HIV may be subjected to discrimination, which can isolate them socially. This social outcome is:

Stigma

Millman contended that ________________ errors could be forgiven and often had the result of motivating the offending physician to work harder, spend more time with patients, double-check procedures, and learn from the mistake.

Technical

Which is not an appropriate way to respond to a hostile patient?​

Tell the patient you don't appreciate all the complaining.

In which study were syphilis patients intentionally not treated and allowed to die?

Tuskegee

For many patients, a health agency can feel like _______​

a stressful and threatening place.

As part of the women's health movement, feminist health organizations have evolved that advocate:

abortion rights

The ___________________ model applies when the patient is seriously ill or being treated on an emergency basis in a state of relative helplessness, due to a severe injury or lack of consciousness.

activity-passivity

Your _______, consisting of a mixture of feelings, beliefs, and behaviors, will affect your adjustment as a health care professional.​

attitude

People have been doing self-care for ______________ and it is made easier today by access to the Internet with its abundance of medical information.

centturies

People engage in self-care in a manner ____________ with medical norms, values, and information.

consistent

According to the sociologist Max Weber, lifestyles are based upon a person's relationship to the means of:

consumption

In the United States, heart disease has ______________ over the past 30 years.

decreased

In the case of the sick role, illness is seen as __________, and its undesirable nature reinforces the motivation to be healthy.

deviance

The ___________ generated by the habitus produce lifestyle practices for individuals that are similar to those of other people in their social class and distinctive from people in other classes, according to Bourdieu.

dispositions

__________________ considerations have become a primary motivation among physicians, hospitals, and private health insurance companies.

economic

Which component of SES is consistently the strongest single predictor of good health?

education

_______________ is thought to protect women against heart attacks until menopause, when levels drop.

estrogen

Medical schools have begun to employ which method to help decrease doubt and improve the application of medical knowledge?

evidence-based medicine

Who defined the guidelines for analyzing the development of the medical profession in American society?

goode

Harry looks you in the eye and shakes your hand with a firm, even grasp. The emotion it suggests is confidence

true

What is the reason many low-income persons do not have a source of medical care?

ALL OF THE ABOVE -health facilities may not be near -costs may not be covered by health insurance -they may lack health insurance

What is the central rule of the doctor-nurse game?

Avoid open disagreement between the players

Which of the following have been significant factors in the most recent epidemiologic transition, which has seen a reemergence of infectious diseases?

B AND C -decreased attention to public sanitation -globalization of trade and travel -global warming and climate change

Accepting a job that you are overqualified for can lead to _______​

BOTH A AND B -frustration and job dissatisfaction -violating policies and job description

The type of lifestyle that promotes a healthy existence is typical in which class?

BOTH A AND B -upper class -middle class -working class

Nonverbal communication refers to the tone of voice, volume, and rate of speaking.

False; paraverbal

Physicians in the United States used to lack:

Lengthy training in specialized knowledge.

____________________ take(s) the position that the seriousness of the patient's symptoms is the determining factor in doctor-patient interaction.

Szasz and Hollender.

The National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification (NS-SEC) is a measure of class position, which is based on differences in:

work/environment

What led to an increase in the status and salary of nurses in the late 1980s?

nursing shortage

Which of the following trends is most likely to strain health care delivery systems and Social Security system in future years?

Increasing proportion of elderly in the population.

The elderly population will depend on ________________ to keep them fit.

Medicare.

Which of the following is NOT true of nurse practitioners?

The role of the nurse practitioner is decreasing

The "inner core" of physicians is divided into two major groups. Which of the following is one of these groups?

administrative elite

Which point in the life course is NOT a peak period for when women visit doctors the most?

after 35

Weber maintains that life __________ is influenced by life chances.

choices

Physicians prescribe medications, diets, and the like and expect patients to follow them faithfully. This is called:

compliance

Some research suggests that the _____________ hypothesis and the psychological stress hypothesis contribute the most to providing an answer for the higher prevalence of hypertension in blacks, since blacks in general have higher rates of hypertension than whites.

genetic

The primary focus of the epidemiologist is on:

health problems of social aggregates

AIDS is transmitted in Africa and some parts of Asia primarily by:

heterosexual contact

________________ has been found to make women particularly vulnerable to psychological distress.

lack of control

Dutton tested different explanations concerning why the poor would show lower use rates in relation to actual need than the non-poor. Which was NOT a tested explanation?

level of education

What group uses preventative services the least?

lower class

Koos's study helped establish the premise that _______________ persons are less likely than others to recognize various symptoms as requiring medical treatment and that these beliefs contribute to differences in the actual use of services.

lower-class

The Flexner Report reviewed the state of:

medical education

Changes in lifestyle patterns over the past decades has meant that coronary heart disease is now concentrated more among which group?

poor/lower class

According to Weber, _________ is the ability to realize one's will even against the resistance of others.

power

Most sociologists of medicine are employed as

professors at universities

__________ represents the convergence of biological factors with geographic origins, and cultural, economic, political, and legal factors

race

When a new baby sister arrives, 3-year-old Trent begins asking for a bottle and talking "baby talk" again. Trent's behavior is an example of _______​

regression

The process by which a family provides a child with a specific social identity is:

socialization

President Bill Clinton referred to the AMA as just another ___________________.

special interest group

The data in the Dutton (1978) study on health care utilization among the poor favored the _______________ hypothesis.

systems barrier

_______________ has not traditionally promote equality among laypersons when direct physician-patient interaction is required, nor does it provide a context within which such an orientation can grow within the medical environment. But this situation now appears to change. Many physicians involve their patients in deciding about treatment options.

the culture of medicine

A person's stance means _______​

the way he positions his body and feet.

A patient who makes nervous movements or who states, "My doctor says I should have surgery," probably has feelings of fear or anxiety and would benefit from _______​

an opportunity to verbalize those feelings

____________ refers to health care organizations that control the cost of health care by monitoring how doctors treat specific illnesses, limit referrals to specialists, and require authorization prior to hospitalization, among other measures.

managed care

According to Davis (1972) what was the deciding factor in whether or not an individual would make a career out of nursing?

marriage

Consumerism is more likely a feature characteristic of the:

middle and upper class

Which of the following plays a particularly important role in the transmission of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa?

migrant labor force

Millman contended that _______________ errors resulted in unfavorable letters of recommendation for those seeking jobs and social isolation from other physicians in the hospital.

moral

The ___________________ model applies to the management of chronic illness in which the patient works with the doctor as a full participant in controlling the disease.

mutual participation

Millman contended that _______ errors, if they were made in "good faith," were less serious than _______ errors.

technical; moral

Which involves the extensive use of advanced technology for testing, diagnosis, and the scientific determination of treatment in a more differentiated world of health care delivery?

techno-medicine

The current public policy approach to dealing with AIDS is:

through safe-sex education

Renée Fox found that medical students at Cornell Medical School acquired two basic traits as a result of their medical training: the ability to be emotionally detached from the patient and to ___________________.

tolerate uncertainty

If you are unsure what someone means, ask for clarification rather than trying to guess.

true

Lisa rolls her eyes and sighs when she learns she is scheduled to work late. The emotion it suggests is resentment.

true

When a patient's behavior indicates a negative emotional state, the health care team should _______​

try to identify the patient's needs and pay extra attention to meeting those needs.

Which of the following are more prevalent among the upper and middle classes?

anxiety and mood disorders

What is NOT a factor in the increasing emergence of epidemics?

increase public sanitation

A researcher is interested in reporting how many people in a community were diagnosed with HIV during the past month. He/she would measure the:

incidence

Becoming skillful in _______ involves a conscious effort to select your behavior for a given situation rather than allowing habit or emotions to determine what you say and do.​

interpersonal relations

The HIV outbreak in China initially occurred among ____________ in Yunnan Province.

intravenous drug users