sociology final exam

The first social revolution, namely the domestication of animals and plants, occurred approximately __ years ago.

10,000

About how many adults in the US speak a language other than English at home?

47 million

Which woman made a mark as an early sociologist by studying the evils of slavery and also translating the writings of Auguste Comte?

Harriet Martineau

Who was the pioneering sociologist who founded Chicago's Hull House to assist immigrants and who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize?

Jane Addams

Which early sociologist claimed that the important task was not to simply understand society but to change it?

Karl Marx

_____ distinguish between right and wrong;____ distinguish between polite and rude.

Mores, folkways

Which of the following statements comes closest to describing Erik H. Erikson's view of socialization?

Personality develops over the entire life course in patterned ways

___ are the social ties that radiate outward from the self and link people together.

Social networks

The early US sociologist who earned the first doctorate ever awarded by Harvard University to a person of color was:

W.E.B. Du Bois

Which US sociologist studied the African American community and served as a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)?

W.E.B. Du Bois

Science can be defined as:

a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation

Which of the following concepts refers to social position that is assumed voluntarily and that reflects a lot of personality ability and effort?

achieved status

The "dawn of civilization" is most associated with which social revolution?

agricultural

According to Comte, during the Middle Ages most people in Europe thought of society as:

an expression of God's will

The cultural values that largely define culture:

are sometimes in conflict with one another

Which of the following concepts refers to a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily taken on later in life?

ascribed status

Making use of the sociological perspective encourages:

challenging commonly held beliefs

Which of the following was NOT the focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's development in moral reasoning?

cognition

Human guide to reality is determined by:

command of language

The three role strains indicate:

complete role conformity is impossible

The concept of "counterculture" refers to:

cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held

The concept of "subculture" refers to:

cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population

What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that together constitute a peoples way of life?

culture

Culture is a source of human freedom because:

culture creatures must make and remake the world for themselves

A phenomenon of group dynamics that results in a decrease in one's willingness to help others as the size of the group increases is referred to as __.

diffusion of responsibility

The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance is referred to as:

dramaturgical analysis

The concept "presentation of self" refers to:

efforts to create impressions in the minds of others

In the United States, eye contact generally serves to:

encourage interaction d

Commonsense ideas are the best topics to choose for sociological research, because they represent "what everyone knows"

false

The most used research design is field research.

false

The research method that provides the most accurate information is the survey.

false

What is another term used to described the research method called participant observation?

fieldwork

How groups influence individuals and how individuals affect groups is referred to as ___.

group dynamics

How does the structure and function of groups change as they grow in size?

groups tend to develop a more formal social structure

It is correct to say that the development of more complex technology:

has both positive and negative effects

What are the three qualities on which research ethics is based?

honesty, truth, and openness

In terms of human freedom, the chapter on socialization leads to the conclusion that:

human beings are: spontaneous and creative, affected by society (but also act back on society), and can never completely be free of society (all of the above are correct)

Sociologists use the concept "empirical evidence" to refer to:

information people can verify with their senses

The plow was to the second revolution as the __ was to the third social revolution.

invention of the steam engine

What is defining characteristic of a random sample?

it gives each person in the population of interest an equal chance of being chosen

In research, to generalize one's findings to a total population, what is the most important quality that the sample must possess?

it must be representative of the total population

The concept of "ethnocentrism" refers to:

judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture

Keeping you people off the streets would be a ___ of sports:

latent function

Unrecognized and unintended consequences of the social structure are called

latent functions

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

learning more about other societies helps us better understand our own way of life.

Based on both the Harlow's' research with rhesus monkeys, and the case of Anna the isolated child, one might reasonably conclude that:

long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans

The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as:

manifest functions

The English language often treats as ___ whatever has greater value, greater power, or greater significance.

masculine

Which of the following concepts refers to social position that is assumed voluntarily and that reflects a lot of personal ability and effort?

master status

The __ is to the postindustrial society as the ___ is to the emerging biotech society.

microchip; decoding of the human genome system

The Harlow experiments to discover the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys showed that:

monkeys isolated for as little as six months were permanently damaged

Culture acts a constraint on human freedom because:

much culture is habit and is repeated again and again

The ideal of objectivity means that a researcher:

must strive to be personally neutral about the outcome of the research

Family is important to the socialization process because:

parents greatly affect a child's self-concept; families give children social identity in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion; and family members are often what Mead called "significant others" (all of the above are correct)

Jarod is conducting research on the homeless. For six weeks, he has lived among the homeless "24/7"... In this view Jarod is using ____ as a method of gathering data.

participant observation

Cultural transmission refers to the process of:

passing cultural patterns from one generation to another

All around the world, what we find everywhere is:

people creating cultural systems

When Charles Horton Cooley used the term "looking-glass self" he was referring to the fact that:

people see themselves as they think others see them

According to Comte, which of the following is a way of understanding the world based on science?

positivism

Women often take the family name of men upon marriage. In sociological terms, this is an example of how language can be used to convey:

power over others

Which of the following is the best example of a manifest function of sports?

providing people with recreation and physical conditioning

The term "___" refers to the extent to which different studies come up with similar results.

reliability

Tiffany has a keen interest in the original theories of William Sheldon regarding the relationship between body type and juvenile delinquency. She has duplicated the study using Sheldon's original methodology to see if her results are compatible to Sheldon's. Such a study illustrates the concept of ___.

replication

Sociologists use which of the following concepts to refer to the behavior people expect of someone who holds a particular status?

role

Which of the following concepts refers to conflict among roles corresponding to two or more statuses?

role conflict

Which of the following concepts refers to the process by which people disengage from important social roles?

role exit

What is the term for the tension among roles connected to a single status?

role strain

Norms are:

rules defining appropriate behavior

Learning more about sociology helps us to:

see the constraints in our lives, see the opportunities in our lives, be more active participants in society (all of the above)

All three role strains are resolved by __ and ___.

setting priorities and planning

According to George Herbert Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these important people as:

significant others

The Thomas theorem states that:

situations defined as real are real in their consequences

Social structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society. What concept refers to these negative consequences

social dysfunctions

Taken together, the cases of Anna and Genie provide strong evidence that:

social experience has a crucial role in forming human personality

The process by which people act and react in relation to others is:

social interaction

Which of the following concepts refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture?

socialization

Cross-cultural research on human emotions shows that:

societies differ in terms of how people cope with emotions, people display emotions according to cultural norms, what triggers an emotion differs from society to society (all of the above are correct)

The largest and most self-sufficient type of groups is or should be:

society

Which discipline define's itself as "the systematic study of human society"?

sociology

Which of the following concepts defines who and what we are in relation to others?

status

Walker is conducting research on scholarship recipients at Faber College. In his sample of 250 students, he is ensuring he has a proportionate number of students based on class standing, race, sex, and major course of study. Walker's sample is an example of a(n) ____.

stratified random sample

The theoretical approach in sociology that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the:

structural-formation approach

Which research method involves collecting data by having people answer a series of questions?

survey

Which theoretical approach highlights the fact that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as the meaning they attach to their behavior?

symbolic-interaction approach

Gerhard Lenski focused on which of the following factors as having great power to shape a society?

technology

One of the early concerns of IQ tests was that they tested the subject's knowledge of the upper class white culture of the scientists who developed them, and not the true educational potential of the person tested. In view of this, which assessment of the early IQ tests is most accurate?

the early IQ tests lacked validity

Which of the following play a part in creating a global culture?

the flow of goods, people, and information (all of the above)

Why did the creation of the industrial society lead to greater social inequality?

the new technology was far more efficient than anything that preceded it, leading to larger surpluses and greater inequality.

George Herbert Mead considered the self to be:

the part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image

The basic idea of the symbolic-interaction approach is that society is:

the reality people construct as they interact with one another

What are the two characteristics a people must share to qualify as a society?

the same culture and the same territory

The "framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change is which of the following?

the social-conflict approach

All but one of the following historical changes stimulated the development of the disciple of sociology. Which one did NOT?

the spread of the Roman Catholic Church

"Personal space" refers to:

the surrounding area in which an individual makes some claim to privacy

Nonscientific knowledge is often wrong and or/misleading.

true

Two types of knowledge are scientific and nonscientific

true

Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called:

values

Which of the following is not a dimension of culture?

values

Studying the meaning people attach to their everyday lives is the search for:

verstehen ("Walk a mile in my shoes")

The tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl studied by Kingsley Davis, shows that:

without social experience, a child is incapable of thought of meaningful action