Sociology FINAL EXAM
Researchers at Stanford University decided to do a study to determine if there were any racial disparities in police stops in the U.S. Which of the following statements best describes the results of their research?
"Results indicate that police stops and search decisions suffer from persistent racial bias."
Your textbook author Macionis notes that there has been a huge increase in the number of people incarcerated in the U.S. today compared to in the 1980s. He notes that this large increase reflects three things. Which of the following is NOT one of the three things he mentioned?
"heavy lobbying for longer prison sentences by owners of private prisons"
Over one's working lifetime, how much money can a college degree add to a typical American's personal income?
$1,000,000
Each year the federal government sets an official poverty line (or poverty threshold) for families of different sizes. In 2019, the weighted poverty threshold for a family of four in the U.S. was approximately ____.
$26,172
A middle-aged man works at a low-paying job in a factory. He is committed to his job, shows up for work on time every day, and has never asked his employer for a raise. Under Merton's strain theory, this man would best be described as _____________.
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A young man is a college student, a worker, a father, and a husband. His professors expect him to be in class every day. His boss expects him to travel out of town several days a month. His wife wants him to help out more with the children and to spend more time with her. This young man finds it impossible to meet everyone's expectations. The stress he is feeling as a result of these incompatible expectations is caused by
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A young nursing student who works part-time in a large medical office watches the nurses around him to pick up clues about how to talk and dress and act professionally. This kind of learning that helps a person achieve a desired position is called
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According to your textbook, which of the following statements is FALSE about cross-cultural similarities and differences in emotional life?
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One of the main goals of "scientific management" in business situations is to
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The problem of bureaucracy which refers to how the hierarchical structure of bureaucracies concentrates power in the hands of a few people and thus undermines people's control over their leaders is called
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What does the "hurried child" syndrome in the U.S. result from?
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Which of the following is NOT included in the code of ethics for the discipline of sociology?
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Which of the following statements about the advantages and disadvantages of different research methods is TRUE?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE about control theory?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE about criticisms of sociological theories of deviance?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE about modernization?
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Approximately _____ of the people in the world do not use the internet, primarily because they are unable to afford the equipment necessary and the cost of access.
1/2
According to your study guide, approximately how many people are currently incarcerated in the U.S. in a federal prison, a state prison, or a local jail?
2.2 million
Income inequality in the U.S. has reached a level today that this country has not experienced since just before the Great Depression. According to the most recent statistics I mentioned, the average CEO in a Fortune 500 company makes about ___ times as much as the average worker in the company.
264
Approximately what percentage of criminal cases in the U.S. are resolved through plea bargaining rather than through a trial?
90%
Media consolidation is a serious concern of conflict theorists. By 2016, approximately what percentage of the mass media in the U.S. was owned by just six large corporations?
90%
Macionis, your textbook author, mentions that "across the entire country, African Americans are dying from COVID-19 at a rate 2.5 to 3 times higher than the white population." Which of the following was NOT mentioned as an explanation for this difference in death rates?
African Americans are more likely than white Americans "to depend on spiritual healers rather than medical doctors" when they are sick.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
All of the above statements are true (1) one's ancestry (birth into a particular family) strongly affects social position (2) white families in the U.S. have more income and more wealth than African American families (3) people of English ancestry have historically been the wealthiest group in the U.S.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
All of the above statements are true; (1) a widespread belief of sociologists is that "nurture" matters more than "nature" with regard to shaping human behavior (2) Darwin's theory of evolution led people to believe that human behavior was instinctive, not learned (3) John Watson's theory of "behaviorism" held that human behavior was learned, not instinctive
Which of the following statements is TRUE about female genital mutilation (FGM)?
All of the above statements are true; (1) clitoridectomy refers to the surgical removal of the clitoris (2) infibulation involves removing the entire external genital area of the female and stitching the remaining surfaces together; only a small hole is left for urination (3) the point of FGM is to eliminate any sexual feeling for the females
Which of the following statements is TRUE about white ethnics?
All of the above statements are true; (1) in the past, many employers would not hire them (2) in the 1920s, a quota system limited their immigration into the U.S. (3) more than 50% of the people in the U.S. are white ethnics
Which of the following statements about humor is TRUE according to the text?
All of the above statements are true; (1) part of the frustration of not "getting" a joke is a fear of being judged as stupid (2) one of the functions of humor is that it operates as a "safety valve," allowing people to safely express opinions on highly sensitive topics (3) humor often expresses conflict, tension or hostility between different social groups.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about social media as an agent of socialization?
All of the above statements are true; (1) seeing violence online can increase people's chances of engaging in violent behavior (2) a lot of the content of social media glorifies risk-taking behaviors (3) social media messages often perpetuate negative stereotypes about race, gender, class, age, etc
Which of the following was mentioned in the textbook as a reason for the disproportionate numbers of arrests among African Americans, especially males?
All of the above were mentioned (1) race is correlated with socioeconomic standing (2) the family structure of the typical black family and the typical white family is different (3) the official crime index does not give information on many white-collar crimes, which are more often committed by white people
Which of the following was listed as a possible reason for grade inflation?
All of the above were mentioned (1) teachers' concerns about student morale and self-esteem (2) teachers' concerns about their own popularity (3) the increasing competition students face to get into college and graduate school
Which sociologist is credited with coining the word sociology and believed that scientific methods should be applied to the study of society, just as they were applied to the study of the physical world?
Auguste Comte
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the differences between mass media and social media?
Both of the above statements are true (1) social media is not centralized, but mass media typically is (2) social media is multidirectional, but mass media typically is one directional.
Macionis notes that formal organizations have existed for thousands of years. Which of the following does he mention as one of the limitations of these early formal organizations?
Both of the above statements are true (1) the organizations lacked the necessary technology to travel over very long distances, to be able to communicate rapidly, and to gather and store useful information (2) the preindustrial societies that were being ruled had very traditional cultures, which tended to make those societies conservative, thus limiting the ability of the organization to make necessary changes to be efficient.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Both of the above statements are true; (1) about one-third of heterosexual women who marry today keep their own name or hyphenate their and their husband's last names (2) women who keep their own last name when they marry typically make more money than women who change their last names, and they are perceived by others as being more ambitious and capable than women who change their name
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding violent crime in the U.S.?
Both of the above statements are true; (1) except for the crimes of rape and sexual assault, males experience higher victimization rates than females (2) the vast majority of people who commit violent crimes, no matter the sex of the victim, are male
Your textbook author notes that "the capacity for culture does have some drawbacks." Which of the following is one of those drawbacks?
Both of the above were mentioned as drawbacks; (1) we can experience alienation (2) culture can limit our choices and drive us to repeat troubling patterns in each generation
Which city in the U.S. does statistician Nate Silver name as "the most segregated city in the country"?
Chicago
Which of the following statements is TRUE about Asian Americans?
Compared to the population as a whole, Asian Americans have a higher percentage of college graduates.
With regard to online dating, which of the following statements is TRUE?
Couples who meet online are three times more likely to divorce compared to couples who meet in more traditional ways.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a pan-ethnic label?
Cubans
Kai Erikson, who studied dozens of disasters, says there are three major conclusions that can be made about the social consequences of disasters. Which of the following is one of these three conclusions that he identified?
Disasters are "social disruptions".
Your textbook author notes that feminist theorists use the Bechtel test to see if a film "takes women seriously." Which of the following questions is NOT a part of the test?
Does at least one of the women avoid being a victim of male violence?
What is the trend in the U.S. with regard to how we view dying?
Dying is preferable to living in severe and prolonged pain.
One of the early sociologists was very interested in the sources of cohesion in society and coined the terms mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity. This same sociologist believed that the increasing freedom of modern industrialized societies leads to a rise in anomie, which he identified as a cause of many modern social problems. This sociologist is
Emily Durkheim
Which term is used by sociologists to describe a group that has a distinctive social identity based on shared cultural traits, traits such as language, religion, styles of art, food customs, etc.?
Ethnic group
A core goal of radical feminism is to get rid of motherhood.
False
A small number of humans, typically referred to as intersex, can produce both types of gametes -- sperm and ova (eggs).
False
According to Walter Miller, the six focal concerns of deviant subcultures are the following: revenge, toughness, self-absorption, need for dominance, belief in fate, and disdain for romance.
False
According to research, there are some overall sex differences in intelligence, with males coming out slightly superior.
False
Although early sociologists did not agree on whether modernity was primarily good or bad, current sociologists point to only good aspects of postmodernity.
False
Although schools, workplaces, hotels, buses, and trains were segregated in the U.S. in the past, cemeteries, restaurants, and the military were not.
False
Anglicization refers to how the English language is rapidly losing native speakers and is no longer the preferred second language around the world.
False
Approximately 40% of adults in the U.S. are opposed to feminism.
False
Approximately 6% of the U.S. population is officially poor (living under the poverty line), and the majority of these poor people are African Americans.
False
Because a well-educated daughter usually gets a large dowry which she marries, most parents in India invest heavily in the schooling of girls.
False
Because of many federal lawsuits in the U.S., two of which made it all of the way to the Supreme Court, public funding is now the same in public schools across the nation.
False
Compared to poorer people, rich people tend to be more conservative about both economic and social issues.
False
Currently, 180 of the 500 largest corporations in the U.S. have a female CEO (chief executive officer).
False
Eurocentrism refers to the fact that all current world maps show Europe in the very center of the map.
False
Families headed by single fathers are just as likely as those headed by single mothers to end up living under the poverty line.
False
In Milgram's experiments, subjects taking part in experiments that pressured them to administer electrical shocks to other people were likely to do so when given the suggestion by authority figures but were not likely to do so when given the suggestion by groups of ordinary individuals.
False
Interracial marriages are increasing rapidly in the U.S.; they now make up close to 42% of all marriages.
False
Janis's research on "groupthink" suggests that experts, who are typically very well educated, are much less likely than the average person to give in to group pressure.
False
Just one-fifth (20%) of American women were in the workforce in 1900; today the figure is over 90%.
False
Minorities in the U.S. stereotype whites, but they do not stereotype other minorities.
False
Most people in the U.S. today are not concerned about economic inequality, and most do not believe that income differences are too large.
False
Most people in the world today still have a preference for a male child over a female child. The only exception to this rule is people in the U.S., who no longer express such a preference in surveys.
False
On average, poor people typically live five years longer than rich people. This is because rich people are much more likely to take part in very dangerous sports and activities that typically cost a lot of money (e.g., skydiving, helicopter skiing, mountaineering, Formula 1 racing).
False
One result of Eugene Hartley's research that really surprised him and later researchers was that prejudiced people tend to be very logical and rational.
False
One thing that parents throughout the U.S. are in agreement with is that "school choice", "charter schools", "magnet schools", and "busing" are all in the best interest of students.
False
Prejudice is unequal treatment of people solely on the grounds of their group membership, and discrimination is a negative attitude toward people solely on the grounds of their group membership.
False
Recent studies show that the effects of divorce on children are so severe and so long-lasting that children are better off if their parents stay together, even if there is long-term intense marital conflict and hostility.
False
Sex is not a clear-cut category. Over 25% of people are born intersexed, with some mixture of male and female biological characteristics.
False
Sociologists often refer to today's baby boomers as the sandwich generation because of their tendency to eat out instead of cook at home due to time constraints.
False
Some groups do embrace some forms of deviance. However, murder is universally considered deviant. Even in the most violent motorcycle gangs, such as the Hells Angels, people who murder others are stigmatized and typically avoided by others in the gang.
False
The "shallow" culture hypothesis refers to the idea that voters today tend to believe that politicians are very "shallow" and that the politicians use social media in deliberately misleading ways.
False
The Arab World consists of 9 nations.
False
The Greek root of the word school means cultural enrichment.
False
The U.S. is one of only five countries that allow same-sex marriage.
False
The cultural patterns that distinguish a society's richest and most powerful people are referred to as posh culture.
False
The definition of a family that is used by the Census Bureau includes unmarried couples as long as they are cohabiting.
False
The most common theme in the online document titled Anti-female Quotes is that women are primarily interested in just one thing: having sex with a man to seduce him into marriage.
False
The postindustrial economy that we see in the U.S. today has created two different kinds of work: low-skill physical labor and low-skill service work.
False
The richest 20% of families in the U.S. own approximately 46% of all of the country's wealth.
False
The textbook mentions "five areas of concern when conducting research with Hispanic" people. One of these areas of concern is personal space. The textbook mentions that Hispanics are typically more uncomfortable with strangers than people from other ethnic groups, and therefore the researcher should be sure to keep a lot of physical distance between him - or herself and the person being interviewed.
False
The wage gap is typically calculated in three different ways. By one calculation method, it is 23%. By the second calculation method, it is 20%. And by the third calculation method, it is 18.7%.
False
There are currently nine societies that sociologists consider to be completely free of social inequality.
False
Though Mexican Americans have a low median income, the median income of Hispanics in general is now equal to that of the entire U.S. population as a result of the unusually high incomes of Puerto Ricans and Cubans in the U.S.
False
Today, approximately 23% of births in the U.S. are to unmarried women. Birthrates among these unmarried mothers don't vary much by race and ethnicity, but they do vary by religion.
False
Today, more than 5 billion people in the world have a smartphone.
False
Twitter is the most popular social-networking site.
False
With regard to power, males are in the vast majority of positions of authority in the world. The only exception is in the home, where females around the world typically have much more power to make the important decisions.
False
According to Ferdinand Tönnies, the process of modernization represents the increasing loss of human community. He called this new type of social organization, in which people are no longer closely tied by kinship and tradition but instead associate with one another primarily on the basis of self-interest, as
Gesellschaft
According to the audio lecture, which group is the largest minority group in the U.S. today?
Hispanics
According to Macionis, what role, if any, does biology play in human behavior?
It does all of the above; (1) t influences intelligence (2) it influences musical and artistic talent (3) it influences some aspects of personality, such as how a person deals with frustration.
What impact does social media have on our ability to multitask and on our attention span?
It increases our ability to multitask, and it decreases our attention span.
What is meant by the term digital divide?
It refers to the differences in access to the internet for various groups of people.
Macionis, your textbook author, notes that "median income data suggest that many Asian Americans have prospered." According to Macionis, what explains these data?
Many Asian Americans live in Hawaii, California, or New York, where incomes tend to be higher than the national average
Which of the following was NOT identified by sociologists as a way that organized religion has supported the domination of women?
Many religions help fund Concerned Women of the World, a very powerful international group that fights against feminist causes such as abortion rights
The sociologist who argued that people in Western industrialized societies are increasingly guided by rationality rather than tradition; who extensively studied "modern" types of humans such as scientists, bureaucrats, and capitalists; and who worried that bureaucracies, with their numerous rules and regulations, would stifle the human spirit, is
Max Weber
Which social theorist is most strongly associated with the theory that ideas are a very important source of change in history?
Max Weber
Which of the following statements is FALSE about interaction between males and females according to your textbook author?
Men are more likely than women to smile as a sign of appeasement.
Which two examples does Macionis, your textbook author, give to support the idea that the U.S. is still patriarchal to some extent?
Men are still typically head of household and most parents give their children the father's last name.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about Japanese Americans?
Most Japanese Americans marry non-Japanese partners
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the results of Suzanne Tallichet's study of coal mining?
Most of the male miners thought it was "unnatural" for females to be miners, and they negatively labeled the women
Which of the following was NOT mentioned by Macionis, your textbook author, as being one of the reasons why rehabilitation may be an unrealistic expectation for prisoners?
Most people who end up in prison don't respond well to educational opportunities offered to them, primarily because more than two-thirds of them have at least one serious learning disability.
On the study guide, I mentioned various myths (false beliefs that are widely held) about welfare. Keeping those in mind, which of the following statements is actually TRUE about welfare in the U.S.?
None of the above statements is true
Which of the following statements is TRUE about cyber-bullying, according to a recent survey?
None of the above statements is true
Which of the following statements about home-schooling in the U.S. is TRUE?
None of the above statements is true.
Which of the following statements about politics is TRUE?
None of the above statements is true.
Which of the following statements about types of leaders is TRUE?
None of the above statements is true.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the characteristics of the poor in the U.S.?
None of the above statements is true.
Which of the following statements is TRUE according to an audio lecture on norms?
None of the above statements is true.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the reasons for the wage gap between men and women?
One reason for the wage gap is that family responsibilities fall disproportionately on women
Ralf Dahrendorf identified reasons for capitalism's survival. Which of the following was NOT identified by him as one of these reasons?
Over the last century, capitalism has proven itself to be superior to socialism in reducing income inequality among the major classes.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about researchers discussed in your textbook?
Philip Zimbardo's research used the experimental method and investigated the effects of a prison setting on people.
Macionis notes in his textbook that there are three "social foundations of deviance." Which of the following was NOT mentioned as one of these three foundations?
Prestige trumps power in the struggle over deviance labeling.
Alexander Liazos pointed out that the people who typically are defined as deviants and stigmatized share the trait of being powerless. Your textbook author Macionis points out that "conflict theory explains this pattern in three ways." Which of the following is NOT one of the three ways that was mentioned?
Rich and famous people "typically turn their stigma into just a mark of eccentricity by using the power of the media."
What happened in the 1920s with regard to state laws in California and many other states?
Segregation was mandated and interracial marriage was banned
What kind of experiment did Jane Elliot do?
She told the students in her classes that the students with brown eyes were smarter and worked harder than the ones with blue eyes.
What was the main finding of the study conducted at UCLA that divided teenagers into two groups and showed them photographs?
Students were more likely to "like" a photograph if they could see that it already had a lot of "likes".
Which of the following statements is TRUE about TV viewing?
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children under two years of age watch no TV programs.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
The Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery in 1865.
What happened to Native Americans in 1871?
The U.S. government declared that American Indians were now wards of the U.S. government
Most people in the world have not had more than one spouse at a time because
The first two answers (1) it is difficult to financially support more than one spouse (2) the number of men in a society is typically equal to the number of women in the society
Durkheim and other functionalists identified various functions of deviance. Which of the following was identified as one of these functions?
The first two answers were identified as functions of deviance (1) responding to deviant behavior brings a community together (2) deviant people help bring about needed social change
Most minorities in the U.S. have adopted the dominant culture established by the earliest settlers. Which of the following was mentioned as a reason that they do this?
The first two answers were mentioned as reasons why they do this.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about Marx's ideas about stratification?
The first two statements are true (1) Marx believed that social stratification is rooted in people's relationship to the means of production (2) Marx believed that social stratification could be largely eliminated through abolishing private ownership of productive property
Which of the following statements about "dyads" is TRUE?
The first two statements are true (1) a dyad is the smallest social group possible (2) compared to groups of other sizes, dyads generally have the most intense type of interaction.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about homelessness in the U.S.?
The first two statements are true (1) people remain homeless for an average of about 6 months (2) most homeless people are not mentally ill.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about community colleges?
The first two statements are true (1) their low costs are a special benefit of them (2) professors' main focus is teaching, not research.
Which of the following statements about the Japanese internment is TRUE?
The first two statements are true; (1) it affected approximately 90% of all Japanese Americans (2) most of those people who were interned were U.S. citizens by birth
Which of the following statements is TRUE about African Americans in the past?
The first two statements are true; (1) slaveowners commonly broke up families by selling family members at public auctions (2) to resolve the American Dilemma, many white people defined Africans as being innately inferior people and therefore not deserving of equality with whites
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding dropping out of school?
The high school dropout rate has been increasing in recent decades.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding networks?
The largest network in the world is the World Wide Web of the Internet.
What is the relationship of the gender gap in college attendance to income?
The lower the income level, the greater the gender gap in college attendance.
Which of the following statements is TRUE according to a table in your textbook looking at the effects of educational attainment and sex on median income?
The more education people have, the higher their median income tends to be.
Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the early days of computer technology?
The success of the first computer-to-computer transmission made a big splash on the evening news and was discussed on the news over a period of 8 days.
There are three criteria for a causal relationship between two variables. Which of the following is NOT one of these criteria for causation?
The variables must both be numerical values
Sociologists have helped shape public policy in the U.S. in many ways. What was mentioned as one of the most recent ways they have done this?
They filed an amicus curiae brief with the U.S. Supreme Court supporting the right of same-sex couples to marry.
According to the ________, if situations are defined as real, they have real consequences. For example, if people in a society believe natural disasters are caused by unhappy gods, they may offer up human sacrifices to appease the gods.
Thomas theorem
Which of the following statements is TRUE when comparing the attitudes of first-year college students from 1960 and 2016?
Today's college students are far more interested in "being very well off financially" compared to students in 1969.
Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a way that organizations in the U.S. today are different from those of a century ago?
Today's organizations are more likely to have a "pyramid" shape rather than a "football" shape; that is, today's organizations are more likely to have a lot more levels in the chain of command.
A policy that argues for giving similar pay for jobs that are judged to be comparable through measurement of such factors as required education, skills, responsibility, and working conditions is referred to as a comparable-worth policy.
True
According to the audio lecture, there is more variation in genes within racial groups than between them, and most scientists now consider race to be a meaningless biological concept.
True
African Americans, Latinos, females, and older people are the groups who are most likely to be victims of crime in the U.S.
True
Beliefs, norms, and values would all be considered examples of nonmaterial culture.
True
For many years there were marital exemptions in the rape laws in the U.S.; these exemptions allowed husbands to physically force their wives to have sex without being charged with a crime.
True
In many traditional societies, especially in rural areas, marriage tends to be set up ("arranged") by the parents of the people to be married.
True
In preindustrial societies, children are often seen as an economic asset because they supply needed labor, which is one reason why couples in these societies tend to have lots of children.
True
In some states in the U.S., a child can now have three legal parents.
True
Japanese students do more homework than students in the U.S. and also spend more days in school.
True
Most Arabs are Muslims, but most Muslims are not Arabs.
True
Most of the unmarried females giving birth in the U.S. today are adults, not teenagers, and more than half of them are cohabiting when they give birth.
True
Most sociologists believe that gender is socially constructed and that it can be changed.
True
Of all women, those who are young, better educated, and who are employed outside the home are most likely to support feminism.
True
Officially (according to the U.S. Census Bureau), Hispanics/Latinos are an ethnic group, not a racial group.
True
Prior to the 1967 Supreme Court case titled Loving v. Virginia, interracial marriages were illegal in 16 states.
True
Self-expression is a cultural value that is more common in higher-income countries than in lower-income countries.
True
Some of the information voters encountered during the 2016 presidential campaign was "entirely made up," some of it a result of the Russian government deliberately trying to mislead and confuse U.S. voters.
True
Stouffer's research on "reference groups" found that people do not usually make judgments about themselves in isolation, that instead they compare themselves to members of specific groups.
True
The U.S. had a racial caste system in the South until the 1960s.
True
The lack of reading and writing skills needed for everyday life is referred to as functional illiteracy.
True
The more members of a group interact, the more they are influenced by its norms and values and the more similar they are likely to become.
True
The specific expectations that are put on males and females because of their sex, expectations that include how to dress, walk, sit, talk, think, etc., are referred to as gender roles.
True
The spread of ideas or beliefs or objects from one society to another is referred to as diffusion.
True
The story of the former Soviet Union demonstrates that social inequality involves more than economic resources. Elite standing in that nation was based on power rather than wealth.
True
Throughout most of human history, most communication was face-to-face, and it wasn't until about 1800 that mass circulation newspapers ushered in the era of mass media.
True
Today, race is not usually assigned by law in the U.S. but is based solely on self-identification. Only American Indians and Alaska Natives are an exception to this rule; tribal status is determined by each individual tribe, and some tribal nations require a blood quantum as part of tribal enrollment.
True
U.S. society "arranges" marriages through the encouragement of homogamy.
True
Which of the following statements about Sherry Turkle's research about the impact of social media on young people is FALSE?
Turkle found that high school students today are scoring an average of 10 points lower on IQ tests compared to students of just a generation ago, a finding she attributes to more social media use and less reading of books.
Of the following five countries, which one incarcerates the largest share of its population?
United States
Which early sociologist in the U.S. described African Americans as having a double consciousness?
W.E.B. DuBois
Which of the following statements is TRUE about Weber's ideas about stratification?
Weber argued that it was doubtful that social stratification would be eliminated in socialist countries
Macionis notes that some people believe that Marx's analysis of capitalism is still basically a valid one. Which of the following is NOT a point made by these people?
Workers in socialist countries are less likely to suffer from alienation and report more overall happiness compared to workers in capitalist countries.
Macionis, the textbook author, mentions the former nation of ____ as an example of how subcultural differences based on ethnicity and religion can have tragic, violent results.
Yugoslavia
Which of the following is LEAST likely to qualify as an example of a total institution?
a day-care center
Migration within societies and between societies is an example of ____ factor that promotes change.
a demographic
The hula hoop was an example of what Macionis identifies as _______.
a fad
A study of 25,000 delinquent youth found that
a large percentage of them had at least one relative who had been incarcerated
Meena was a woman in Afghanistan living under Taliban rule. Her sex was extremely important to her social identity, shaping her entire life. Her sex is
a master status
Which is more likely to have a clear goal -- a mob or a riot?
a mob
A social movement like Alcoholics Anonymous that seeks radical change in only some individuals is referred to as __________ social movement.
a redemptive
A social movement like the environmental movement that targets everyone for some limited change is referred to as __________ social movement.
a reformative
Robert Merton classifies a person who ends up rejecting the culturally approved goals of their society and the culturally approved means of attaining these goals and who drops out of society by becoming a drug addict or alcoholic as
a retreatist
What is a "gerontocracy," which is most common in preindustrial societies?
a society in which the old have the most wealth, power, and prestige
While doing research, sociologists discover there is a strong correlation between the amount of ice cream sold in a city and the number of deaths by drowning. If further research shows that a third variable, such as the season of the year, is responsible for the correlation and thus there is no causal link between the amount of ice cream sold and the number of deaths by drowning, the correlation is called
a spurious correlation
When a family suffers from a deprivation of basic resources (food, clothing, medical care, etc.) that is life-threatening, this is called
absolute poverty
Gang member and student are two examples of ______ statuses.
achieved
In the section of the textbook on Reality Building, Macionis notes that "people do not build everyday experience out of thin air." Which of the following does he mention as one of the influences on how we act and see?
all of the above; (1) our interests in life (2) our social class background (3) our cultural background
A social movement like the Promise Keepers that seeks to bring about some limited change in only one part of a society is referred to as __________ social movement .
an alternative
Which disaster was discussed in your textbook in a Thinking Globally box?
an atomic bomb test that negatively affected the people living on a small island in the South Pacific
In the audio lecture, I mentioned the characteristics of romantic love that were identified by Helen Harris. Which of the following was NOT mentioned?
appreciation of the beloved for who he or she really is (lack of idealization)
According to textbook author Macionis, why should we "always read crime statistics with caution"?
because these statistics only include the crimes that are known to the police
After living in a total institution for a long time, a person may lose their capacity to live independently; that is, they may ___________.
become institutionalized
Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic components of social structure?
beliefs
The most recent research finds that ______ typically benefit from marriage with regard to happiness and mental and physical health.
both men and women
In the 2016 election in the U.S., which candidate used Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, and Facebook to try to influence voters?
both of the above; (1) Trump (2) Clinton
According to sociologists, the life course is
both of the above; (1) linked to the biological process of aging (2) largely a social construction
The problem of bureaucracy which involves a preoccupation with rules and regulations to the point that the organization's goals are compromised is called
bureaucratic ritualism
Certain crimes are often referred to as victimless crimes. Which of the following does NOT belong on that list?
burglary of a home when the people who live there are away from the house
According to the audio lecture, racial categories
can be different from one society to another and from one historical period to another
Which of the following is NOT one of the four manifest functions of schooling?
child care for working parents
The tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl studied by Kingsley Davis, shows that
children need social contact to be able to act and communicate in human ways
In a research study, Matza and Sykes identified five techniques of neutralization of deviance commonly used by juvenile delinquents. Which of the following is NOT one of those techniques of neutralization?
claiming innocence until proven guilty
What does Macionis call "the process of trying to convince the public and public officials of the importance of joining a social movement to address a particular issue"?
claims making
According to Amitai Etzioni's typology of formal organizations, a psychiatric hospital is an example of a(n) ___ organization for a patient who is living there, a(n) ___ organization for a psychiatrist who works there, and a(n) ___ organization for someone who volunteers at the hospital.
coercive, utilitarian, normative
What phrase does Macionis use for "activity involving a large number of people that is unplanned, often controversial, and can bring about change"?
collective behavior
The Camden, New Jersey police department was mentioned in the textbook as a police department that instituted some changes to deal with accusations of racist actions by the police. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as one of the changes that were made?
community policing policies
According to research by sociologist Tom Smith, what is the "single most important transition in claiming adult status" in the U.S.?
completion of schooling
According to the ________, one way that schooling causes and perpetuates inequality is the use of standardized tests that place minority students at a disadvantage.
conflict theorists
Which sociological perspective emphasizes that sports in the U.S. are linked to social inequality, that sports are characterized by inequalities based on gender, race, and economic power?
conflict theory
Which sociological perspective stresses that society is characterized by struggle between competing social groups each pursuing wealth, power, and prestige and focuses on how elements of social structure benefit some groups of people while disadvantaging other groups?
conflict theory
Which theoretical perspective focuses on the links between culture and inequality and the ways in which cultural traits (such as values like "competition" or "individualism") benefit some members of society while disadvantaging others?
conflict theory
Karl Marx is most associated with which type of change?
conflict-driven
A newly rich person who buys an extremely expensive car in order to "show off" his or her wealth is involved in what sociologists term
conspicuous consumption
Groups whose values and norms are fundamentally at odds with the dominant society, who consciously reject many of the important norms of the dominant society and who are usually proud of the rejection, groups such as eco-terrorists, the hippies of the 1960s, the Old Order Amish, and present-day extremist groups in the U.S. such as Neo-Nazis, are known as
countercultures
Which type of collective behavior was identified by Macionis as a "fairly new development" in history?
crowds
Invention, discovery, and diffusion are three sources of ______ change.
cultural
Sociologists claim that the main reason that many young people in the U.S. experience adolescence as a time of confusion is
cultural inconsistency in defining this stage of life as partly childlike and partly adultlike
When there is a close relationship among the various elements of a cultural system, this is referred to as _____.
cultural integration
When new elements of material culture develop more quickly than nonmaterial culture can keep up with them, such as when test-tube babies become possible without the growth of new ideas about parenthood, this is called ______.
cultural lag
The practice of judging a culture by its own standards, a process that requires an openness to unfamiliar norms and values, is referred to as
cultural relativism
The process by which one generation passes culture to the next generation is referred to as
cultural transmission
Social patterns that are part of every known culture (such as feasting, funeral rites, and telling jokes) are referred to as _____.
cultural universals
Which perspective stresses the cultural diversity in the U.S. and promotes the equality of all the diverse cultural traditions?
culturalization theory
Miguel, an American tourist, traveled in a very remote area of Southeast Asia for the first time and felt quite disoriented when he witnessed cultural practices that are very different from his own. Miguel experienced
culture shock
The fact that minorities in the U.S. tend to have the same prejudices towards other minorities as whites do supports the theory of prejudice known as
culture theory
A ceremony in which someone is publicly declared a deviant, such as a criminal prosecution or an insanity hearing, is called a
degradation ceremony
The theory that people join social movements because they feel they are lacking something important like sufficient income, safe working conditions, or basic political rights, is referred to as ______ theory.
deprivation theory
A prison-reform report argues against incarcerating first-time offenders because in prison they are likely to be exposed to many people who will teach them sophisticated methods of committing crimes in addition to teaching them justifications and rationalizations of crime. This argument supports
differential association theory
Numerous research studies have found that a person's sexual orientation _____ affect their ability to be a good parent and to raise psychologically healthy children.
does not
A conflict theorist would be likely to argue that stratification
does not benefit society as a whole, but rather just benefits certain advantaged groups within society
The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance is referred to as
dramaturgical analysis
Flight attendants are expected to always smile and stay calm when they are dealing with customers, even difficult customers, something that sociologists refer to as
emotion management
Which of the following is NOT one of the key characteristics of "bureaucracy" that was pointed out by Max Weber?
employment based on family connections
The tendency to view one's own culture as the best and to judge other cultures by the standards of one's own is known as ______ .
ethnocentrism
Harold Garfinkel's students investigated the assumptions people make about everyday reality by openly violating rules and then watching people's reactions. This method of studying interaction is referred to as
ethnomethodology
If someone who lives in rural India is expected to marry someone from a different village, this person is expected to practice ______.
exogamy
The trend of females making up an increasing proportion of the poor is referred to as __________.
feminization of poverty
Which of the following was NOT mentioned as one of the five ways that large, bureaucratic high schools undermine learning?
focus on teacher earnings over educating students
The sociological perspective that downplays the importance of change and focuses on shared values as the core of a culture is _____.
functionalism
Which of the three main sociological perspectives have a macro-level orientation?
functionalism and conflict theory
Which of the following was NOT identified by Macionis as one of the three global links that have helped make the cultures of the world more similar?
global religions
There is ____ in numerous academic fields as to whether the correlations found between maleness/masculinity and femaleness/femininity are biologically caused or a result of gendered socialization.
great controversy
According to the Coleman report, what is even more important than money in good schooling?
having cooperative efforts between teachers, parents, and students
Which of the following is a characteristic associated with people having an increased risk of divorce?
having divorced parents
Schools play special roles in the process of socialization. Which of the following was NOT identified as one of these special roles?
helping children break free of gender roles
Caste societies tend to have very ____ status consistency.
high
If you are forced to work in a room where there are pornographic photos on the walls or where you are forced to listen to constant sexual jokes and sexual innuendo that make you uncomfortable, you may be able to sue for the type of sexual harassment called
hostile environment
Social distance refers to
how closely people are willing to interact with members of ethnic groups
When a category of people has very little contact with people outside their local community, as is common among many very poor African Americans (such as the ones you read about in the book "Gang Leader for a Day"), this is referred to as
hypersegregation
Although the vast majority of Americans indicate that they highly value sexual monogamy, a substantial minority of them commit adultery. This finding reflects the difference between ____ and real culture.
ideal culture
If a doctor tells others that the only reason he became a doctor is to "serve the community," he is probably engaging in
idealization
According to your textbook author, which of the following is a "crucial factor" affecting access to U.S. higher education?
income
According to Friedrich Engels and many contemporary conflict theorists, the rise of capitalism ____ male domination.
increased
Which of the following was NOT identified as one of the social causes of homelessness in the U.S.?
increasing numbers of poor immigrants from non-English-speaking countries
Which theoretical perspective looks at how the mass media "selectively present information to an audience to shape how people come to understand the surrounding world"?
interactionism
A woman starts her career in her late teens as a receptionist at a large company and ends up as the vice-president of that company 30 years later. This woman has experienced
intragenerational mobility
Macionis, your textbook author, notes that "striking changes in Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries made people think more about society and their place in it, spurring the development of sociology." Which of the following was NOT identified as one of these three changes?
large increases in the number of people involved in organized religion
One thing that sets the peer group off from the family is that the "peer group"
lets older children escape being under the direct supervision of adults
Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a reason for the shortage of teachers in the U.S.?
loss of interest in public-service jobs
Violent crime rates in the U.S. declined a lot between the early 1990s and 2000 and have stayed relatively low to the current day. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as one of the possible causes of this decline?
lowering of the age when youth are transferred to adult court
What did Macionis identify as "probably the most notorious example of mob behavior" in U.S. history?
lynching of African Americans
Which "helpful strategy" for developing media literacy was mentioned in the textbook?
making use of multiple sources of information on topics being investigated
The numerical average of the annual incomes of 75,000 households is referred to as their _____ household income.
mean
A family has a yearly income of approximately $170,000, and they live in a comfortable home in a very nice area of town. Most of the children in the family have gone to college, and some have postgraduate degrees. The parents play an active role in local politics. This family is a member of the
middle class
The theory of social movements that focuses on how social movements in postindustrial societies are typically national or international in scope and focused on quality-of-life issues (such as world peace or environmental issues) is referred to as _________.
new social movements theory
Macionis, your textbook author, identifies _______ as the master status for most people in the U.S.
occupation
The _____ in the U.S., which was in effect in parts of the South from the early 1900s until the 1970s, said that anyone with even a tiny percentage of sub-Saharan African ancestry (even 1/16 or 1/32) was considered black according to law.
one-drop rule
A social group that one feels competition with or opposition toward is called a(n) _____.
outgroup
As noted in your textbook, research is often affected by gender. The problem that results when researchers use data drawn from one sex to support conclusions about both sexes is called
overgeneralizing
Following the customs of their society, after Alexander and Helen marry, they live with Alexander's parents and Alexander has the most power and authority in the newly formed family because he is the husband. Several years into their marriage, Alexander takes a second wife who lives with him and Helen. This society's patterns are
patrilocal, patriarchal, and polygamous
Which of the following was NOT identified as an example of institutional discrimination, either currently or in the past?
paying your workers who live in one state more than your workers who live in another state
Marxist Steven Spitzer mentioned four types of people who are likely to have a deviant label applied to them in a capitalist country. Which of the following was NOT mentioned by him?
people who refuse to get the higher education required for high-technology jobs
Which type of person is especially likely to be a victim of hate crimes?
people with multiple stigmas, such as gay men of color
In Switzerland, three ethnic groups that speak three different languages exist amicably side by side and have equal social standing. This pattern of racial and ethnic relations, which is very respectful of diversity, illustrates
pluralism
A Marxist theory of social movements, a theory that focuses on how social movements often arise among people opposed to the capitalist economic system because they see it as failing to meet the economic needs of the majority of the population, is referred to as ________.
political-economy theory
The production of information using computer technology is referred to as
postindustrialism
Of the two major types of crime (violent crime and property crime), which type is most likely to be reported to the police?
property crime
Which of the following was NOT identified by the functionalists as one of the major functions of the family?
regulation of emotions
Scientists believe that if a measurement is to be trusted, the measurement process should yield the same result if repeated time after time. This consistency in measurement is called
reliability
The police in California keep lists of suspected gang members, in effect "labeling" them as criminals. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as one of the things the police use to help them designate a person as a gang member?
residence in very poor neighborhoods known to be controlled by gangs
Radically changing a person's personality by very carefully controlling their environment, a process you saw in the video "Full Metal Jacket," is called
resocialization
Rose, who was a long-time gang member, gradually began to doubt her commitment to being a member of the gang. Eventually she decided to leave the gang life behind, and she moved to another state to live with her cousin and start going to college. Rose experienced
role exit
A university professor is expected to teach and advise students, do research, assist colleagues, and work on committees. These expected behaviors are called
roles
What does Macionis identify as "unconfirmed information that people spread informally, by word of mouth or by using electronic devices"?
rumor
A sociologist is interested in exploring the social-media habits of all college students in the San Diego County area. She chooses a subset of this huge group to interview because there are far too many college students in the county for her to interview all of them. The subset she chooses is referred to as a
sample
The idea that prejudice is a result of frustration felt by groups of disadvantaged people, such as very poor white workers, frustration which is then targeted at members of minority groups, is referred to as
scapegoat theory
A large, impersonal social group organized to pursue a specific goal is called a _____.
secondary group
Which of these jobs has the largest number of women employed in it in the U.S.?
secretary or administrative assistant
Which of the following was NOT identified in your textbook as one of the kinds of situations that help people see the influence of society on individuals' lives?
seeing how genetics influences individuals' lives
A woman is trying to get investors for her new tech business. She has a meeting with a local man who she knows is looking for good business opportunities to invest in. To make a good impression, she invites the man to lunch at the trendiest restaurant in town. She buys a new business suit to wear. She makes sure she carries a briefcase and has her new smartphone and laptop with her. When she speaks to the potential investor at lunch, she is friendly but professional at all times. In sociological analysis, which of the following four terms best apply to what she is doing?
set, costume, props, demeanor
What term refers to the process by which people "creatively shape reality" as they interact?
social construction of reality
Which type of sociological analysis of courtship and marriage suggests that personal resources such as good looks, intelligence, and a sense of humor are important in the marriage market and that individuals tend to "shop around" for the best "deal" they can get in a spouse?
social exchange theory
Emile Durkheim found that some categories of people have higher suicide rates than other categories. Which variable did he use to explain the differences in suicide rates?
social integration
The people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture are referred to as
society
What does the "weight of sociological evidence" point to as the primary cause of poverty?
society
All of the statuses a person holds at any one time are referred to as their
status set
Which of the following is NOT one of the major components of nonmaterial cultures?
statuses
A _____ is a characteristic a person has that discredits him or her in the eyes of others and has important consequences for the person's self-concept and social identity.
stigma
The wealth of the richest people in the U.S. consists mostly of ________.
stocks and other income-producing investments
Irish Catholics, Southern California surfers, graffiti artists, bingo enthusiasts, and hip hop musicians are all examples of
subcultures
Gerhard Lenski identified four major levels of sociocultural evolution. Which of the following does NOT belong on the list?
subsistence farming
George Herbert Mead refers to the part of us that is spontaneous and impulsive and not concerned about the judgements of society as a whole as
the "I"
Which group was mentioned as probably the best known example of an organized crime group in the U.S.?
the Italian Mafia
Macionis notes that all crime is "composed of two elements." What are these two elements?
the act (or failure to do what is required) and criminal intent
Naomi Wolf argues that females are taught from an early age that their worth is primarily a result of their physical attractiveness, especially to males. This idea is referred to by the term
the beauty myth
Which sociological perspective investigates how the family is based on inequality and calls attention to unequal power in families, especially the unequal power between husbands and wives?
the conflict perspective
How does Barry Glassner characterize the bias of the mass media that favors the reporting of events such as crime, terrorism, and disasters?
the culture of fear
Peter Berger identified four major characteristics of modernization. Which of the following is NOT one of these characteristics of modernization?
the decline of the idea of personal choice
Macionis, the textbook author, points out that "a society's artifacts partly reflect underlying cultural values." What does our "high regard for the automobile" reflect?
the emphasis we put on individualism and independence
What kind of evidence supports Oscar Lewis' culture of poverty thesis?
the fact that most poor people are not working full-time
Your textbook author, Macionis, notes that the cultural legacy of the WASPs still remains. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as an example of this legacy?
the fact that nuclear families are still the dominant family style in the U.S.
Which sociological perspective views traditional gender roles favorably, seeing them as helping to integrate society and help it operate more smoothly by bringing men and women together into cooperative family units that typically consist of one person with instrumental qualities and another person with expressive qualities?
the functionalist perspective
Seven causes of divorce in the U.S. were identified. Which of the following was NOT identified as one of them?
the mass media, especially movies, suggest that married life is dull
Men often use female pronouns when discussing their cars, boats, and motorcyles. According to Macionis, this reflects
the power of ownership
The "looking-glass self theory" of Charles Cooley is the idea that
the sense of self people develop is based on how they believe others perceive them
What is meant by the collateral damage of punishment?
the suffering felt by the family members of people who are incarcerated
The medicalization of deviance refers to
the transformation of moral or legal deviance into a medical condition
In the early 1960s and before, it was common for employment ads in the U.S. __________.
to list jobs separately for males and females
Which of the following was NOT mentioned as one of the dozens of new identity terms related to gender that are used by some young people today?
transbinary
A researcher wants to test the hypothesis that Native Americans are the ethnic group with the highest rate of childhood mortality. The researcher uses data collected by researchers at the CDC to test this hypothesis. This researcher is doing what kind of research?
use of existing sources
Which of the following was NOT mentioned on a study guide as an example of how prejudice is reflected and reinforced in the English language?
use of the word color-coding
According to Max Weber, what is "tradition"?
values and beliefs in a society that are passed from generation to generation
Which of the following is NOT one of the methods of socialization depicted in the video "Full Metal Jacket"?
weekend off for good behavior
Projective labeling refers to
when a person takes account of someone's deviant behavior and identity to predict their future behavior
Mead considered the "generalized other" to be
widespread cultural norms and values that people internalize and evaluate themselves by
A construction worker makes $48,000 a year, and his job provides no pension or health insurance. He owns a home in a fairly run-down neighborhood. The chances that his children will make it to college are about 1 in 4. This construction worker is a member of the
working class
Which of the following was NOT mentioned as one of the organizational principles involved in the "McDonaldization of society"?
young, highly exploitable workers
