Sociology: Marriage and Family Ch. 1-3

Ch. 4

Ch. 4

voluntary kinship

kinship ties that people have to construct actively

assigned kinship

kinship ties that people more or less automatically acquire when they are born or when they marry

matrilineal

describing a lineage in which descent is traced through the mother's line

two parents

Herbert Gutman argued, before and after slavery, in both the North and the South, most African American families included _____. -only one grandparent -two parents -single parents -only one child

it forged alliances across clans

Identify a consequence of marrying someone outside one's clan among American Indian tribes. -It forged alliances across clans. -It led to rivalry among various clans. -It established new rituals based on fused religious doctrine. -It helped families maintain their heritage.

patrilineal

Kinship was _____ in the traditional East Asian family. -fictive -matrilineal -patrilineal -bilateral

the autonomy children experienced in internment camps

What contributed to sharp changes in Japanese American marriage patterns? -The stringent patrilineal ideals forbidding children from choosing their own spouses -Changes in the tenets of marriage, stressing obligations to kin and emotional restraint -The autonomy children experienced in internment camps -Growth of independent family businesses

their appointment as the guardians of moral values and giving them the major role in rearing children

What provided women with substantial influence during the 1700s and early 1800s? -Their appointment as the guardians of moral values and giving them the major role in rearing children -Their contribution toward the family economy by helping their husbands -Their role in the wider social world as paid workers in different industries -Their conformity to individualism and their ability to counter the authority of their husbands

she was submissive to men, particularly her husband

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the True Woman? -She was allowed to have sexual contact with the men she was attracted to. -She was submissive to men, particularly her husband. -She did not believe that her proper place was in the home. -She did not renew her husband's spirituality and character.

the concept of an orientation toward the same sex began to emerge

Which of the following was a change that happened during the nineteenth century in the context of sexual activities? -The concept of an orientation toward the same sex began to emerge. -Men and women were neither recognized nor punished for their same-sex attraction. -Sexual activities were categorized as the socially approved and the socially disapproved. -Same-sex sexual acts did not define a person as having a particular sexual identity.

false

True or false: According to Herbert Gutman, African American slaves neither married nor did they keep track of uncles, aunts, cousins, and other kin. -True -False

false

True or false: Before the feminist movement, publishers produced stories and histories that focused mainly on girls and women. -True -False

true

True or false: Bilateral kinship provides women more independence than patrilineal kinship. -True -False

false

True or false: In European colonies in the United States, a conjugal family's affairs were considered private business. -True -False

Intersextionality

the theoretical principal that inequalities that are related to one social identity often overlap with inequalities that are related to other identities

development of feminist organizations in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

Friendships and associations among women during the 1700s and early 1800s could have been a prerequisite for the _____. -promotion of values consistent with domesticity and a great devotion to religion -development of traditionalist ideals that recognize childbearing as the primacy of marriage -separation of women from paid work as economies moved to wage labor -development of feminist organizations in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

sex

the biological characteristics that distinguish men an women

conjugal

A kinship group comprising husband, wife, and children is referred to as the _____ family. -matrifocal -extended -conjugal -private

extended

A kinship group that consists of husband, wife, and children plus any other relatives present in the household, such as a grandparent or uncle is known as a(n) _____ family. -private -matrifocal -extended -blended

maternal kin

A woman's ties to her _____ were generally stronger among American Indian tribes than European colonists. -spouse's family -community or clan -paternal kin -maternal kin

children of the same sex

According to a study by Eleanor Maccoby, youngsters are far more likely to show social behavior to _____. -adults of the opposite sex -children of the opposite sex -children of the same sex -adults of the same sex

evolutionary change is slow

According to sociologists who have studied gender, biology cannot explain the social changes in family life that have occurred over the past few decades, or even the past few centuries, because _____. -gender is not a social construction -it is not directly related to gender -physiological changes are ever-changing -evolutionary change is slow

women's lives than in men's lives

Asymmetry of gender change refers to the greater change in _____. -children's lives than in parents' life -women's lives than in men's lives -men's lives than in women's lives -parents' life than in children's life

romantic love and companionship

After World War II, the younger Japanese generation chose their own spouses based on _____. -obligations to kin -romantic love and companionship -financial and social status -equality between partners

cohabitating relationships

After about 1970, young adults substituted _____ for early marriages. -cohabiting relationships -polyandry relationships -polygyny relationships -casual relationships

without a male partner

After the Civil War, black mothers were more likely to be living _____ than white mothers. -without a male partner -with more than one male partner -away from their children -with their parents

spanish

Among the early Mexican Americans, the landowning elites tended to be of nearly pure _____ descent. -French -English -Spanish -Dutch

compulsory schooling replaced education at home

As the scope of the private family enlarged in the twentieth-century America, _____. -marriage underwent a shift from companionship to institution -compulsory schooling replaced education at home -marriage was defined as a means of achieving financial stability -home crafts replaced department stores

Nomadi and Pillari are two clans of an American Indian tribe. They frequently exchanged young adults as marriage partners. In this case, the two clans would _____. A. disallow girls to remain in their mother's house with their husbands and children B. consider themselves as allies in any disputes with other clans in the tribe C. conceive a separate tribe of their own to protect their members from unfriendly outsiders D. discourage their members from finding partners from another clan or tribe

B. consider themselves as alllies in any disputes with other clans in the tribe

In matrilineal tribes among the American Indian population, a person traced his or her relatives through his or her _____. A. father's line B. mother's line C. clan's origin D. spouse's origin

B. mother's line

__________ limit the number of people who are related to a person and with whom that person must share land, water, animals, and other resources. A. rituals B. ideologies C. lineages D. partnerships

C. lineages

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California gold rush

Chinese immigrants first began to arrive in the United States during the _____. -California gold rush -Civil War -beginning of the war with Japan -construction of the railroads of the Southwest

Until 1753

Choice, The Church of England, which had broken with the Catholic Church during the reign of Henry VIII, recognized informal marriage. The Church of England, which had broken with the Catholic Church during the reign of Henry VIII, recognized informal marriage.

In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

Families probably became less diverse over time, as churches established control of marriage and as fewer parents died while their children were young.

they reject the idea that masculinity has a singular essence

Identify a true statement about the writers of sociological writings that focused on masculinity. -They believe that masculinity refers to the way men naturally are. -They argued that there is only one way to be masculine. -They reject the idea that masculinity has a singular essence. -They maintained that the "essence" of masculinity is a biological construction.

If a father lost his job, his family might view him as having failed in his role as breadwinner.

Identify a way in which the Great Depression undermined the authority and prestige of fathers. -The Great Depression forced many young adults to marry in order to relieve their families of prevalent financial constraints. -If a father lost his job, his wife and children were not expected to find work. -The Great Depression gave young adults the liberty to make their own decisions concerning their choice of spouses. -If a father lost his job, his family might view him as having failed in his role as breadwinner.

maternal uncles

In American Indian tribes, one's _____ played an important role in one's upbringing. -maternal grandparents -paternal uncles -paternal grandparents -maternal uncles

transgender

People who identify with a gender other than the one that they were assigned at birth

lives of individuals within families

Rather than study families as an undifferentiated group, sociologists and historians who use life-course perspective tend to study the _____. -nature of relationships formed among peers -lives of individuals within families -significance of income in the lives of cohabiting young adults -role of gender in determining behavior patterns among couples

the vast majority of these immigrants were men

Relatively few families were formed by early Chinese immigrants during the 1850s because _____. -most of these immigrant laborers resided in white American households -most of these immigrant laborers lost their lives to diseases to which they had not developed any immunity -the vast majority of these immigrant laborers were children -the vast majority of these immigrant laborers were men

provided low-wage labor to Anglo employers

Residents of barrios faced high unemployment or low income if they _____. -refused to work for Anglo employers -provided low-wage labor to Anglo employers -worked in industries run by non-Anglo employers -moved to different cities in search of new jobs

Increased life expectancy of adults AND The decline in birthrates

Select all that apply: Identify the demographic trends that contributed to the increased privacy in families after 1900. (Check all that apply.) -Lower life expectancy of children -Increased life expectancy of adults -The rise in death rates -The decline in birthrates

Neither partner coerced the other. AND The marriage did not violate church laws about who could marry whom.

Select all that apply: Until the Council of Trent in 1563, the Catholic Church accepted as a marriage any public statement by a couple that they considered themselves married to each other. What were the necessary conditions for this? (Check all that apply.) -There was no church ceremony to make the marriage official. -Neither partner was more than 25 years of age. -Neither partner coerced the other. -The marriage did not violate church laws about who could marry whom.

social

Sex is said to be a biological creation, whereas gender is said to be a(n) _____ creation. -social -spiritual -psychological -individual

life course perspective

Study of changes to individuals' lives over time and related to historic events

1965 Immigration Act

The _____ ended restrictions that had blocked most Asian immigration and substituted an annual quota. -Luce-Celler Act of 1946 -Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 -Naturalization Act of 1795 -1965 Immigration Act

growing economic independence of women

The _____ is a reason for the rise in divorce in the United States. -spread of traditionalist ideals and beliefs -receding number of cohabiting relationships -growing economic independence of women -greater authority held by women over men

had babies they had postponed having during the war

The birthrate rose dramatically just after World War II, as couples _____. -refuted the belief of recognizing babies as an important resource in hard times -had babies they had postponed having during the war -gave away babies for adoption due to rising costs and expenditures -adopted babies of parents who died in the war

an elite landowning family and poorer farmer-laborer settlers

The early settlements of Mexican Americans included _____. -merchants and traders who traveled to distant lands to conduct their businesses -an elite landowning family and poorer farmer-laborer settlers -a religious group of missionaries and settlers who preached the teachings of their religion -poor farmers and laborers who were controlled by the military

postpone marriage and childbearing

The economic hardships of the Great Depression forced many young adults to _____. -elope and raise separate families -assume responsibility of providing care for extended family members -postpone marriage and childbearing -refute the view that families served as important resources in hard times

importance of establishing an alliance with a family in another lineage

The exchange of goods between a bride's and groom's families in American Indian tribes symbolized the _____. -importance of establishing an alliance with a family in another lineage -level of power and influence held by families within a clan -importance of amassing wealth among newlyweds of a clan -level of involvement of families in the lives of newlyweds

inividualism

The greater economic independence brought by commercial capitalism in the 1700s and early 1800s facilitated the growth of _____. -communism -individualism -utilitarianism -totalitarianism

social meanings are produced

The interactionists focus on people's actions in concrete situations in order to determine how _____. -responsibilities are assigned -gender roles are maintained -personal relationships are formed -social meanings are produced

education

The main factor in the lengthening of early adulthood is _____. -education -the reduced availability of employment for the college-educated -medicine -the reduced acceptance of cohabitation

stigmatized gay people and served as a basis for prejudice and discrimination

The medical model of sexuality _____. -stigmatized gay people and served as a basis for prejudice and discrimination -viewed heterosexuals as mentally unhealthy or disabled -considered homosexuals mentally healthy as opposed to sick -defined a "normal" sexual preference for the opposite sex as intersectionality

paid work

The movement of people to wage labor separated women from _____. -their children -paid work -their houses -domestic work

emerging adulthood

The period between the mid-teens and about age 30 when individuals finish their education, enter the labor force, and begin their own families is known as _____. -late adolescence -prepuberty -prepubescence -emerging adulthood

romantic love

The role of _____ increased within marriage during the 1700s and early 1800s. -religious conformity -financial stability -romantic love -male authority

interactionist approach

The theory that gender identification and behavior are based on the day-to-day behavior that reinforces gender distinctions is known as the _____. -biosocial approach -interactionist approach -socialization approach -psychodynamic approach

socialization approach

The theory that states that gender identification and behavior are based on children's learning that they will be rewarded for the set of behaviors considered appropriate to their sex but not for those appropriate to the other sex is known as the _____. -interactionist approach -biosocial theory -socialization approach -symbolic interaction theory

change over the course of a person's life

Through the actions of transgender people, gender is shown to be a characteristic that can _____. -neither be identified as male or female -never be changed after being assigned at birth -change over the course of a person's life -be a continuum rather than a two-valued status

because women withdraw from the paid workforce to bear and rear children

Why do men in Western nations tend to have more education and work experience than women? -Because men are not granted corporate benefits if they lack higher education and work experience -Because women withdraw from the paid workforce to bear and rear children -Because women are not allowed to work outside their homes -Because men are less likely to work for pay and earn high wages

bilateral

_____ kinship refers to a system in which descent is reckoned through both the mother's and father's lines. -Bilateral -Ambilineal -Matrilineal -Patrilineal

lineage

a form of kinship group in which descent is traced through either the father's or the mother's line

peer groups

a group of people who have roughly the same age and stature as one another

conjugal family

a kinship group comprising husband, wife, and children

bread-winner homemaker family

a married couple with children in which the father worked for pay and the mother did not

mestizos

a person whose ancestors include both Spanish settlers and Native Americans

1965 Immigration Act

act passed by the U.S. Congress which extended restrictions that had blocked most Asian immigration and substituted an annual quota

birth cohort

all people born during a given year or period of years

secondary analysis

analysis of survey data by people other than those who collected it

primary analysis

analysis of survey data by the people who collected the information

externalities

benefits or costs that accrue to others when an individual or business produces something

positive externalities

benefits received by others when an individual or business produces something, but for which the producer is not fully compensated

patrilineal

describing a lineage in which descent is traced through the father's line

compadrazgo

in Mexico, a godparent relationship in which a wealthy or influential person outside the kinship group is asked to become the compadre, or godparent, of a newborn child, particularly at its baptism

two-spirit peopl

in Native American societies, men or women who dressed like, performed the duties of, and behaved like a member of the opposite sex

cisgender people

individual who identify with the gender that was assigned to them at birth.

transgender people

individuals who identify with a gender other than the one assigned to them at birth

public family

one or more adults who are jointly caring for dependents, and the dependents themselves

barrios

segregated Mexican-American neighborhoods in a U.S. city

queer theory

social theory about gender and sexual identity; emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects ideas of fixed, stable sexual and gender identities

objectivity

the ability to draw conclusions about a social situation that are unaffected by one's own beliefs

monogamy

the belief that a person should have only one long-term partner at a time, usually through marriage

negative externalities

the costs imposed on other individuals or businesses when an individual or business produces something of value to itself

western nations

the countries of Western Europe and the non-European, English-speaking countries of the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand

sexual identity

the formation in people's minds of an identity such as heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual based on romantic and sexual attraction

the number of children per family declined

Identify a consequence of the greater investment of emotion and time that was seen to be needed among the white middle class in the United States between 1776 and 1830. -The number of children per family declined. -The number of orphanages increased. -The idea of raising children was centered on promoting individual autonomy. -The main focus of marriage shifted to childbearing.

difficulty of primary caregivers of children to work full-time

Identify a reason due to which the pace of gender change has slowed. -The disadvantage that men with dependent children experience in the labor market -The assumption that workers do not have spouses at home to take most of the responsibility for child care -Difficulty of primary caregivers of children to work full-time -Increased government assistance toward working parents

Both women and men came to expect a greater amount of emotional satisfaction from marriage

Identify a reason for the increase in the divorce rate. -Both men and women came to expect equal economic contribution to their households -Both women and men came to expect a greater amount of emotional satisfaction from marriage -Rise in childbirths, resulting in an increased dependence of women on their husbands -Reduced potential of women to find work outside their homes

according to scholars, most American Indians lived in tribal societies based on lineages

Identify a true statement about American Indian societies. -European American children were more independent than American Indian children. -According to scholars, most American Indians lived in tribal societies based on lineages. -Marrying someone from the same lineage was permitted. -Patrilineal and matrilineal tribes were nonexistent.

The contemporary feminist movement is said to have begun with the publication of The Feminist Mystique.

Identify a true statement about Betty Friedan's book,The Feminist Mystique, published in 1963. -In The Feminist Mystique, Friedan says that there is no single category that can explain human experience without reference to other categories. -The Feminist Mystique focused on the struggles of women from minority groups, who work as nannies, house cleaners, home health care aides. -The contemporary feminist movement is said to have begun with the publication of The Feminist Mystique. -The Feminist Mystique was almost entirely based on Friedan's observations of Asian lower-class women.

Identify a marriage custom that was followed by American Indian tribes. A. A groom's choice of a spouse had to be approved by his father. B. A groom's family constructed separate homes for the couples. C. Gifts between families symbolized the importance of wealth and influence within a clan. D. Marriages were typically arranged by elders from the prospective bride's and groom's lineages.

D. marriages were typically arranged by elders from the prospective bride's and groom's lineages

the center of affection and nurturing

During the 1700s and early 1800s, men's sphere was seen as providing no reward other than a paycheck, whereas women's sphere was _____. -the center of command and authority -the center of affection and nurturing -seen as being governed by the rough ethic of the business world -seen as a place where wives could renew their husband's adoration

reliable and dependable person

During the 1700s and early 1800s, romantic love needed to be tempered by a careful judgment of whether a potential spouse was a(n) _____. -authoritative and influential person -individual of the same faith -individual of the same social class -reliable and dependable person

ties to extended family members were important.

Identify a true statement about both Chinese and Japanese immigrant families. -The mother's authority in a household was irrefutable. -Ties to extended family members were important. -Both Chinese and Japanese families permitted children to choose their own spouses. -Both Chinese and Japanese families were matrilineal.

conjugal families had difficulty maintaining privacy from other households

Identify a true statement about privacy among conjugal families in European colonies. -Conjugal families were forced to maintain privacy and were not allowed to interact with other households. -Conjugal families had difficulty maintaining privacy from other households. -Conjugal families commonly called at one another's houses with advance notice. -Conjugal families lived in households where they could find a place to get away from other household members.

by showing the influence of the decline in manufacturing jobs

How does the growing literature on emerging adulthood place the transition from adolescence to adulthood in a historical perspective? -By showing a lower acceptance of cohabitation and childbearing outside of marriage -By showing the similar routes taken by emerging adults and their parents -By showing a rise in demand of workers for manual labor -By showing the influences of the decline in manufacturing jobs

informal marriages were common among this group

Identify a characteristic of the mestizos. -Ancestors of this group included both African settlers and Native Americans. -Informal marriages were common among this group. -Informal marriages were prohibited by the elders of this group. -Most people of this group were wealthy landowners.

Two-spirits could undertake special tasks such as negotiating a marriage bargain between a woman's family and a man's family.

Identify a characteristic of two-spirit people. -Two-spirits could undertake special tasks such as negotiating a marriage bargain between a woman's family and a man's family. -Female two-spirits were found in Native American cultures in which relationships between men and women were relatively individualistic. -Male two-spirits could not renounce their roles and return to being ordinary males. -Two-spirits could not marry people of the same sex who were not two-spirits.

they became seen as morally superior to men

Identify a characteristic of women in American society between 1776 and 1836. -They came to be seen as morally superior to men. -Their primary role was to work outside their homes to provide for the family. -Their homes came to be seen as "men's sphere." -They came to be seen as emotionally inferior to men.

parents

In the traditional East Asian family, _____ had more authority over family members than is true in the West. -granddaughters -extended family members -parents -elder daughters

They defined marital success in emotional terms. AND They began to derive their greatest satisfaction from the quality of the relationships with their spouses and children.

Select all that apply: Identify the ways in which Americans gradually enlarged the scope of the private family in the twentieth century. (Check all that apply.) -They defined marital success in emotional terms. -They defined marital success in material terms. -They began to derive their greatest satisfaction from the quality of the relationships with their spouses and children. -They began to derive their greatest satisfaction from the roles they played, such as breadwinners and homemakers.

by providing thousands of little lessons for children and adolescents to learn from sources as diverse as friends, teachers, and video games

The social world greatly expands and amplifies gender differences at the level of socialization _____. -through the disadvantages men experience in hiring decisions or negotiations about housework because of limited material resources -by preventing men and women from doing gender while responding to each other -by providing thousands of little lessons for children and adolescents to learn from sources as diverse as friends, teachers, and video games -through the biologically based differences in personality or preferences between women and men

worked seasonally in the fields

Unlike rural white women, wives in rural black families _____. -were not allowed to work in the fields -were responsible for "keeping house" -were not provided jobs -worked seasonally in the fields

people discount evidence of change and pay more attention to evidence of continuity

Why do gender stereotypes change more slowly than material circumstances? -People discount evidence of change and pay more attention to evidence of continuity. -People tend to interpret new situations in ways that are different from their existing cultural expectations. -The decline in higher education opportunities limits a person's choice of a major, which expresses one's personal preferences. -The decline in mothers working outside the home induces changes in the cultural frame of gender.

self-identity

a person's sense of who he or she is and of where he or she fits in the social structure

social institution

a set of roles and rules that define a social unit of importance to society

symbolic interaction theory

a sociological theory that focuses on people's interpretations of symbolic behavior

feminist theory

a sociological theory that focuses on the domination of women by men

exchange theory

a sociological theory that views people as rational beings who decide whether to exchange goods or services by considering the benefits they will receive, the costs they will incur, and the benefits they might receive if they were to choose an alternative course of action

hypothesis

a speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables

boundary ambiguity

a state in which family members are uncertain about who is in or out of the family

survey

a study in which individuals from a geographic area are selected, usually at random, and asked a fixed set of questions

observational study

a study in which the researcher spends time directly observing each participant (also known as field research)

individualism

a style of life in which individuals pursue their own interests and place great importance on developing a personally rewarding life

expressive individualism

a style of life that emphasizes developing one's feelings and emotional satisfaction

utilarian individualism

a style of life that emphasizes self-reliance and personal achievement, especially in one's work life

longitudinal study

a survey in which interviews are conducted several times at regular intervals

bilateral kinship

a system in which descent is reckoned through both the mother's and father's lines

scientific method

a systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem

individualistic marriage

a union based on individual rewards rather than on the approval of family, friends, and community

social structure

the fundamental set of positions that organize society as a whole

asymmetry of gender change

the greater change in women's lives than in men's lives

heteronormativity

the idea that heterosexual relationships are the only normal and natural relationships

globalization

the increasing flow of goods and services, money, migrants, and information across the nations of the world

baby boom

the large number of people born during the late 1940s-50s

late modern era

the last few decades of the twentieth century and the present day (also known as the post modern era)

American Indian

the name used for a subset of all Native Americans, namely, those who were living in the territory that later became the 48 contiguous United States

gestation

the nine-month development of the fetus inside the mother's uterus

polyamory

the practice of having more than one open romantic relationship at a time

socialization

the process by which we learn the ways of a given society or social group to adequately participate in it

reflexivity

the process through which individuals take in knowledge, reflect on it, and alter their behavior as a result

masculinity

the set of personal characteristics that society defines as being typical of men

cohabitation

the sharing of a household by unmarried persons who have a sexual relationship

gender

the social and cultural characteristics that distinguish women and men in a society

cultural lag

the tendency for attitudes and values to change more slowly than the material circumstances that underlie them

free rider problem

the tendency for people to obtain public goods by letting others do the work of producing them

biosocial approach

the theory that gender identification and behavior are based in part on people's innate biological differences

socialization approach

the theory that gender identification and behavior are based on children's learning that they will be rewarded for the set of behaviors considered appropriate to their sex but not for those appropriate to the other sex

interactionist approach

the theory that gender identification and behavior are based on the day-to-day behavior that reinforces gender distinctions

social influences can counteract biological predispositions

According to the biosocial perspective, people who believe biological influences affect gendered behavior add a qualification that _____. -biologically based differences in gendered behavior exist equally in men and women -social influences can counteract biological predispositions -the environment has no influence on an individual's biological predispositions -a biological predisposition always leads to actual behaviors

gender is said to be a basic part of social structure like class and race

Identify a true statement about social structure. -Gender is said to be a basic part of social structure like class and race. -Justice and equality are the bricks and mortar out of which social structure is built. -Social structure restricts society from being stratified into more and less powerful groups. -Gender differences are biological creations that are not treated as elements of society.

It does not suggest that hormones and chromosomes are one's destiny.

Identify a true statement about the biosocial perspective on gender differences. -It views biology as the sole influence on gender differences. -It does not suggest that hormones and chromosomes are one's destiny. -It views socialization as the sole influence on gender differences. -It suggests that biology always wins out over social influences.

children who watch television extensively have more stereotyped attitudes about gender

Identify a true statement about the impact of television on gender socialization among children. -Children who watch little television have more stereotyped attitudes about gender. -Television programs have more female characters than male characters. -Children who watch television extensively have more stereotyped attitudes about gender. -Television programs show female characters in more adventurous, independent roles.

Men and women respond to each other using the cultural frame of stereotypical gender differences and in the process reinforce them.

Identify a true statement about the level of interactions of men and women in the expansion and amplification of gender differences. -These interactions and greater material resources often give women an advantage in hiring decisions or negotiations about housework. -The responses of people do not depend on the social world. -Men and women respond to each other using the cultural frame of stereotypical gender differences and in the process reinforce them. -Women and men do not do gender in their interactions.

it remained dominant until 1973, when the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders.

Identify a true statement about the medical model of sexuality. -It remained dominant until 1973, when the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders. -It considered men or women who engaged in sexual acts with a same-sex partner heterosexuals instead of labeling them gays. -It helped minimize prejudice and discrimination against gay people in the 1970s. -It viewed homosexuals as mentally healthy people as opposed to sick.

early adults are increasingly pursuing higher education

Identify a true statement about the role of education in the lengthening of early adulthood. -Early adults start on a career ladder without having the appropriate degree in hand. -Early adults have children in cohabiting relationships. -Early adults enter the job market well after their college-bound peers. -Early adults are increasingly pursuing higher education.

a godparent was supposed to assist his godchild by finding or providing a job for him

Identify a true statement about the tradition of compadrazgo. -A godparent lived with his godchild in a separate household until the godchild was married. -A godparent was supposed to maintain separation from his godchild until the godchild reaches the age of ten. -A godparent was supposed to assist his god child by finding or providing a job for him. -A godparent's authority overruled the authority of a godchild's parents.

it limited women's opportunities

Identify a true statement about the woman's sphere. -It limited women's domestic role. -It limited women's opportunities. -It bridged the gap between men's and women's work. -It glorified women's role in the business world.

they worked on separate enterprises

Identify an effect of commercial capitalism on the lives of husbands and wives in the 1700s and early 1800s. -They worked on separate enterprises. -They considered wage work to be of significant intrinsic value. -They worked together in a common household enterprise. -They worked in close proximity during the day.

The Asian population of the United States expanded rapidly.

Identify an effect of the 1965 Immigration Act. -Asians had to pay immigration taxes if they brought their families. -The United States accorded unrestricted citizen rights to Asians. -Immigration of Asian populations into the United States was restricted. -The Asian population of the United States expanded rapidly.

parents were younger when they finished the childrearing stage of life

Identify an outcome of the demographic trends that contributed to the increased privacy in families. -Parents experienced lower life expectancies after their last child left home. -Parents were younger when they finished the child-rearing stage of life. -The rise in birthrates introduced new budgetary constraints on the household. -The "empty nest" phase of married life became uncommon and irrelevant.

simple mental models of behavior

In order to simplify the task of determining what is an appropriate way to act in everyday situations, individuals rely on _____. -simple mental models of behavior -cultural disparities that exist in society -environmental factors that affect behavior -conceptual differences in identity

lengthening period from adolescence to adulthood

In the context of the life-course perspective, the growing literature on emerging adulthood focuses on the _____. -lengthening period from adolescence to adulthood -decrease in employment opportunities for the well-educated -increase in manufacturing jobs -idea of rejection of cohabitation and childbearing outside of marriage

she was a pious upholder of spiritual values

In the context of the set of beliefs known as 'the cult of True Womanhood,' identify a characteristic of the True Woman. -She was allowed to have more than one husband. -She fought against the domination of men in society. -She worked outside her home to support her family. -She was a pious upholder of spiritual values.

interact in ways that reinforce male privilege

In the context of the sociological argument that gender is a basic part of social structure, the cultural frame of gender subtly influences men and women to _____. -form groups that disregard gender roles -interact in ways that reinforce female privilege -interact in ways that reinforce male privilege -form groups that promote gender equality

androgens

In the second trimester of gestation, the testes in soon-to-be boys produce male sex hormones called _____. -zymogens -glycogens -androgens -estrogens

True

True or false: One's sexual identity is an important part of one's sense of who one is. -True -False

public goods

things that may be enjoyed by people who do not themselves produce them

private family

two or more individuals who maintain an intimate relationship that they expect will last indefinitely - or, in the case of a parent and child, until the child reaches adulthood - and who usually live in the same household and pool their incomes and household labor