Sociology Midterm

An average of _____ people in the United States fall victim to hate crimes each year? 100,000 150,000 195,000 200,000

195,000

Which of the following is NOT an example of organic solidarity? 1. A Ford Motors employee assembling taillights on an assembly line 2. A freelance artist creating a sculpture of Barack Obama 3. A fast-food employee putting burgers into their buns 4. A toll-booth employee collecting toll change

A freelance artist creating a sculpture of Barack Obama

What is the difference between a violent crime and a hate crime? 1. A violent crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics. 2. A violent crime is punishable in a court of law; a hate crime is not. 3. A hate crime is punishable in a court of law; a violent crime is not. 4. A hate crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics.

A hate crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics

The concept anomie can be defined as: 1. A situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness. 2. How strongly a person is connected to his or her social group. 3. A person's beliefs and ideology are in conflict with her best interests. 4. When one or more of an individual's roles clash.

A situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness

Which of the following is NOT one of Marx's four types of alienation? 1. Alienation from the product of one's labor 2. Alienation from one's self 3. Alienation from others 4. Alienation from one's religion

Alienation from one's religion

Max Weber's thinking on stratification: 1. modified Marx's model by asserting that how people are ranked is not just a matter of wealth and income 2. defined class as a group of people with similar "life chances". 3. underlined the importance of power and prestige in stratified societies. 4. All of the above.

All of the above

Functionalist Émile Durkheim viewed society as: 1. An even playing field composed of the educated and uneducated 2. Split between two classes categorized by education, kinship, and religion 3. The product of class struggle, requiring social revolutions to correct rampant class inequality 4. An organism in which each portion plays a vital role in keeping the organism stable and healthy

An organism in which each portion plays a vital role in keeping the organism stable and healthy

Which theorist studied the power elite, and the influence they had over society? 1. Karl Marx 2. Carl Sagan 3. Émile Durkheim 4. C. Wright Mills

C. Wright Mills

Durkheim defined ______ as the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society. 1. The iron cage 2. Collective conscience 3. Bourgeoisie 4. Anomie

Collective conscience

The medicalization of some behaviour may contribute to 1. Defining a problem as an individual problem rather than a social issue 2. Removing social scrutiny from societal level problems 3/ Relying on experts to "fix" or "treat" the individual 4. All of the above

Defining a problem as an individual problem rather than a social issue

False consciousness is a belief system that protects the lower classes from unemployment and exploitation. True False

False

Folkways are formal norms that are strongly punished. True False

False

According to the class Powerpoint for this learning plan members of stratified societies: 1. Have unequal access to both positions of prestige and to basic resources. 2. Have equal access to positions of prestige and basic resources. 3. Have unequal access to positions of prestige but equal access to basic resources. 4. None of the above.

Have unequal access to positions of prestige but equal access to basic resources.

What seems to be the key (although not the rule) to upward social mobility? 1. How well off your parents are. 2. How much education you have. 3. How many jobs you work. 4. How much you spend on your personal appearance.

How much education you have

What is particularly unique about the United States middle class? 1. It is the smallest class in the United States. 2. It is broken into two subcategories: upper and lower middle class. 3. The people who are middle class often have little to no education. 4. The upper class are as likely to become members of the lower class as members of the lower class are likely to become members of the upper class.

It is broken into two subcategories: upper and lower middle class

Whose work do conflict theorists rely on to help form their arguments surrounding social stratification? 1. Auguste Comte 2. Émile Durkheim 3. René Decartes 4. Karl Marx

Karl Marx

In first grade, Scott is unfairly singled out by his teacher for bad behavior, partly because his older brothers had behavioral problems themselves. Throughout grade school, Scott gains a reputation as a "problem" child. Scott eventually drops out of school, thinking he was born to fail anyway. Which school of thought best fits Scott's experience? 1. Strain theory 2. Control theory 3. Differential association 4. Labeling theory

Labeling theory

Symbolic interactionists have come to the conclusion that: 1. Most people do not care about social rank and standing. 2. Only lower class people drink beer. 3. Only upper class people can enjoy a good game of polo. 4. Most people only socialize with people in their same social class.

Most people only socialize with people in their same social class

The Davis-Moore Thesis states: 1. That economic hardship and skyrocketing inflation is the cause for all social stratification in the United States. 2. That Karl Marx was correct and that stratification can only be solved by converting to a socialist government. 3. That the more society values a particular profession, the more the people in that profession will make. 4. That people constantly move up and down the social ladder, and this creates an unstable economy which will eventually collapse on itself.

That the more society values a particular profession, the more the people in that profession will make.

Alienation is defined by the text as: 1. The condition in which the individual is isolated and divorced from his or her society, work, or sense of self. 2. Social forces considered real which exist outside the individual. 3. The act of defying social norms in favor of group unity 4. The strength of ties that people have to their social groups, was a key factor in social life

The condition in which the individual is isolated and divorced from his or her society, work, or sense of self

Which of the following is not a branch of the U.S. Criminal Justice System? 1. The police 2. The jury 3. The courts 4. The corrections system

The jury

Social control is: 1. An arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society's members base their daily lives. 2. A system that has the authority to make decisions based on law. 3. A label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual. 4. The regulation and enforcement of norms.

The regulation and enforcement of norms

A group's way of thinking, including its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world, is classified as material culture. True False

True

For sociology, deviance is better thought of not as a thing, but as a process True False

True

In a caste system, social stratification is based on a status that one is born into. True False

True

In the U.S. the risk of death increases as income goes up. True False

True

The issue of deviance is an issue of social definition. True False

True

Since the social classes in the United States do not have any clear boundaries, how is a sociologist supposed to determine whether their subjects are in the upper class or the upper-middle class? 1. Upper class is often defined as having control over one's life and the lives of people around you, while the upper-middle class is often defined as having control only over one's own life. 2. The upper class is split into "old money" and "new money" people, while the upper-middle class simply struggles to maintain its wealth. 3. All upper class people enjoy opera and have been bred for their stations while the upper-middle class consists mostly of newly wealthy people who may not have had the same kind of upbringing. 4. In the upper class, everyone knows everyone, but in the upper-middle class, the people do not comingle.

Upper class is often defined as having control over one's life and the lives of people around you, while the upper-middle class is often defined as having control only over one's own life.

A person's position in a country's social stratification is determined by: 1. Wealth, power, income, race, education 2. GNI PPP, GDP, GNI, the PRB, and standards of living 3. Clothes, accessories, hobbies, shoes, and number of credit cards 4. Prestige, family, legal records, occupation, and favorite food

Wealth, power, income, race, education

The term secondary deviance can be defined as: 1. When positive formal sanctions cause an individual to deviate from society's expectations. 2. When a violation of norms does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others. 3. When negative informal sanctions encourage an individual to seek more positive behavioral choices. 4. When a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society.

When a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society

According to the social-conflict approach, deviance is determined by 1. how often the act occurs. 2. the moral foundation of the culture. 3. how harmful the act is to the public as a whole. 4. ability of those in power to define deviance in ways that maintain their power.

ability of those in power to define deviance in ways that maintain their power

Within a few blocks in midtown Manhattan, you can purchase a bagel with cream cheese, a hot dog, a steak, a polish sausage, or a pizza, as well as chow mein, lamb curry, sushi, lasagna, falafels, chicken couscous, enchiladas, and a host of ethnic specialties. This range of culinary possibilities illustrates the process of ________. 1. cultural absolutism 2. cultural discovery 3. cultural diffusion 4. cultural innnovation

cultural diffusion

Night is to day as ethnocentrism is to _________. 1. cultural relativism 2. cultural leveling 3. racism 4. replication

cultural relativism

One of the social foundations of deviance is that 1. deviance exists only in relation to cultural norms. 2. there are many acts that are always deviant everywhere. 3. people are born deviant. 4. social power has little to do with what norms are and how people apply them.

deviance exists only in relation to cultural norms

Marx and Engels linked the emergence of class society to the rise of private property and the state. True False

false

A good example of cultural lag is 1. gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so. 2. a slowing in the rate of invention in the computer industry. 3. older people trying to make younger people respect tradition. 4. virtual culture replacing traditional culture.

gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so

Cultural change is set in motion in three general ways. What are they? 1. invention, discovery, and diffusion 2. invasion, invention, and experiment 3. immigration, imagination, and innovation 4. adaptation, integration, and immigration

invention, discovery, and diffusion

Ethnocentrism refers to 1. people taking pride in their ethnicity. 2. claiming that another culture is better than your own. 3. judging another culture using the standards of your own culture. 4. understanding another culture using its own standards and values.

judging another culture using the standards of your own culture.

Cars, computers, and iPhones are all examples of which of the following? 1. high culture 2. material culture 3. norms 4. nonmaterial culture

material culture

According to the Davis-Moore thesis 1. complete equality is functional for every society. 2. the more inequality a society has, the more productive it is. 3. more important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them. 4. meritocracy is less productive than a caste system.

more important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them

According to Durkheim, functions of deviance include 1. negating cultural values and norms. 2. the idea that responding to deviance reaffirms social norms. 3. the idea that responding to deviance confuses moral boundaries. 4. the idea that deviance looks the same across cultures.

negating cultural values and norms

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that 1. language involves attaching labels to the real world. 2. people see the world through the cultural lens of their language. 3. most words have the same meaning if spoken in different languages. 4. every word exists in all known languages.

people see the world through the cultural lens of their language.

A manifest function of sports is 1. providing recreation and physical conditioning. 2. fostering social relationships. 3. generating jobs. 4. teaching a society's way of life.

providing recreation and physical conditioning

"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime 1. is always more serious. 2. is usually less serious. 3. refers to a violation of norms enacted into law. 4. involves a larger share of the population.

refers to a violation of norms enacted into law

Social stratification is a concept that refers to 1. specialization in productive work. 2. society's categorization of people into socioeconomic tiers 3. the idea that some people are more talented than others. 4. All of these are correct.

society's categorization of people into socioeconomic tiers

Harley Davidson motorcycle riders, computer programmers, and jazz musicians all display _____ patterns. 1. high cultural 2. popular cultural 3. virtual cultural 4. subcultural

subculture

The concept "meritocracy" is an ideal system based on the belief that 1. upward social mobility is difficult to achieve 2. people should "know their place." 3. upward social mobility is tied to personal merit. 4. None of the above

upward social mobility is tied to personal merit

Crime committed by persons of high social position during the course of their occupations is called 1. victimless crime. 2. white-collar crime. 3. organized crime. 4. street crime.

white-collar crime