Sociology Midterm Two
salt story
IV doesn't have an effect, when new IV added the effect of the original variable increases
Innovators
accept socially approved values but use illegal means to follow them ex: Mafia
Conformists
accept values and means of realizing them regardless of success ex: Joe Biden
deviance
action that does not conform to norms held by members of a society
primary deviation
actions that cause others to label one as a deviant
secondary deviation
following primary deviation, occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly
Do you believe that girls or boys are more disadvantaged in the classroom? Why?
girls- boys receive more attention and girls are reprimanded for demanding it, restrictive dress code, might not be helped solve problems boys- more often punished/sent to special ed programs all more harmful for african american kids
human capital theory
individuals make investments in their human capital to increase productivity
melting pot
merging different cultures and outlooks
Ogbu oppositional culture explanation
minorities can be characterized by "low effort syndrome" oppositional response to subordination hinders black academic achievement
GDAC Budig
motherhood penalty (earnings gap between mothers/childless women) varied across countries gaps smallest in nations where the cultural attitudes supported maternal employment, government funded childcare/parental leave
"Ripping the Bodice: Romance Novels and the Perception of Rape in America" Eckberg
romance novel industry: content analysis, located instances of non-consensual sexual contact 1/2 of novels had at least one instance, villain rarely faced consequences majority: hero of novel was assaulter, never faced consequences, women often felt rush of pressure
laws
rules of behavior established by a political authority
crime
result of any action that breaks the laws established by a political authority
sex segregation
the concentration of men and women in different occupations
What is the core idea behind differential association theory?
we learn deviant behavior in the same way we learn about conventional behavior, when exposed to certain levels of conventional/deviant behavior we act in a specific way
Contexts Matthews
-2018 was year of the woman for political representation bc of Trump, women's marches 28.7% D/R -Center for American Women/Politics is leading source of info for women rep in politics (1981-2019) -1990s: increase in D women, gender issues causes R women to decrease -2000s: D increase w blue waves 08/12, R starts a flat line of representation w few exceptions -glass ceiling is bc of party system, high % of R state legislatures (60%) -citizens feel best represented by lawmakers w same social identity, bipartisan efforts needed for gender equality
What are three reasons racism has flourished in the United States?
-European exploitative relations with people they conquered -opposition between colors white and black deeply rooted in European culture -invention and diffusion of the concept of race
What are some of the main reasons there is a large gap in educational attainment between Hispanics and Blacks in the United States?
-Hispanics have highest high school dropout rate of any group in the US -Hispanics are poorly educated immigrants, have limited English skills while Blacks at least have language skills
Contexts Ashwin
-Trump/Putin: strong masculinity, sexist, bad manners, appeal to men who are anxious, nostalgic for great state, crisis of manhood, fear of status loss -Russia: false liberation for women in 1917, had some structure in economic issues of 1990s, rise of Putin brought a masculine leader who used losses to remake Russia's image, he has "muzhik" which is real masculinity, law that would decriminalize domestic violence brought backlash -US: white nationalism, anti immigration, feminist movement not in Russia, 2018 midterm -solution: feminist politics needed to change gender structures, no more male breadwinner and women doing most domestic labor or else masculine antics will continue
Borjas
-US has attracted lower quality immigrants with less education and few marketable job skills (harms the economic opportunities of less-skilled natives especially blacks) -recent immigrants will likely earn 20% less than native-born Americans for most of their working lives
According to Castles and Miller, which four trends are likely to characterize migration in the near future?
-acceleration: migration is occurring in greater numbers than ever before -diversification: most countries now receive immigrants of many different types -globalization: migration has become more global, greater number of countries are senders/recipients -feminization: growing number of migrants are women, migration is much less male dominated
How does the theory of broken windows exemplify the core ideas of control theory?
-any sign of social disorder in a community causes more serious crime -if police work to create order (use of crime deterring tech/practices) in public less crime will occur
Molotch
-asks if securitization of public spaces across US has made society safer or more fearful -studies new security techniques -measures like racial/physical profiling designed to help identify potentially dangerous people but make it easier for people trying to do something harmful -more reasoned approach to security, appeal towards decency instead of assuming that all are potential deviants
Contexts Frankham
-author research compared WaPo vs online news -lack of news/data about police fatality based on mental illness (instead focused on race, WaPo tracked mental illness more) -people with mental illness encounter police in different situations than those without -analyzed how police contact was initiated: family or friend 911 call for mental health issues -call for mental health issues less dangerous/not attacking police so maybe non-compliance caused force/fatality -solutions: 911 call operators should be trained to gather info, train police in de-escalation techniques, better data
Contexts Bushway
-author research, desistance: process of transitioning away from criminal behavior -repeated interactions of individuals involved in crime w police can increase prominence of criminal identity -problem of entry not reentry -there is a decline in rates of offending when aging, natural maturation -important to emphasize social bonds like relationships/employments to move away from criminality, identity based: cognitive work openness to change -model: individuals make choices among structured alternatives, symbolic in: agency/identity in social context derived from social interaction -short term: no more reentry, adult development programs -medium term: eliminate collateral consequences of criminal justice involvement -long term: increase broader societal opportunities
Becker on marijuana users
-becoming a marijuana smoker depended on one's acceptance by and close association w users, also attitude towards nonusers -labeling theory: the way others react to smoke is deviance (not the act of smoking)
Contrast the following two explanations for the gender gap in crime: behavioral differences and biases in reporting.
-behavioral differences: domestic role allows women to commit crimes at home privately, they receive harsher treatment for deviance of sexuality, less likely to participate in violence -biases in reporting: male police officers are more chivalrous towards women, get sent to prison much less often
Name three explanations for declining crime rates in the United States.
-better economic conditions/lower unemployment -citizens are better at protecting themselves against crime -policing is more targeted/disciplined -mass incarceration
How did the civil rights movement help minority groups achieve equal rights and opportunities?
-black middle class has emerged -many African-Americans have achieved positions of power and influence -Civil Rights Act helped anyone subject to discrimination
How does color blindness maintain racial inequality?
-color blindness allows whites to take privilege for granted -whites believing they are above racism creates insensitivity that is damaging to minorities
Name three possible explanations for the gender pay gap.
-concept of women in different occupations, gender composition of the job is associated w the pay -human capital theorists: women pick jobs that are flexible w child care -employers invest less in women bc they are less reliable, devalued by society
Contexts Schilt
-content analysis of media articles 2006-10 -debate over anti-discrimination laws that allow people to use the bathroom that fits their gender expression -opponents have "penis panics" worry that sexual predators will hurt women/children (study focus), believe that trans women are pedophiles -gender integrated settings: accepting better policies, changing binary norms -policies with genital surgeries requirement to use bathrooms cause panic, damaging to trans community amongst other things they endure
control theory
-crime results from an imbalance between criminal activity and the social/physical controls that discourage people -humans weigh the risks of engaging in crimes -types of bonds that link people to social order: attachment: emotional/social ties to people who accept norms commitment: rewards obtained by participating in conventional activities involvement: participation in conventional activities beliefs: holding conventional morals/values
conflict theory for deviance
-deviance is chosen and political in nature -one group on top defines deviance in a way that benefits themselves, makes laws
functionalist approaches to deviance
-deviance will always exist -deviants in a group help establish norms/boundaries, make rewards look like rewards, create group solidarity
Contexts Green
-ethnography/observation -men/sport communities: there is code of etiquette enforced through physicality/violence -hegemonic(normal) masculinity: evidence found, unethical/harmful iterations of masculinity, can be exaggerated, desire through third object/activity (women), men who have most patriarchal privilege are more hegemonic -inclusive masculinity: not so much evidence found, newer, more acceptance towards things like male to male relationships but not really accepted in the male groups -hybrid: evidence somewhat found, flexibility, multiple kinds from same person -style: dynamic, emphasis on feelings, fragile -most studies of men focus on action and not downtime (vulnerability, shift in masculinity) -avoid saying that men are not emotional, some participants did self-introspection afterwards
"Overdoing Gender: A Test of the Masculine Overcompensation Thesis" Willer
-experimentation, Cornell students (50 men, 60 women) -students took gender identity survey, told random scores: half given side close to opposite of binary (gender threat) -then were given political attitudes survey about Iraq war, homosexuality, car purchasing -results: men overcompensated for gender threat, higher support for war, hostility towards homosexuality, high desirability for SUV, -validity: topics were set up to be gendered -generalizability: different for college in different area, social class, age
Pager's Marked
-focuses on difficulties former inmates face when attempting to find jobs when released -important to understand types of policies governing re-entry -experiment having both black and white applicants apply -whites preferred over blacks regardless of crime background , non-offenders preferred
Compare and contrast three forms of ethnic conflict.
-genocide: most extreme and devastating form, systemic destruction -ethnic cleansing: expulsion of other ethnic populations via targeted violence -segregation: racial/ethnic groups are kept physically separate by law
In what ways does the killing of George Floyd at the hands of a Minneapolis police officer provide evidence of institutional racism?
-his autopsy blamed part of his death on his health conditions, these health conditions are often a result of a lack of access to healthcare -blacks are more likely to be mistreated by police -police typically get a lighter sentence -history of racism has caused systemic inequalities for things like education, housing, and the workplace
Massey and Denton
-history of racial segregation and urban form Black ghetto are responsible for perpetuation of Black poverty and continued polarization of Black/White people -cycle for poor blacks, affluent blacks might not choose to live in white areas bc of struggle for acceptance -black ghetto was constructed through institutional discrimination
Simon
-immigrants benefit the economy by joining the labor force and paying into the federal revenue system their whole lives (assume that immigrants earn the same wages and are as employable as natives) -immigrants are a cultural asset to the US, the more that come, the larger the pool of potential innovators -studies: immigrants may benefit from federally funded programs, short term costs to government
Describe at least three examples of how gender inequalities emerge in the workplace. How would a sociologist explain these inequities?
-lack of support when having children -pay gap -segregation in higher level positions explanations: dated gender stereotypes, glass ceiling
What are police officers' primary tasks each day?
-less about controlling crime, more detecting/managing risks in modern times -processing info, drafting reports, communicating data
Discuss at least two reasons why women are so often the targets of sexual violence.
-men are socialized to regard women as sex objects -men have sense of sexual entitlement, promotes insensitivity/sense of power over women
Alba
-minority is not a numerical category: race is a sociological construct -article that challenged conventional wisdom on census classifications of White and non-White -Census Bureau's way of classifying individuals by ethnicity/race causes the lowest possible estimate of the non-Hispanic White population -children with one parent who is a minority are always counted as a minority -"one drop rule" classifies people as Black if they have some Black ancestry -incomes of mixed-race people tends to be closer to the White median income than to that of minorities, many mixed-race people will self-identify with the majority
Describe three ways that traditional expectations associated with male gender roles harm men and their families.
-more likely to be arrested, die from risky behaviors -die earlier bc less likely to go to the doctor/reach out for help -can't pursue dreams bc must be breadwinner/provide, must make sacrifices -not as close w children, becomes an issue later in life
What are some consequences of white-collar crime?
-most people who are caught don't go to jail, authorities are more tolerant -affects a larger number of people than lower class crime -people rarely caught
Contexts Edwards
-own survey research using ASI (2 dimensions of hostile/benevolent sexism) -hostile: inferiority, no authority -benevolent: chivalry, protective paternalism -4 groups based on agreements with both factors, 32% agree w both, 26% disagree w both, 27% agree w b -2 factors: sex(females usually less sexist than males) education (higher ed is lower h but not really b) -further gender/education gap between D/R
Garland's Peculiar Institution
-political institutions/historical processes that explain the continuing use of the death penalty in the US -use of capital punishment has increased, one of the last Western countries to permit the practice -American "deviance" : state's autonomy from federal, local control of power to punish, political dominance of small groups explains why it still exists
What are two specific ways by which community members can combat local crime?
-providing job opportunities and public services -creating urban enterprise zones that provide tax breaks for corporations that participate in strategic planning/invest in certain areas
Explain the difference between ethnicity and race.
-race is biological/fixed -ethnicity is an identity related to cultural differences/ancestry
Contexts Underhill
-research 2 sets of interviews w White liberal parents -2013 initial interviews w White parents about race, few parents spoke w kids about it -2019 interviews described how BLM opened their eyes, colorblind to color conscious, shared w kids, re-education (re-socialization altered racial socialization) -spoke w kids in early childhood, stressed being an ally, discussed privilege -sought black voices, not blackness/disadvantages but whiteness/privilege -solution: contribute time, money, resources to justice efforts
Braithwaite on shaming
-shaming practices can take two forms: -reintegrative shaming: people central to an individual's community are brought into court to state condemnation of behavior, must help reintegrate person -stigmatizing shaming: labeling process/society's efforts to marginalize the individual reinforce a person's criminal conduct
Contexts Banerjee
-research about IT workers acquiring visas in US, interviews of Indian/Columbian workers -temp worker visas cause stress, worse since 1990s bc of Trump -damaging long term effects to be dependent on employer for work, downward mobility -can't switch jobs easily, racial marginalization, financial burden to company, paid less, spouses can't work at first -transition to permanent resident -India: wait 8-25 years, obliged to work long hours not to risk legal status -Columbia: wait 3-6 years, managed to pass as white but ethnic names on visa causes fear, may be subject to criminalization -legal violence: effects of law that hurt immigrants when trying to assimilate
Contexts Osuji
-research about ethnoracial boundaries in Brazil/US, interviews w mixed couples, snowball sampling (finding hard to reach individuals) -Brazil: outsider identifications overlapped w self identifications -preference for black guys in women, some spouses more frustrated bc they wanted to be black but were not, more often women -black husbands could link white women to black bc of the patriarchy, history of mixed couples, racial fluidity -upward class mobility can make one whiter, goal of having Afro-Brazilian kids -black spouses felt discrimination, colorline most flexible for whites -US: majority don't see themselves as multiracial despite ancestry, rigid color lines, white spouses expressed pride in European nation (more flexible boundaries), kids labeled as biracial, preserve heritage
Contexts Goldberg
-research analyzed data from module of MyVoiceProject, weekly text surveys (not nationally rep sample, higher education levels) -youth of color negatively affected by racial stereotypes, less safe in public settings, assumptions of criminality -Asians: mixed stereotypes, racial/economic/educational (model minority) -Whites: others perceive them as racists, recognize privilege, more likely to have no experience/witness of racism -stigma of forever foreigner -solution: social change, confrontations, protests, education, teachable moments -all youth more aware of race than ever before, believe in change
Contexts Flores
-research, survey on rep sample of whites, regression implied, DV: illegality, IV: all characteristics of profiles -growing number of people are having their legal status questioned, illegality is social/legal construct w stereotypes -asked if hypothetical immigrant was legal in the US -suspicions: ethnicity, occupation, criminal history -most at risk of being perceived as an illegal immigrant: less education, not fluent in English, unemployed, informal economy, Hispanic/African -strongest effect: crime, some characteristics could co-occur in real life -low education Republicans: higher suspicion but high degree of consensus overall -2nd analysis: would you report them?: more likely if criminal record, control for undocumented- contact police if from Syria/Somalia (islamophobia) -full citizenship: legal/society -invisibly illegal: not legal but society yes -social illegal: legal yes not societal, socioeconomic penalties of people from Central America/Mexico -D/R: shared stereotypes of criminal record is troubling, few differences in stereotypes even with different attitudes about how to handle immigrants
Contexts Jimenez
-research/interviews on silicon valley students, residents, teachers(Cupertino with highly educated immigrant population) -Asianness has replaced whiteness as emblem of academic achievement, whiteness represents academic mediocrity -racial terms are how hiererachy is described -Asians: feel whitewashed, but 3rd+ gen feel less intense pressure, can help Asians who aren't doing as well, might not pay off after high school -Whites: tend to give up excelling in school -other cities: presence of Blacks/Latinos prevents whites from going to the bottom -overall: native born populations adjusting to new changes bc of immigrants, racial dynamics important
Contexts Bueker
-research: how racial/geographic misalignment impacts individuals, interviews of female minorities in white suburban area w 3 categories: local, commuter, or national boarding program -geographic misplacement: feeling that the place is not home implications: assumptions that POC live elsewhere -imagined geographies: stereotypes of home communities, more commuters/boarding implications: being model student/breaking link between race/geography -social class doesn't protect from either (race trumps class) -impacts: lack of resources, isolation/shame, POC might not want to live/send kids into areas -solutions: whites improve understanding, create economically accessible/desirable communities
Contexts Kramer
-research: lack of data, NYPD does have data, damaging narrative of overrepresentation of black victims -evidence of disparities in police violence, studying BLM critiques -blacks are more likely to be subject to police violence regardless of any circumstances, especially younger -black youth more likely to have force used, declines w age, black women more likely than white women -gender influences the use of force but not drawing of guns -since 2013 fewer stops by NYPD, lower rates of force -solve issue of racial disparities in policing: implicit bias training, de-escalation, better data
What are the root causes of crime according to conflict theorists?
-responding to inequalities of the capitalist system -inequalities -competing interests among social groups
Contexts Harris
-restaurants hold a culture of sexual harassment, different back of the house environment, drug/alc abuse, no HR -male dominated industry makes women seen as sensitive, lots of sexual harassment, can't ask for help bc they will be viewed as not being able to handle it themselves -restaurants were always male dominated, males became powerful figures in the media -how to solve: upper management can set a tone, pay attention to red flags, small wins: get leaders to question workplace environment to make change, hiring more women
What is microaggression? Why is this idea problematic to some?
-small slights/acts of disrespect that hurt people of color -some believe it encourages a victim mentality and encourage people to jump to negative conclusions
How do the changing racial categories used on the Census help demonstrate that race is socially constructed?
-specific category singled out by society as significant -can vary from place to place (Osuji Brazil/US study)
According to Victor Rios, why are policies like stop and frisk problematic?
-study describing experience of young black and hispanic american men -stop/frisk contributes to criminalization of marginalized young people -regular occurrence= negative interactions with police officers, culture of mistrust/resistance
Contexts Charles
-synthesis of info, UNESCO data -freedom of choice in West causes gender stereotypes/sex segregation -female rep weaker in adv industrial societies than developing ones (more concerned about econ development overall) -believing, enacting, celebrating stereotypes -girls avoiding STEM fields not just innate, based on culture/stereotypes/others, postmaterialist society self expression causes sex segregation (girls do what field they want)
Contexts Uggen
-synthesis, representative sample of Americans what they think about crime/punishment from GSS -gaps between attitudes/occurrence, age, sex, race, political party -fear: only 1 in 5 men scared to walk at night, fear has dropped since 70s along w arrest rate, women fear is still greater -punishment: crime dropped, punishment rose, Americans say courts aren't too harsh, favor harsh punishment but belief that courts are too harsh has risen -police violence: race gap in support of police hitting a male citizen, trend downward since 2012 only for blacks -death penalty: highly politicized, since 1980s majority favored, but has fallen, more people are saying courts are too harsh/oppose police violence -smarter instead of tougher on crime
Provide one example of White privilege. What does McIntosh mean by "an invisible weightless knapsack"?
-the invisible weightless knapsack is the resources that aren't explicitly mentioned that minorities do not necessarily have access to ex: assumption that people will treat you with respect, race representation in media, not being harassed while shopping
What are two criticisms of labeling theory?
-theorists neglect what leads to the acts defined as deviant -unclear as to whether labeling has the effect of increasing deviant conduct
"Vulnerability and Dangerousness: The Construction of Gender through Conversation about Violence" Hollander
13 focus groups: do you feel that the issue of violence affects you personally or affects your friends and relatives? more comments about women's vulnerability than men's women: as a group inherently vulnerable men: particular individuals, specifics
How do Merton's and Durkheim's definitions of anomie differ?
Durkheim: anomie exists when there are no clear standards to guide behavior in a certain area, people feel anxious, leads to suicide Merton: more modern, anomie refers to the strain put on individuals' behavior when accepted norms conflict with social reality ex: american dream
sanctions
a reward or punishment that reinforces behavior norms
goal of focus group
asses how people talk about an issue with their peers
assimilation
assuming the attitudes and language of the dominant white community
attachment in control theory
attachment: emotional/social ties to people who accept norms
gender compensation
attempting to repair one's gender performance after violating norms
How do sociologists define deviance?
behavior that violates norms that a significant number of people in a society accept
hegemonic masculinity
belief that men should be dominant/strong
beliefs in control theory
beliefs: holding conventional morals/values
How do both biology and gender socialization contribute to differences between men and women?
biology: sex at birth determines how people are treated/raised gender socialization: different activities, toys, how to act in situations
commitment in control theory
commitment: rewards obtained by participating in conventional activities
Ritualists
conform to socially accepted standards but not values, follow rules for own sake ex: someone working a boring office job
"Gender in Jeopardy! Intonation Variation on a TV Game Show" Linneman
content analysis of episodes IV: correct or wrong response hyp: incorrect might have been guessing and will use uptalk DV: presence/absence of uptalk results: women typically use uptalk almost twice as often as men other factors were level of success, genders on episode, answering after man/woman, age
white-collar crime
crime carried out by people in professional jobs
corporate crime
crimes committed by large corporations ex: false advertising, pollution, violation of health/safety regulations
cybercrime
crimes committed through the internet ex: identity theft, money laundering
relative deprivation
deprivation a person feels by comparing with a group
What is a diaspora? Explain the role diasporas play in preserving ethnic culture in contemporary societies.
diaspora: dispersal of an ethnic population from a homeland into foreign areas, often forced -people are held together by shared history, collective memory, common ethnic identity
How can studies of other cultures contribute to the argument that gender is socially constructed?
different cultures have different norms: some both genders are aggressive, some men are dominating gender, some both help with childcare
deterrence theory
effects of specific/general deterrence with goal being to make deviance irrational specific deterrence: Mike in jail deterring him from doing other crimes general: mike in jail, send message to others about committing crime
Butler and Broockman
emails sent to legislators white/black stereotype names DV: do they get an answer problems: gender missing, is legislator acc looking at emails, no level of statistical importance D: whites more likely to answer White name, minorities more likely to answer black name
community policing
emphasis on crime prevention instead of law enforcement to reintegrate policing in community
pluralism/multiculturalism
ethnic cultures exist separately yet participate in the larger society's economic/political life
"The Spreading of Disorder" Keizer, Lindenberg, Steg
field experiments graffiti: more likely to litter fliers
"On Being Sane in Insane Places" Rosenhan
fieldwork most of time psychiatrists/attendants wouldn't talk to mental patients, but would make eye contact/avert head
Dentler and Erickson "The Functions of Deviance in Groups"
fieldwork: participant observation and interviews with Quaker work groups set firm manners/norms for deviants
involvement in control theory
involvement: participation in conventional activities
Contrast functionalist and feminist approaches to understanding gender inequality.
functionalist: men/women specialize in roles, feminist: modern perspective that explains the way women are oppressed in structured systems
biological essentialism
gender differences are due to biology and not socially constructed
social constructionist approaches
gender identities emerge in relation to perceived sex differences in societies ex: husband not doing housework to assert gender as a way of "doing" gender
liberal feminism
gender inequalities largely rooted in social/cultural attitudes, separate factors like discrimination/sexism/media contribute to inequalities
What is the difference between sex and gender?
gender is socially constructed while sex is biologically based
socialization approaches
gendered identities and "doing" gender is learned via imitation and reinforcement ex: fewer girls seek out football/sports that are perceived as tough
gender role socialization
how we learn about male/female roles from agents like the media, family, peers, etc, kids internalize norms that come with their sex, also learn how to "do" gender in how we interact with others (symin) gender differences not biologically determined but culturally produced
transnational feminism
intersections among gender, race, nationhood, economic exploitation against the background of global capitalism global processes like racism/imperialism shape gender relations in powerful ways
What does it mean to say that gender is something we "do"? Give an example of a way you do gender in your daily life.
it is our daily interactions, how we act, how we present ourselves, varies widely dress in a certain way, tone of voice, body language, hair
symbolic interactionist approach to deviance
labeling theory is main approach, reactions to deviance
social construction of gender
learning of gender roles through social interaction/socialization
black feminism
main feminist schools of thought address purely white issues, neglect challenges of women of color but also oppression of black women may occur in different areas of white bc family structure is different
GDAC Williams
men's rapid ascent up the hierarchy when they work in female dominated professions, employers single them out and promoted them in high numbers face "invisible" pressures to move up like preference of females (neg) or close mentoring (pos) Update: most relevant to middle class white men, minority men are excluded from benefits of glass escalator, not all workplaces have this
radical feminism
men/patriarchy responsible for inequality, involves some form of appropriation in terms of women's bodies/sexuality, only way to solve this is overthrow patriarchy
functionalist approaches to gender
men/women specialization in different tasks which contributes to social stability/integration alludes to 20th century norms where man was breadwinner and woman was primary caregiver
"Racial Fluidity and Inequality in the US" Saperstein and Penner
national longitudinal survey of youth 79-94, then every other year respondent secretly self-identified their own race, interview classified at end of interview change in classifications not random but related to changes in social status shows we associate whiteness w success, more negative events, less white
postmodern feminism
no grand theory that can explain the position of women, acceptance of different standpoints
Is all crime deviant? Is all deviance criminal? Why?
not all crime is deviant: things like going over the speed limit and underage drinking are considered normal not all deviance is criminal: nudity/bizarre clothing is not illegal but considered abnormal
labeling theory
people become deviant because specific labels are attached
Contrast positive and negative sanctions
positive sanction: offering reward for conformity negative sanction: punishment for behavior that is deviant
glass ceiling
promotion barrier that prevents the upward mobility of women
shaming
punishing criminal/deviant behavior based on rituals of public disapproval rather than prison, maintain ties of offender to the community
Retreatists
reject both means and values ex: commune kind of like the Amish
rebels
reject existing values and means but work to reconstruct social system ex: Heaven's Gate Cult
"Murders of Passion, Execution Delays, and the Deterrence of Capital Punishment" Shepard
secondary analysis of existing data execution in given month -> fewer subsequent # of murders death row wait time -> more subsequent # each execution results in avg 3 fewer murders, each year reduction results in avg .36 fewer murders
socialist feminism
similar to Marxist theory, focuses on ways that gender and social class intersect, capitalist society is oppressive towards women, equality not possible bc economy and social structures are flawed
structural strain theory
society has a set of values but not the same means to attain values, structure of society produces strain, must find alternate routes
intersectionality
sociological perspective which explains that multiple group memberships affect our lives that are different from single group memberships (black female vs white female or black male)
deviant subculture
subculture whose members hold values that differ from the majority
"Assessing the Oppositional Culture Explanation for Racial/Ethnic Differences in School Performance" Ainsworth-Darnell and Downey
survey asked students how they feel about school results: social class lays role, lot of black/white difference goes away attitudes play a role, blacks on avg have more positive attitudes than whites (no support for Ogbu)
"Racial Threat and Punitive School Discipline" Kelly Welch and Allison Payne
survey of 294 public schools (teachers, students, and principals) DV: level of punitiveness extreme: involving police, expulsion disciplinary: suspension, privileges restorative: conferences, counseling
audit studies
use controlling ex: two prospective home buyers, one white/black controlling for everything else shows that results had to have been race
Why are Hispanics and African Americans considered to be minority groups in American society?
whites have been in control for decades, also lower numbers
GDAC Thebaud
why women-businesses are under-resourced: negative perceptions of women from potential founders 3 experiments: what college kids thought about business plans/gender indirectly students rated women as less competent than men even when plan was the same
gender typing
woman hold jobs w lower status/pay, men hold jobs w higher status/pay
GDAC Glassdoor on college majors
women dominate college majors like social work, nursing, education, healthcare (lower paying) men dominate fields like engineering/computer science (higher paying) subtle forces like family, teachers, exposure channel women/men into the typed majors
What are some important differences between men's and women's political participation?
women more involved in local politics and w Democrats, more women representation the longer women have had participation rights
How do inequalities in the home, especially with regard to housework and child care, reflect larger gender inequities in society?
women spend more hours doing housework, men seen as breadwinners that are less involved in home, men looked down upon for spending time out work in childcare
