Sociology of the Family Ch 9-15 Allen
Disorganized
(15 percent). This catchall category includes all children whose emotions and behaviors toward their parents are difficult to classify, including those who exhibit elements of both secure and insecure attachment.
Insecure
(20 percent). Insecure attachment takes two forms. Avoidant children do not seem to react when parents return and even avoid them, suggesting that they are trying to minimize their reactions in order to keep their parents close. This pattern helps maintain relationships with parents, but it can mess up their working model of relationships. Resistant children tend to react with resistance, anger, and distress. This pattern is more of a rejection of the relationship, and it also disrupts the development of a positive working model.
Secure
(roughly 65 percent of cases). In the most stable form of attachment, children use parents as a secure base from which to explore their surroundings. Securely attached children expect sensitivity from parents and act accordingly.
What ratio of households only have one child?
1/5
Majority of Americans that have experienced IVP have experienced it before the age of ___
25
Glenda was married five years ago, and she and her husband just had their first child. Glenda and her husband were born in Ireland and will be raising their family there. Based on the data gathered by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Glenda is likely:
30-40 years old
In 1,000 how many suffer from at least one nonfatal instance of IPV per year?
4
How many victims of IVP are females? When does it usually occur?
4/5 While separating from husbands
What percent of abusive parents are women?
54%
What percent of men account for sexual abuse cases?
90%
Greedy Institution
A concept referring to the tendency for marriage to monopolize a person's emotional and practical resources that could be directed toward other family members
Intimate Terrorism
A consistent and pervasive pattern of intimate partner violence
30 Million Word Gap
A controversial term attempting to emphasize the large discrepancies in language heard by children from middle-class and poor families in the first three years of life
Intense Support
A high degree of support—both in terms of frequency and amount—given to young adult children by their parents
Accomplishment of Natural Growth
A parenting strategy in which parents give their children a wide berth to determine their activities, explore, and figure out who they are on their own
Concerted Cultivation
A parenting strategy of active management and investment that involves marshaling all available resources and capitalizing on all opportunities to help children find and develop their skills and talents
Helicopter Parenting
A pejorative term for parents who hover over their children and do not give them opportunities to develop independent selves
Adultolescents
A pejorative term for young adults who refuse to grow up and act like adults
Authoritative Parenting
A style of parenting that involves joint decision making, two-way communication, and warm affect
Neglectful Parenting
A style of parenting that involves little youth-alone decision making, low communication, and low affect
Authoritarian Parenting
A style of parenting that involves parent-directed decision making and communication with low affect
Ideologically Permissive Parenting
A style of parenting that involves youth-alone decision making, two-way communication, and positive affect
Resource Dilution
A theoretical explanation for why children's intellectual development appears to suffer in larger families that emphasizes the increasingly thinner spread of family resources across children with the birth of each new sibling
Socioemotional Selectivity
A theoretical framework arguing that people's changing perceptions of their social relationships as they age lead to a prioritization of family relationships over other relationships in old age
Contingency Theory
A theoretical framework emphasizing that family members support each other based on specific needs that can change over time
Solidarity Theory
A theoretical framework explaining the different ways in which families can be evaluated as close or cohesive
Ambivalence Theory
A theoretical framework positing that mixed positive and negative sentiments frequently arise out of ongoing family relationships
Immediate Compliance
Acceding to a parent's wishes or commands in the short term after the use of corporal punishment
The strength of emotional bonds among family members, ranging from alienated to intimate, is called:
Affectual Solidarity
Although the rise in parental expenditures for children's academic activities has occurred across the socioeconomic spectrum, it has been most pronounced for more:
Affluent Families
Among _____, it is the commonly held belief that spending a lot of time with children is crucial to being a good parent.
Affluent White Mothers
___ children are over-represented with child maltreatment
African American
_____ parents tend to score lower than _____ parents on the most common scale measuring the frequency of emotional, practical, financial, and other kinds of social support to adult children.
African American; White
IVP is highest for ___
African Americans and Native Americans
_____ is the theoretical framework positing that mixed positive and negative sentiments frequently arise out of ongoing family relationships.
Ambivalence Theory
The book Unequal Childhoods, written by _____, effectively illustrates how higher socioeconomic advantage can improve children's success rates within the U.S. educational system while simultaneously impairing their general development.
Annette Lareau
Relationship of Trust
Any relationship in which there is a reasonable expectation that each person care for the best interests of the other
Deficit Percpective
Approaches to understanding and serving disadvantaged or vulnerable families that dwell on their perceived weaknesses and inadequacies and ignore their strengths
Studies in the 1980s and 1990s by Western family scholars labeled _____ parents as unsupportive of their children because their parental support did not appear to be as warm and affectionate as many in this country feel is ideal.
Asian American
IVP is lowest for ___
Asian Americans
Parents who embrace the _____ parenting style are more inclined toward facilitating a one-way method of communication with their children.
Authoritarian
Studies have often shown that _____ parenting is far less negative for adolescents in African American populations than among White families.
Authoritarian
Studies have shown that _____ adolescents typically invite their parents into their lives more than other adolescents.
Better-behaved
In Kind Gifts
Buying or providing goods or services for a family member rather than directly giving money
Many Asian American families are characterized by a _____ style that emphasizes a training role for parents.
Chiao Shun
Research has revealed that children tend to achieve more academically over time when they experience _____ in multiple settings.
Cognitive Stimulation
_____ is a parenting strategy of active management and investment that involves utilizing all available resources and capitalizing on all opportunities to help children find and develop their skills and talents.
Concerted Cultivation
Monitoring and Gatekeeping are considered to be aspects of the _____ component of parenting practice.
Control
The use of physical force to correct or control a child is called:
Corporal Punishment
Emotional Support
Elements of social support meant to provide comfort, security, and encouragement to others
Toni, a new mother, is breast-feeding her son. Toni is having significant difficulty getting her son to latch properly and is spending a considerable amount of time learning how to best approach breast-feeding with her son. Toni is beginning to become frustrated and disheartened by the process and her lack of success. Toni is experiencing which resource expenditure typical of a breast-feeding mother?
Emotion
Most common type of elder abuse?
Emotional Abuse
Sensation Seeking
Engaging in behaviors that make one feel good, even if dangerous
Behavioral Theories of Intimate Partner Violence
Explanations for violent behavior that focus on how the perpetrator perceives the balance between the rewards and costs of that behavior
Feminist Theories of Intimate Partner Violence
Explanations of violent behavior of men against women that emphasize how it arises out of the historically unequal division of power by gender
The idea that children come to think that they should regulate behavior to avoid pain rather than because of how it fits their own evaluations of what constitutes good and bad behavior is called:
External Versus Internal Attributions
Age-Condensed Families
Families in which multiple generations are closely spaced in age, usually resulting from early fertility across many generations
A need-based pattern is most pronounced for _____ support, which is generally provided on a more contingent basis.
Financial
Nannette just used corporal punishment in response to her son lying to her about cheating on his spelling test. Nannette is likely to _____ as a result of her use of corporal punishment.
Gain immediate compliance of her son
Dr. Andrews discussed the complexity of the family system in a recent lecture, more specifically how an individual acts in his or her role as a parent is closely related to how the person was socialized. For instance, in many communities, women are socialized to be more nurturing than men. Dr. Andrews is highlighting the importance of _____ in the development of family systems and parenting roles.
Gender Roles
Elder Abuse
General Term encompassing the many ways that caregivers can abuse and neglect elderly family members
Child Maltreatment
General term encompassing the many ways that parents abuse and neglect their child
Weighing the cost versus rewards of grandparents' investments in grandchildren, grandparents tend to give more than they get, per the:
Generational Stake
_____ occur because parents are more likely to see their children as an extension of themselves than children are to see their parents in this way.
Generational Stakes
Social class is a powerful influence in terms of the perspective of parenting. Gerard was raised in a working-class family where both of his parents worked and he was charged with watching after his two younger siblings at home. Peter was raised in a wealthier family where his father worked and his mother stayed home. Peter's mother often scheduled after-school and weekend activities for Peter and his siblings. Which of the following is the best description of the differences in the view of parental roles in these families?
Gerard's family is more likely to function under the idea that parents are a support system for their children, whereas Peter's family views the role of parent similar to that of a manager.
The goal of _____ is to provide structured learning opportunities in preschool that such children may not be getting in their home environment.
Head Start
Social Comparison
Human tendency to evaluate oneself in relation to other people
_____ is the style of parenting that involves youth-alone decision making, two-way communication, and positive affect.
Ideologically Permissive Parenting
If corporal punishment did help children internalize their parents' values and behavioral expectations, it would be followed by:
Improved behavior in the long term
What ages are majority of maltreatment occurring?
Infants and Toddlers
Altruistic Exchange
Investments in grandchildren that are driven by grandparents' love and commitment
Self-Interested Exchange
Investments that are driven by grandparents' desire to create obligations that will increase the odds their grandchildren will take care of them in the future
Congruence Model
Model emphasizing that sibling relationships tend to be similar to other relationships in the family
Compensation Model
Model suggesting that in some adverse circumstances high quality sibling relationships may make up for lower quality relationships in a family
Scaffolding
Parental attempts to structure the play of children in stimulating ways
Cognitive Stimulation
Parental behaviors and efforts intended to promote their children's acquisition and development of cognitive and academic skills
Given recent research, such as the findings discussed in From Neurons to Neighborhoods, _____ during early childhood is/are extremely important in terms of long-term effects on a child's development.
Parenting
Monitoring
Parenting behavior to control adolescent behavior by managing their peer associations and activities
Behavioral/Learned Child Maltreatment
Parents maltreat children because they learn over time that the rewards outweigh its risks
Cognitive Maltreatment
Parents maltreat children because they think that it is warranted or necessary
Family Environment/System
Parents maltreat their children because the family is dysfunctional overall
Psycho-pathological Maltreatment
Parents maltreat their children because they are mentally ill
Gene-Environment Correlation
Phenomenon in which genes influence the environments that people experience, so that the influences of genes and environments reinforce each other
Gene-Environment Interactions
Phenomenon in which genes maximize the effect that an environment has on someone or the environment maximizes the effects of genes
Differential Exposure
Phenomenon in which one sibling experiences a social setting or interaction that another sibling does not
When diverse groups have different norms and values, _____ can come into play by defining one group's position as good and another group's position as bad.
Power
Styles of Attachment
Secure Insecure Disorganized
Engaging in behaviors that make one feel good, even if dangerous, is known as:
Sensation seeking
Parallel Parenting
Separate and relatively uncoordinated parenting between two parents who are not partnered with each other
Co-Parenting
Shared and coordinated parenting between two parents who are not partnered with each other
Grandparent Investment
Similar to parental investment, the degree of time, money, and other resources that grandparents use to promote the future prospects of their grandchildren
Children learning that rules exist to constrain their behavior and following accordingly is linked to the concept of:
Social Control
The theoretical framework explaining the different ways in which families can be evaluated as close or cohesive is known as:
Solidarity Theory
Situational Violence
Sporadic intimate partner violence that arises from particular circumstances
Which of the following is NOT an example of cognitive stimulation?
Staring at a blank piece of paper
Upward Exchanges
Support provided to older generations in a family by younger generations
Downward Exchanges
Support provided to younger generations in a family by older generations
Policy efforts targeting IPV take two basic forms
Supporting IPV victims Reducing IPV prepetration
Surveillance Bias
Tendency for past victims of child maltreatment to be under great suspicion of perpetrating child maltreatment when they become parents themselves
_____ is/are a time of rapid change as the experiences tend to have significant effects on a person's brain circuitry.
The Preschool Years
Self-Regulation
The ability to plan and control behavior in order to achieve goals given current and future circumstances
Generational Stake
The concept referring to the tendency for older generations to be more emotionally invested in and derive more meaning from their relationships with younger generations than younger generations are
Family Proximity
The degree to which families are close to each other geographically
Sensitivity
The degree to which parents can infer what their children are signaling to them and respond in appropriately helpful ways
Affect
The emotional tone and tenor of interactions between parents and young people
attachment
The enduring bond that develops between children and their primary caretakers through repeated interaction
Voluntarism
The experience of being in a relationship defined by choice rather than obligation or custom
Sandwich Generation
The experience of supporting older and younger family members at the same time, most commonly when parents are rearing young children while caring for their own elderly parents
Three-Generational Household
The family structure in which at least one member of three separate generations—usually grandparent, parent, and grandchild—live together in the same household
Contact
The frequency and amount of communication and interaction between parents and their young adult children
Joint Survivorship
The length of time that family members in different generations are alive at the same time
Material Exploitation
The misappropriation of a victims money or property by a caretaker
Decision Making
The process by which parents and young people make decisions about the young people's lives
Moral Internalization
The process through which children develop a sense of appropriate behavior through parents' effective use of punishment
Gate Keepers
The role of parents in controlling access of other people, including grandparents, to their children
Socialization
The social process through which one learns the expectations associated with the role she or he takes on or is assigned in society
Birth Order
The term referring to whether children were born before or after their siblings or in the middle of a group of siblings
Grandmother Hypothesis
The theoretical argument that the prominent role of grandmothers in the care of children in many societies resulted from an evolutionary process in which a grandmother's presence increased the odds that children survived
Social Learning Theory of Intimate Partner Violence
The theoretical framework emphasizing that violence is learned through the observations of how others violent behaviors are rewarded and punished
Attachment Theory
The theoretical framework emphasizing the importance of secure attachments between parents and children in children's lifelong development
Corporal Punishment
The use of physical force to correct or control a child
Intimate Partner Violence
Violent behavior that occurs among partners in a romantic relationship
_____ is the experience of being in a relationship defined by choice rather than obligation or custom.
Voluntrism
Parent-Child Communication
Ways of talking, exchanging, and conveying thoughts and feelings between parents and young people
Gender Composition
Whether siblings are of the same or different gender in any given pair
Most parents who abuse and neglect in the US are ___
White
Co-Residents
Young adults and their parents living in the same home, generally the parental home
Kidults
Young adults who have never left the parental home
Re-juveniles/Boomerang Children
Young adults who leave the parental home and then return
When parents view corporal punishment as an appropriate way of fulfilling the social control function of the parent role, they typically are talking about:
a fairly limited scope and low level of severity
The substantial Japanese population over the age of 65 indicates that this long life expectancy is likely related to:
a healthy diet and access to high-quality health care.
The three factors of elderly abuse
age, vulnerability, trust
Shared Environment
all social settings and interactions that siblings are equally exposed to and/or experience the same way
Studies suggest that when parents have jobs that _____, they are more likely to define being a good parent as socializing their children toward exploration and creativity.
allow and encourage self direction
Non-shared Environment
any social setting and interaction one sibling experiences while another does not or that they both experience but in different ways
Differential Experience
any social setting and interaction that both siblings experience but in different ways
Given the high divorce rate of _____, the reliance on adult children for support will only increase down the road.
baby boomers
Differential Treatment
differences in how a parent behaves toward and engages with two siblings
Parental Favoritism
differential treatment in which one sibling is clearly treated more positively by a parent than another sibling
reactive parenting
disciplining a child for a transgression
The media emphasizes the craze of overzealous parents, but despite these stereotypes, most parents in the United States:
do not have their own child enrolled in more than two academic activities at one time
The maternal role is often glorified by society at large, but it can also be taxing, often judged by communities, interfering with women's ability to be:
economically independent
indirect parenting
generally keeping an eye on what children are doing
A parent or guardian who generally keeps an eye on what his or her child is doing is exhibiting a form of:
indirect control
For an ever larger portion of Americans, increasing life spans means not only living longer but also:
living longer in poorer health
According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, approximately 34 percent of U.S. mothers are eligible for welfare programs to breast-feed their newborn children. To be eligible for these program women must:
meet the necessary low-income standards for welfare
Ways of talking, exchanging, and conveying thoughts and feelings between parents and young people is called:
parent-child communication
The four main components of parental role
parents should: support invest in protect and control their children.
Deidentification
process by which siblings try to develop different identities and parents encourage them to do so as a means of avoiding potential rivalry
direct parenting
setting up rewards for good behavior
proactive parenting
teaching children moral lessons that will discourage future problems
Sibship Size
the number of siblings one has
The various attachment styles affect children's current and future development, especially for ongoing relationships with parents and:
the quality of friendships and peer relations
The length of time that family members in different generations are alive at the same time is referred to as:
their joint survivorship
Monozygotic Twin
twins who are conceived after the same fertilized egg splits into two or more and, therefore, are genetically identical
Dizygotic Twins
twins who are conceived after two different eggs are fertilized at the same time and, therefore, are no more genetically related than a non-twin sibling pair
Humans tend to be more focused on:
who comes next than on who came before
Socioeconomic and racial/ethnic patterns of parenting being passed down from generation to generation is largely due to:
within-family socialization