Sociology of the Family Ch 9-15 Allen

Disorganized

(15 percent). This catchall category includes all children whose emotions and behaviors toward their parents are difficult to classify, including those who exhibit elements of both secure and insecure attachment.

Insecure

(20 percent). Insecure attachment takes two forms. Avoidant children do not seem to react when parents return and even avoid them, suggesting that they are trying to minimize their reactions in order to keep their parents close. This pattern helps maintain relationships with parents, but it can mess up their working model of relationships. Resistant children tend to react with resistance, anger, and distress. This pattern is more of a rejection of the relationship, and it also disrupts the development of a positive working model.

Secure

(roughly 65 percent of cases). In the most stable form of attachment, children use parents as a secure base from which to explore their surroundings. Securely attached children expect sensitivity from parents and act accordingly.

What ratio of households only have one child?

1/5

Majority of Americans that have experienced IVP have experienced it before the age of ___

25

Glenda was married five years ago, and she and her husband just had their first child. Glenda and her husband were born in Ireland and will be raising their family there. Based on the data gathered by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Glenda is likely:

30-40 years old

In 1,000 how many suffer from at least one nonfatal instance of IPV per year?

4

How many victims of IVP are females? When does it usually occur?

4/5 While separating from husbands

What percent of abusive parents are women?

54%

What percent of men account for sexual abuse cases?

90%

Greedy Institution

A concept referring to the tendency for marriage to monopolize a person's emotional and practical resources that could be directed toward other family members

Intimate Terrorism

A consistent and pervasive pattern of intimate partner violence

30 Million Word Gap

A controversial term attempting to emphasize the large discrepancies in language heard by children from middle-class and poor families in the first three years of life

Intense Support

A high degree of support—both in terms of frequency and amount—given to young adult children by their parents

Accomplishment of Natural Growth

A parenting strategy in which parents give their children a wide berth to determine their activities, explore, and figure out who they are on their own

Concerted Cultivation

A parenting strategy of active management and investment that involves marshaling all available resources and capitalizing on all opportunities to help children find and develop their skills and talents

Helicopter Parenting

A pejorative term for parents who hover over their children and do not give them opportunities to develop independent selves

Adultolescents

A pejorative term for young adults who refuse to grow up and act like adults

Authoritative Parenting

A style of parenting that involves joint decision making, two-way communication, and warm affect

Neglectful Parenting

A style of parenting that involves little youth-alone decision making, low communication, and low affect

Authoritarian Parenting

A style of parenting that involves parent-directed decision making and communication with low affect

Ideologically Permissive Parenting

A style of parenting that involves youth-alone decision making, two-way communication, and positive affect

Resource Dilution

A theoretical explanation for why children's intellectual development appears to suffer in larger families that emphasizes the increasingly thinner spread of family resources across children with the birth of each new sibling

Socioemotional Selectivity

A theoretical framework arguing that people's changing perceptions of their social relationships as they age lead to a prioritization of family relationships over other relationships in old age

Contingency Theory

A theoretical framework emphasizing that family members support each other based on specific needs that can change over time

Solidarity Theory

A theoretical framework explaining the different ways in which families can be evaluated as close or cohesive

Ambivalence Theory

A theoretical framework positing that mixed positive and negative sentiments frequently arise out of ongoing family relationships

Immediate Compliance

Acceding to a parent's wishes or commands in the short term after the use of corporal punishment

The strength of emotional bonds among family members, ranging from alienated to intimate, is called:

Affectual Solidarity

Although the rise in parental expenditures for children's academic activities has occurred across the socioeconomic spectrum, it has been most pronounced for more:

Affluent Families

Among _____, it is the commonly held belief that spending a lot of time with children is crucial to being a good parent.

Affluent White Mothers

___ children are over-represented with child maltreatment

African American

_____ parents tend to score lower than _____ parents on the most common scale measuring the frequency of emotional, practical, financial, and other kinds of social support to adult children.

African American; White

IVP is highest for ___

African Americans and Native Americans

_____ is the theoretical framework positing that mixed positive and negative sentiments frequently arise out of ongoing family relationships.

Ambivalence Theory

The book Unequal Childhoods, written by _____, effectively illustrates how higher socioeconomic advantage can improve children's success rates within the U.S. educational system while simultaneously impairing their general development.

Annette Lareau

Relationship of Trust

Any relationship in which there is a reasonable expectation that each person care for the best interests of the other

Deficit Percpective

Approaches to understanding and serving disadvantaged or vulnerable families that dwell on their perceived weaknesses and inadequacies and ignore their strengths

Studies in the 1980s and 1990s by Western family scholars labeled _____ parents as unsupportive of their children because their parental support did not appear to be as warm and affectionate as many in this country feel is ideal.

Asian American

IVP is lowest for ___

Asian Americans

Parents who embrace the _____ parenting style are more inclined toward facilitating a one-way method of communication with their children.

Authoritarian

Studies have often shown that _____ parenting is far less negative for adolescents in African American populations than among White families.

Authoritarian

Studies have shown that _____ adolescents typically invite their parents into their lives more than other adolescents.

Better-behaved

In Kind Gifts

Buying or providing goods or services for a family member rather than directly giving money

Many Asian American families are characterized by a _____ style that emphasizes a training role for parents.

Chiao Shun

Research has revealed that children tend to achieve more academically over time when they experience _____ in multiple settings.

Cognitive Stimulation

_____ is a parenting strategy of active management and investment that involves utilizing all available resources and capitalizing on all opportunities to help children find and develop their skills and talents.

Concerted Cultivation

Monitoring and Gatekeeping are considered to be aspects of the _____ component of parenting practice.

Control

The use of physical force to correct or control a child is called:

Corporal Punishment

Emotional Support

Elements of social support meant to provide comfort, security, and encouragement to others

Toni, a new mother, is breast-feeding her son. Toni is having significant difficulty getting her son to latch properly and is spending a considerable amount of time learning how to best approach breast-feeding with her son. Toni is beginning to become frustrated and disheartened by the process and her lack of success. Toni is experiencing which resource expenditure typical of a breast-feeding mother?

Emotion

Most common type of elder abuse?

Emotional Abuse

Sensation Seeking

Engaging in behaviors that make one feel good, even if dangerous

Behavioral Theories of Intimate Partner Violence

Explanations for violent behavior that focus on how the perpetrator perceives the balance between the rewards and costs of that behavior

Feminist Theories of Intimate Partner Violence

Explanations of violent behavior of men against women that emphasize how it arises out of the historically unequal division of power by gender

The idea that children come to think that they should regulate behavior to avoid pain rather than because of how it fits their own evaluations of what constitutes good and bad behavior is called:

External Versus Internal Attributions

Age-Condensed Families

Families in which multiple generations are closely spaced in age, usually resulting from early fertility across many generations

A need-based pattern is most pronounced for _____ support, which is generally provided on a more contingent basis.

Financial

Nannette just used corporal punishment in response to her son lying to her about cheating on his spelling test. Nannette is likely to _____ as a result of her use of corporal punishment.

Gain immediate compliance of her son

Dr. Andrews discussed the complexity of the family system in a recent lecture, more specifically how an individual acts in his or her role as a parent is closely related to how the person was socialized. For instance, in many communities, women are socialized to be more nurturing than men. Dr. Andrews is highlighting the importance of _____ in the development of family systems and parenting roles.

Gender Roles

Elder Abuse

General Term encompassing the many ways that caregivers can abuse and neglect elderly family members

Child Maltreatment

General term encompassing the many ways that parents abuse and neglect their child

Weighing the cost versus rewards of grandparents' investments in grandchildren, grandparents tend to give more than they get, per the:

Generational Stake

_____ occur because parents are more likely to see their children as an extension of themselves than children are to see their parents in this way.

Generational Stakes

Social class is a powerful influence in terms of the perspective of parenting. Gerard was raised in a working-class family where both of his parents worked and he was charged with watching after his two younger siblings at home. Peter was raised in a wealthier family where his father worked and his mother stayed home. Peter's mother often scheduled after-school and weekend activities for Peter and his siblings. Which of the following is the best description of the differences in the view of parental roles in these families?

Gerard's family is more likely to function under the idea that parents are a support system for their children, whereas Peter's family views the role of parent similar to that of a manager.

The goal of _____ is to provide structured learning opportunities in preschool that such children may not be getting in their home environment.

Head Start

Social Comparison

Human tendency to evaluate oneself in relation to other people

_____ is the style of parenting that involves youth-alone decision making, two-way communication, and positive affect.

Ideologically Permissive Parenting

If corporal punishment did help children internalize their parents' values and behavioral expectations, it would be followed by:

Improved behavior in the long term

What ages are majority of maltreatment occurring?

Infants and Toddlers

Altruistic Exchange

Investments in grandchildren that are driven by grandparents' love and commitment

Self-Interested Exchange

Investments that are driven by grandparents' desire to create obligations that will increase the odds their grandchildren will take care of them in the future

Congruence Model

Model emphasizing that sibling relationships tend to be similar to other relationships in the family

Compensation Model

Model suggesting that in some adverse circumstances high quality sibling relationships may make up for lower quality relationships in a family

Scaffolding

Parental attempts to structure the play of children in stimulating ways

Cognitive Stimulation

Parental behaviors and efforts intended to promote their children's acquisition and development of cognitive and academic skills

Given recent research, such as the findings discussed in From Neurons to Neighborhoods, _____ during early childhood is/are extremely important in terms of long-term effects on a child's development.

Parenting

Monitoring

Parenting behavior to control adolescent behavior by managing their peer associations and activities

Behavioral/Learned Child Maltreatment

Parents maltreat children because they learn over time that the rewards outweigh its risks

Cognitive Maltreatment

Parents maltreat children because they think that it is warranted or necessary

Family Environment/System

Parents maltreat their children because the family is dysfunctional overall

Psycho-pathological Maltreatment

Parents maltreat their children because they are mentally ill

Gene-Environment Correlation

Phenomenon in which genes influence the environments that people experience, so that the influences of genes and environments reinforce each other

Gene-Environment Interactions

Phenomenon in which genes maximize the effect that an environment has on someone or the environment maximizes the effects of genes

Differential Exposure

Phenomenon in which one sibling experiences a social setting or interaction that another sibling does not

When diverse groups have different norms and values, _____ can come into play by defining one group's position as good and another group's position as bad.

Power

Styles of Attachment

Secure Insecure Disorganized

Engaging in behaviors that make one feel good, even if dangerous, is known as:

Sensation seeking

Parallel Parenting

Separate and relatively uncoordinated parenting between two parents who are not partnered with each other

Co-Parenting

Shared and coordinated parenting between two parents who are not partnered with each other

Grandparent Investment

Similar to parental investment, the degree of time, money, and other resources that grandparents use to promote the future prospects of their grandchildren

Children learning that rules exist to constrain their behavior and following accordingly is linked to the concept of:

Social Control

The theoretical framework explaining the different ways in which families can be evaluated as close or cohesive is known as:

Solidarity Theory

Situational Violence

Sporadic intimate partner violence that arises from particular circumstances

Which of the following is NOT an example of cognitive stimulation?

Staring at a blank piece of paper

Upward Exchanges

Support provided to older generations in a family by younger generations

Downward Exchanges

Support provided to younger generations in a family by older generations

Policy efforts targeting IPV take two basic forms

Supporting IPV victims Reducing IPV prepetration

Surveillance Bias

Tendency for past victims of child maltreatment to be under great suspicion of perpetrating child maltreatment when they become parents themselves

_____ is/are a time of rapid change as the experiences tend to have significant effects on a person's brain circuitry.

The Preschool Years

Self-Regulation

The ability to plan and control behavior in order to achieve goals given current and future circumstances

Generational Stake

The concept referring to the tendency for older generations to be more emotionally invested in and derive more meaning from their relationships with younger generations than younger generations are

Family Proximity

The degree to which families are close to each other geographically

Sensitivity

The degree to which parents can infer what their children are signaling to them and respond in appropriately helpful ways

Affect

The emotional tone and tenor of interactions between parents and young people

attachment

The enduring bond that develops between children and their primary caretakers through repeated interaction

Voluntarism

The experience of being in a relationship defined by choice rather than obligation or custom

Sandwich Generation

The experience of supporting older and younger family members at the same time, most commonly when parents are rearing young children while caring for their own elderly parents

Three-Generational Household

The family structure in which at least one member of three separate generations—usually grandparent, parent, and grandchild—live together in the same household

Contact

The frequency and amount of communication and interaction between parents and their young adult children

Joint Survivorship

The length of time that family members in different generations are alive at the same time

Material Exploitation

The misappropriation of a victims money or property by a caretaker

Decision Making

The process by which parents and young people make decisions about the young people's lives

Moral Internalization

The process through which children develop a sense of appropriate behavior through parents' effective use of punishment

Gate Keepers

The role of parents in controlling access of other people, including grandparents, to their children

Socialization

The social process through which one learns the expectations associated with the role she or he takes on or is assigned in society

Birth Order

The term referring to whether children were born before or after their siblings or in the middle of a group of siblings

Grandmother Hypothesis

The theoretical argument that the prominent role of grandmothers in the care of children in many societies resulted from an evolutionary process in which a grandmother's presence increased the odds that children survived

Social Learning Theory of Intimate Partner Violence

The theoretical framework emphasizing that violence is learned through the observations of how others violent behaviors are rewarded and punished

Attachment Theory

The theoretical framework emphasizing the importance of secure attachments between parents and children in children's lifelong development

Corporal Punishment

The use of physical force to correct or control a child

Intimate Partner Violence

Violent behavior that occurs among partners in a romantic relationship

_____ is the experience of being in a relationship defined by choice rather than obligation or custom.

Voluntrism

Parent-Child Communication

Ways of talking, exchanging, and conveying thoughts and feelings between parents and young people

Gender Composition

Whether siblings are of the same or different gender in any given pair

Most parents who abuse and neglect in the US are ___

White

Co-Residents

Young adults and their parents living in the same home, generally the parental home

Kidults

Young adults who have never left the parental home

Re-juveniles/Boomerang Children

Young adults who leave the parental home and then return

When parents view corporal punishment as an appropriate way of fulfilling the social control function of the parent role, they typically are talking about:

a fairly limited scope and low level of severity

The substantial Japanese population over the age of 65 indicates that this long life expectancy is likely related to:

a healthy diet and access to high-quality health care.

The three factors of elderly abuse

age, vulnerability, trust

Shared Environment

all social settings and interactions that siblings are equally exposed to and/or experience the same way

Studies suggest that when parents have jobs that _____, they are more likely to define being a good parent as socializing their children toward exploration and creativity.

allow and encourage self direction

Non-shared Environment

any social setting and interaction one sibling experiences while another does not or that they both experience but in different ways

Differential Experience

any social setting and interaction that both siblings experience but in different ways

Given the high divorce rate of _____, the reliance on adult children for support will only increase down the road.

baby boomers

Differential Treatment

differences in how a parent behaves toward and engages with two siblings

Parental Favoritism

differential treatment in which one sibling is clearly treated more positively by a parent than another sibling

reactive parenting

disciplining a child for a transgression

The media emphasizes the craze of overzealous parents, but despite these stereotypes, most parents in the United States:

do not have their own child enrolled in more than two academic activities at one time

The maternal role is often glorified by society at large, but it can also be taxing, often judged by communities, interfering with women's ability to be:

economically independent

indirect parenting

generally keeping an eye on what children are doing

A parent or guardian who generally keeps an eye on what his or her child is doing is exhibiting a form of:

indirect control

For an ever larger portion of Americans, increasing life spans means not only living longer but also:

living longer in poorer health

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, approximately 34 percent of U.S. mothers are eligible for welfare programs to breast-feed their newborn children. To be eligible for these program women must:

meet the necessary low-income standards for welfare

Ways of talking, exchanging, and conveying thoughts and feelings between parents and young people is called:

parent-child communication

The four main components of parental role

parents should: support invest in protect and control their children.

Deidentification

process by which siblings try to develop different identities and parents encourage them to do so as a means of avoiding potential rivalry

direct parenting

setting up rewards for good behavior

proactive parenting

teaching children moral lessons that will discourage future problems

Sibship Size

the number of siblings one has

The various attachment styles affect children's current and future development, especially for ongoing relationships with parents and:

the quality of friendships and peer relations

The length of time that family members in different generations are alive at the same time is referred to as:

their joint survivorship

Monozygotic Twin

twins who are conceived after the same fertilized egg splits into two or more and, therefore, are genetically identical

Dizygotic Twins

twins who are conceived after two different eggs are fertilized at the same time and, therefore, are no more genetically related than a non-twin sibling pair

Humans tend to be more focused on:

who comes next than on who came before

Socioeconomic and racial/ethnic patterns of parenting being passed down from generation to generation is largely due to:

within-family socialization