Sociology QUIZ 1

Which of the following describes the deductive approach to research? A. A researcher makes empirical observations, and based on these observations, he or she develops a theory. B. A researcher develops several hypotheses to explain a correlation he or she has observed between two factors. C. A researcher establishes causation and then develops a theory to explain it. D. A researcher starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or refine the original theory.

A researcher starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or refine the original theory.

Which of the following is an example of material culture? A. Buddhist temple B. music Web site C. English garden D. all of the above

Buddhist temple

________ refers to the degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect paths within a social network. A. Isomorphism B. The strength of weak ties C. Embeddedness D. Connectivity

Embeddedness

According to George Herbert Mead's stages of development, children learn to recognize an "other" through _____. A. formal games B. imitation C. playing informally with other children D. none of the above

Imitation

True or false? The globalization of the media has spread American culture around the world. true false

T

In social development theory, the "self" can be defined as _______. A. the individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person B. one's sense of agency, action, or power C. the identity of a person as perceived by others D. all of the above

The individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person

_______ refers to crimes committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other business. A. Primary deviance B. Corporate crime C. Secondary deviance D. White-collar crime

White-collar crime

What is a moderating variable? A. a factor that is positioned between the independent and dependent variables but does not affect the relationship between them B. a factor that affects only the independent variable in a hypothesis C. a factor that can replace the dependent variable in a hypothesis D. a factor that affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

a factor that affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

A structural hole is _______. A. a weak tie in a social network that eventually breaks B. a gap between two people or two groups that have complementary resources and could benefit from having a closer connection C. a lack of social capital in a community D. a gap in the data collected as part of a network analysis

a gap between two people or two groups that have complementary resources and could benefit from having a closer connection

Ideology can be described as _____. A. an aspect of material culture B. a system of concepts and relationships that guides an individual or large group C. an extreme point of view on a given topic D. none of the above

a system of concepts and relationships that guides an individual or large group

2. Social identity is _______. A. a construct that no longer has meaning in the postmodern era B. a collection of social roles that a person might fill C. a way that individuals define themselves in relation to groups they are a part of or groups they choose not to be a part of D. determined by the social group into which a person is born

a way that individuals define themselves in relation to groups they are a part of or groups they choose not to be a part of

Examples of media include _____. A. television, websites, and radio B. books, magazines, and ancient scrolls C. records, cave paintings, and streaming video D. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is an example of informal deviance? A. paying for a meal in a restaurant with pennies, nickels, and dimes B. telling the hostess of a dinner party that you didn't like the main dish C. dyeing one's hair purple and orange D. all of the above E. none of the above

all of the above

______ are common agents of socialization. A. Siblings B. Teachers C. Television programs D. all of the above E. none of the above

all of the above

1. Which of the following is an example of using one's sociological imagination? A. being in unfamiliar surroundings and imagining being in a more comfortable place B. creating different hypotheses to explain an individual's behavior C. creating a story to explain unfamiliar social customs D. being puzzled by how people in another country greet one another and then thinking about how people in your own country greet one another and why they do it the way they do

being puzzled by how people in another country greet one another and then thinking about how people in your own country greet one another and why they do it the way they do

Which of the following is an example of rehabilitative justice? A. attending parenting classes while in prison B. mandatory monthly drug tests for five years after being paroled on a drug offense C. entering a work-training program after being released from prison D. losing the right to vote after a felony conviction E. both a and c F. both b and d

both a and c

5. Which of the following is an example of a study that might be undertaken by a macrosociologist? A. assessing how people choose where to sit on a public bus B. observing customer's responses to being greeted upon entering a store C. conducting a statistical analysis of when professional men and women choose to start families D. examining how men and women react to riding in an elevator with an infant

conducting a statistical analysis of when professional men and women choose to start families

Harold Garfinkel is well known for _______. A. developing the theory of impression management B. creating breaching experiments C. investigating the armed forces as a total institution D. his analysis of socialization agents

creating breaching experiments

4. Sociology is distinct from other academic disciplines in its attempt to _____. A. embrace quantitative and qualitative research B. ask probing questions about how societies function C. detect patterns in how different societies handle or respond to similar phenomena D. examine human interaction on the micro level

detect patterns in how different societies handle or respond to similar phenomena

Differential opportunity theory links which two things in analyzing deviance? A. crime rates and penal codes B. formal and informal social sanctions C. economic opportunities and crime rates D. recidivism and rehabilitative justice

economic opportunities and crime rates

Which of the following data collection methods are commonly used in social research? A. comparative studies, surveys, interviews B. historical methods, participant observation, case studies C.natural experiment, double-blind study, comparative research D. content analysis, census, panel survey

historical methods, participant observation, case studies

One of the unique characteristics of a dyad is that _______. A. each member exerts supra-individual control over the other B. there is an inherent asymmetry to the relationship C. if one member of the group leaves, the group ceases to exist D. all of the above E. none of the above

if one member of the group leaves, the group ceases to exist

Jose goes to a training session for election volunteers in his precinct. There are 15 participants and two trainers. This would be an example of which kind of group? A. party B. large group C. primary group D. small group

large group

Cultural scripts are _____. A. modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural B. a type of role-playing that helps people learn about different cultures C. a type of study developed by sociologists to catalog cultural differences D. patterns of behavior that can be found in almost all cultures

modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural

Social research that tries to engage a nonacademic audience and influence society is often referred to as _______. A. public sociology B. macrosociology C. feminist sociology D. qualitative sociology

public sociology

A thermometer that consistently gives readings that are five degrees cooler than the actual temperature is _____. A. valid but not reliable B. reliable but not valid C. neither reliable nor valid D. both reliable and valid

reliable but not valid

Which of the following theories argues that people's choices about how to act are based on shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions? A. symbolic interactionism B. functionalism C. dramaturgical theory D. postmodernism

symbolic interactionism

3. The Chicago School of American Sociology emphasized the importance of ____________. A. the social and moral consequences of the division of labor B. the environment in shaping people's behavior and personalities C. heavy statistical research D. none of the above

the environment in shaping people's behavior and personalities

Organizational culture refers to _______. A. the embedded ties that connect members of a formal social network B. the shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group C. the ways in which power and authority are distributed within an organization D. whether an organization uses an autocratic or consultative decision-making process

the shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group

Informal social sanctions are ______. A. enforced by overt punishments B. understood by members of a social group without being openly expressed C. established through discussion and consensus of the group D. too weak to have any effect on deviance

understood by members of a social group without being openly expressed