sociology test 2
a
According to C. Wright Mills, a small and unified group of people occupy the highest positions of the major economic, political, and military institutions and exercise tremendous influence in American social life. What does he call this group? a. the power elite b. a variety of organizations and institutions that represent different interest groups c. political action committees that raise money and advocate on behalf of their donors d. the media
a
A society that separates church and state is a(n) ________ society. a. secular b. agnostic c. fundamentalist d. traditional
d
Gender role socialization begins a. at birth. b. around puberty. c. when children begin attending school. d. before birth.
d
How is Max Weber's idea of social class different from Karl Marx's? A. Weber did not believe owning the means of production mattered in any way. B. Weber believed class status was inherited and that it was an extension of the old feudal system. C. Weber believed wealth was the only factor that mattered, regardless of how that wealth was acquired. D. Weber believed that wealth, power, and prestige all affected a person's social class.
c
How is a sociological definition of religion different from a commonsense, everyday definition? a. A sociological definition looks only at the macro elements of religion. b. A sociological definition looks only at the way religion is created and re-created through everyday interaction. c. A sociological definition must be broad enough to encompass all varieties of religious experiences. d. A sociological definition cannot take into account personal relationships with God.
d
How is prejudice different from discrimination? a. Prejudices can only be negative; discrimination can be either negative or positive. b. Prejudice only occurs within minority groups, but discrimination can happen anywhere. c. Prejudice requires the negatively affected group to be a minority group while discrimination does not. d. Prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is an action.
b
The middle class is made up of mostly blue-collar workers. A. True B. False
a
The process of socialization tends to emphasize heteronormativity. a. True b. False
b
The school of social thought that insists all social structures, including systems of stratification, are built out of everyday interactions is called A. functionalism. B. symbolic interactionism. C. Weberianism. D. conflict theory.
b
The second-wave feminist movement was associated with the issue of a. gaining voting rights for women. b. women's equal access to employment and education. c. rights of women in the Third World. d. marginalization of black women.
d
The upper class makes up just 1 percent of the total U.S. population, but its total net worth is greater than that of ________ percent of the rest of the population. A. 10 B. 53 C. 90 D. 99
a
________ is the MOST extreme form of authoritarianism. a. Totalitarianism b. Monarchy c. Dictatorship d. The power elite
a
A person who is not prejudiced may still participate in discrimination. a. True b. False
a
Gender varies from culture to culture. a. True b. False
b
In which decade did the Information Revolution begin? a. 1950s b. 1970s c. 1980s d. 1990s
a
"Homogamy" is a term sociologists use to explain the tendency to choose romantic partners based on similarities in background and group membership. Why is this common? A. We tend to have more access to people like ourselves. B. People are rebelling against the common knowledge that "opposites attract." C. We are hardwired to actively look for partners similar to ourselves. D. It is too difficult to raise children with people who have different backgrounds from us.
c
A benefit of telecommuting is that a. it draws more people to large urban areas. b. it encourages workers to keep a rigid work schedule. c. businesses get increased productivity and fewer sick days. d. it makes it easier for workers to brainstorm and share ideas.
b
Advocates of social justice claim that affirmative action gives members of one group unfair preferential treatment. a. True b. False
b
An example of a microaggression is a. a pregnant woman who is not given paid maternity leave by her employer. b. men who whistle at and catcall a woman who is walking down the street. c. an employer who pays his female employees less than his male employees. d. a sports team that refuses to allow female athletes to play.
b
An individual's sex refers to the physical, behavioral, and personality characteristics considered normal, while their gender relates to membership in a distinct, biological category. a. True b. False
b
Beyond just money, the economy is about a. the people who are most important to an individual's sense of self. b. the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. c. encouraging cooperation over competition. d. rituals and beliefs that divide the world into the sacred and the profane.
b
Capitalism and socialism are two examples of political systems throughout the world. a. True b. False
a
Educational systems can help to reproduce systems of inequality. a. True b. False
a
For most sociologists, what is the difference between sex and gender? a. Sex is biological; gender is social. b. Both relate to genetics, but hormones have a greater influence on gender. c. Sex is genetic; gender is about primary and secondary sex characteristics. d. Gender is biological; sex is social.
b
Microaggressions consist of overt or obvious verbal, but not nonverbal, communications that are meant to denigrate or dismiss members of particular groups. a. True b. False
a
One of the primary principles of capitalism is a. privatization of the means of production. b. collective distribution of goods and services. c. a focus on meeting the basic needs of all citizens. d. government regulation of industry.
b
Patriarchy can be defined as a society a. in which women and men share equal access to positions of prestige, power, and control over the means of production. b. in which men dominate women. c. that privileges women's experiences over those of men. d. that seeks to equalize men's and women's access in the workplace
a
Prejudice is rooted in generalizations or stereotypes. A. True B. False
d
Race is defined by sociologists a. as a group with a shared cultural heritage. b. in the same way they define ethnicity. c. as the difference between Mongoloid, Negroid, and Caucasoid people. d. as a social category based on real or perceived biological differences
a
Regarding class conflict, Karl Marx argues that a. there have been class conflicts throughout all of human history. b. class conflict is a product of the Industrial Revolution. c. class conflict was first experienced during the Middle Ages, and modern society inherited it. d. class conflict is uniquely a feature of the Information Revolution.
c
Sociologists define a a. minority group as b. a group that makes up less than 50 percent of the total population. that makes up less than 20 percent of the total population. c. with members who are denied access to power and resources. d. that is smaller than the dominant group.
c
Sociologists define ethnicity a. as people who share a common physical characteristic. b. as people with the same skin color. c. as a group with a shared ancestry or shared cultural heritage. d. the same way they define race.
c
The Information Revolution changed the nature of work and the economy because it has a. slowed down the process of globalization. b. made it less likely that individuals will be able to work from home. c. shifted the economy toward the production of knowledge and services. d. made companies more likely to manufacture and sell goods within a single nation.
d
The ________ was a macro-level social change that resulted in new innovations in farming such as mechanized seed spreaders and new techniques of crop rotation. a. Instrumental Revolution b. Information Revolution c. Great Depression d. Agricultural Revolution
c
The cultural and economic changes that result from dramatic increases in international trade and exchange are called a. commodity stops. b. runaway shops. c. globalization. d. shallow integration.
b
What are systems and structures within society that shape the activities of groups and individuals called? a. social controls b. social institutions c. social norms d. pluralistic situations
c
What do schools, churches, and governments all have in common? a. They are all secular institutions. b. They are all less important today than in the past. c. They are all social institutions. d. They function only at the macro level.
c
What is it called when a minority group is absorbed into the dominant group? a. segregation b. population transfer c. assimilation d. internal colonialism
d
What is one of the basic principles of social stratification? A. Low-level groups often have basic access to the rewards and privileges of higher-level groups. B. Families' social positions start anew with each new generation. C. All societies stratify according to wealth accumulation. D. It is maintained through beliefs that are widely shared in a society.
c
What is religiosity? a. a measure of the diversity of religion within a society b. a measure of the variety of religious experiences a person may have over the course of their lifetime c. the extent of a person's consistent and regular practice of their religious beliefs d. the degree to which religion can provide solutions to everyday problems
d
What is the definition for the "hidden curriculum" concept? a. the ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life accompanied by self-sacrifice b. higher grades given for the same work, or a general rise in student grades without a corresponding rise in learning c. subjects that are rarely taught, which require students to seek them out on their own time d. lessons that students learn indirectly through the method in which the curriculum is presented and the way the school is organized
c
What is the principal sociological critique of the culture of poverty? A. The poor often move into the middle class. B. The values and norms of many Americans in all class groups include attitudes of resignation and fatalism. C. It tends to blame the victims of poverty for their own misfortunes while ignoring the structural causes of inequality. D. Some people simply have a predisposition to making poor choices regarding finances.
c
What is the term for the legitimate right to wield power? a. government b. politics c. authority d. state
c
What makes the just-world hypothesis psychologically appealing to the average person? A. It is supported by a wealth of empirical data. B. Most people's everyday experiences teach them that society tends to distribute rewards and punishments fairly. C. Most people have a strong need to believe that the world is orderly, predictable, and fair. D. Many people develop skewed perceptions based on their worst experiences with the poor, which makes it hard for them to see things objectively.
d
What racial issue does functionalism help to explain? a. the persistence of racial divisions in America today b. the assimilation of European ethnic groups into larger society c. the continued existence of a distinct Latino identity and culture in the United States d. the everyday mechanisms of racial passing
d
What sort of social mobility often results from losing a job? A. horizontal B. upward C. career D. vertical
c
What term describes the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy? A. social inequality B. apartheid C. social stratification D. social divisions
c
Which of the following is true regarding gendered occupations? a. "Pink collar jobs" are considered more desirable in a patriarchal society. b. Men tend to be overrepresented in jobs that involve caretaking. c. Men outnumber women in occupations with more prestige and higher salaries. d. Women and men are similarly represented in occupations that require a college degree.
c
Who led campaigns to end child labor and increase workplace safety? a. women's groups b. chambers of commerce c. unions d. the federal government
a
With what issue is first-wave feminism MOST strongly associated? a. women's suffrage b. women's education and equality in the classroom c. equal opportunity for women in the workplace d. women's reproductive rights