Sociology Test #3 (Chapters 15-21)

Émile Durkheim described mechanical solidarity as: 1) A practice where jobs are contracted to an outside source, often in another country 2) A form of social cohesion that arises out of the mutual interdependence created by the specialization of work 3) A form of socialism under which individuals and cooperative groups exchange products with one another on the basis of mutually satisfactory contracts 4) A form of social cohesion that comes from sharing similar work, education, and religion, as might be found in simpler societies

A form of social cohesion that comes from sharing similar work, education, and religion, as might be found in simpler societies

Please define representative democracy: 1) A government wherein citizens elect officials to represent their interests. 2) A form of government in which a small percentage of the population is represented by popular election, and the rest of the population is represented by those whose office is dependent upon noble birth. 3) A form of government in which power is held by a small, elite group. 4) A government of a nation that recognizes monarchs but requires these figures to abide by the laws of a greater constitution.

A government wherein citizens elect officials to represent their interests.

Which of the following best defines the term commodity? 1) An activity that benefits people, such as health care, education, and entertainment. 2) A physical object we find, grow, or make to meet our needs and those of others. 3) An economic system which adheres to the principles of socialism. 4) A benefit given to those who participate in the capitalist market.

A physical object we find, grow, or make to meet our needs and those of others.

Which of the following best defines a social movement? 1) A purposeful organized group hoping to work toward a common social goal. 2) A group of people organized at a meeting, such as a town hall or a courtroom. 3) All politicians and elected officials. 4) A collection of rights and laws aimed at the silent majority.

A purposeful organized group hoping to work toward a common social goal.

Some believe that religion is important because it adds meaning to people's lives and provides answers to difficult questions. A sociologist following which theory would agree with this statement? 1) A structural functionalist 2) A symbolic interactionist 3) A conflict theorist 4) A feminist

A structural functionalist

The concept hidden curriculum can be defined as: 1) The emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill, has attained a certain level of education, or has met certain job qualifications. 2) The course objectives teachers incorporate into their syllabi after the semester has started. 3) A type of nonacademic knowledge that one learns through informal learning and cultural transmission. 4) The unexpected subjects students take an interest in after being exposed to experts in the field.

A type of nonacademic knowledge that one learns through informal learning and cultural transmission.

crowds of people who are focused on a specific action or goal

Acting Crowd

Which of the following is not an example of underemployment? 1) After his wife gave birth to twins, Jerry quit his job to help raise them. 2) Following the recession, Ellen lost her fulltime job as a PR assistant and found part-time work as a cosmetic sales associate. 3) When John's sales job is outsourced he's forced to take work as a janitor to pay off his student loans. 4) After college graduation, Marcus could only find work part-time as a bartender.

After his wife gave birth to twins, Jerry quit his job to help raise them.

The term xenophobia can best be defined as: 1) An illogical fear and even hatred of foreigners and foreign goods. 2) A marketing campaign aimed at foreign countries selling American goods. 3) A hatred of corporate America and the lobbying push. 4) A pronounced fear of globalization destroying one's job.

An illogical fear and even hatred of foreigners and foreign goods.

Davis is low on cash, but really wants an electric guitar. He offers to trade his acoustic guitar, for his friend Bill's electric guitar. Davis is engaging in: 1) Supply and demand 2) Bartering 3) Capitalism 4) Mercantilism

Bartering

Bill wants to increase his herd of cattle on his farm. Right now, he his herd numbers around 100, and he has 100 acres of his farm set aside for their pasture. What would a sociologist suggest so that his farm, which feeds many in his town and county, can continue to function? 1) Bill should sell his farm to the highest bidder and relax more often. 2) Bill should examine the carrying capacity of his lands and consider setting aside more land if he wants to increase his herd. 3) Bill should start training his son at age 5 to deal with cattle so he will be equipped for his inheritance. 4) Bill should make sure that he has at least one bull so that he can keep breeding his cattle.

Bill should examine the carrying capacity of his lands and consider setting aside more land if he wants to increase his herd.

people who share close proximity without really interacting

Casual Crowd

Power legitimized on the basis of a leader's exceptional personal qualities

Charismatic

On any given day, there is often a story about prayer in schools in the news. For decades people have disagreeing over the constitutionality of prayer in schools. This controversy is a great example of the tension between: 1) Social classes 2) Church and State 3) Different religions 4) State law and Federal law

Church and State

Which of the following sociological perspectives argues that the educational system reinforces and perpetuates social inequalities arising from differences in class, gender, race and ethnicity? 1) Functionalism 2) None of the above 3) Conflict theory 4) Symbolic interactionism

Conflict theory

people who come together for a regularly scheduled event

Conventional Crowd

Melissa has been working to develop drought-resistance seeds that require little water to grow and which produce grain. She wants to send these to arid parts of the world, where conventional grain is not easy (or even impossible) to grow to improve nutrition for the people in those countries. In sociological terms, Melissa most likely ascribes to: 1) Cornucopian theory 2) Demographic transition theory 3) Zero population growth theory 4) Malthusian theory

Cornucopian theory

Malik grew up in an affluent household which embraced activities such as attending the opera, visiting museums, and traveling to foreign countries at least once a year. When Malik goes to college, he finds he has much to talk about with professors, and fellow students from similar backgrounds. Malik is enjoying the benefits of: 1) Tracking 2) Grade inflation 3) The education gap 4) Cultural capital

Cultural capital

Which of the following is not a widely contributing factor in social change? 1) The environment 2) Technology 3) Disease 4) Social institutions

Disease

Why has e-waste become an issue, especially in the 21st century? 1) E-waste is a natural by-product of an industrialized nation and cannot be helped. People must resign themselves to its presence and find better ways of purifying water, soil, and air. 2) E-waste is not easily recyclable because often in the same machine there is glass, plastic, and metal. Also e-waste tends to consist of big, heavy machinery that is difficult to dispose of properly. 3) E-waste is a sign of degrading cultural values. People no longer value creating lasting products or getting products fixed; they would much rather just buy a new one and discard the old one. 4) E-waste not only contains harmful chemicals, but electronics become obsolete every six months or so, which means, every six months people are throwing away perfectly good electronics in order to get the newest one. This has led to an enormous increase in the amount of trash people produce.

E-waste not only contains harmful chemicals, but electronics become obsolete every six months or so, which means, every six months people are throwing away perfectly good electronics in order to get the newest one. This has led to an enormous increase in the amount of trash people produce.

crowds who share opportunities to express emotions

Expressive Crowd

Which sociological perspective argues that sick people fill a societal role, and are stigmatized by society if they spend longer in that role than is appropriate? 1) Functionalism 2) Feminist 3) Conflict theory 4) Symbolic interactionism

Functionalism

Which of the following does NOT account for the differences in the educational system from country to country? 1) Value placed on education 2) Financial resources from the government and population 3) Geographic distribution of male and female students 4) Amount of time devoted to education

Geographic distribution of male and female students

"Climate change" is a less politicized phrase that has replaced: 1) Recycling 2) Global Warming 3) Weather Prediction 4) Pollution

Global Warming

To make students more competitive in the work force and for graduate school, college professors are beginning to lower the standard for student grades (i.e. what was once considered a B, is now considered an A). This is known as: 1) Grade inflation 2) GPA debt 3) Systematic grading 4) Academic bribing

Grade inflation

Which of the following is NOT a result of the commodification of health care? 1) HIV spreading across the United States at a rapid rate in the 1980's 2) The wealthy having greater access to healthcare 3) Poorer members of society experiencing illness caused by poor diet 4) Spousal benefits being frequently denied to gay and lesbian couples

HIV spreading across the United States at a rapid rate in the 1980's

Obesity is rising at the fastest rate in which of the following countries? 1) All are rising at high rates 2) High income 3) Middle income 4) Low income

High income

Assembling perspective falls under which sociological perspective? 1) Conflict theorist 2) Functionalist 3) Interactionist 4) Feminist

Interactionist

What was the significance of NAFTA? 1) It forbade trade with any country that didn't use a capitalist government. 2) It restricted trade within North American countries by imposing a heavy tax and tariffs. 3) It encouraged trade with North Korea, which had previously been embargoed. 4) It allowed freer trade opportunities for the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

It allowed freer trade opportunities for the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

Which sociologist saw political conflict as a means of promoting positive change for the underprivileged? 1) Karl Marx 2) Émile Durkheim 3) G. William Domhoff 4) C. Wright Mills

Karl Marx

When Rosa and Sergei realized that the poor were being neglected in their city, they mobilized the members of their synagogue to send letters to the government asking them to fix the growing rate of poverty, or at least, fund the citizens so they might help their neighbors. This is an example of: 1) Protest Theology 2) Social Theology 3) Liberation Theology 4) Zero-Tolerance Theology

Liberation Theology

From the functionalist perspective, which of the following is NOT a purpose of government? 1) Planning and directing society 2) Managing international relations 3) Meeting social needs 4) Lobbying for domestic corporate interests

Lobbying for domestic corporate interests

Which of the following contributes lower percentage of voter turnout from those who come from lower socioeconomic backgrounds? 1) Voting sites frequently discourage participation from those of lower socioeconomic backgrounds. 2) Many citizens from lower socioeconomic backgrounds cannot afford to vote. 3) Lower-paying jobs frequently have less flexible hours, making time to vote difficult. 4) Members of lower socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to overestimate the voting practices of their peers.

Lower-paying jobs frequently have less flexible hours, making time to vote difficult.

What did Marx and Freud see as the downfall of religion that would lead to the secularization of society? 1) Social strains of society 2) Class stratification of society 3) Modernization of society 4) Apathy of society

Modernization of society

Keshawn used to work for an IT company in Baltimore, but lost his job when his company decided to use workers in New Delhi instead. This is an example of: 1) The technology gap 2) Polarization 3) Outsourcing 4) Automation

Outsourcing

Sanchita worships three different and separate gods. Her religion falls into which category? 1) Monotheism 2) Atheism 3) Polytheism 4) Totemism

Polytheism

The United States healthcare system consists of: 1) Global healthcare 2) Private insurance coverage only 3) Public and private insurance coverage 4) Socialized medicine

Public and private insurance coverage

Roberto has just moved to a new city. He does not know anyone but he wants to find a mosque where he can practice Islam. Which theory will Roberto use, either consciously or subconsciously, to make a decision? 1) Logical Approach to Decision-making Theory 2) Enlightenment Theory 3) Pro vs. Con list 4) Rational Choice Theory

Rational Choice Theory

Power that is legitimized by rules, regulations, and laws

Rational-Legal

By 2009, America had suffered several consecutive quarters of economic decline. America was in the midst of a: 1) Recession 2) Capital rebuttal 3) Depression 4) Economic sling-shot recovery

Recession

The Human Rights Campaign (HRC) is a non-profit organization located in Washington, D.C. which advocates for equal rights and marriage rights of gay, lesbian, transgender, and bisexual citizens. The HRC is a ____ group: 1) Revolutionary 2) Alternative 3) Religious/Redemptive 4) Reform

Reform

Which of the following is NOT true of the sociological perspective on religion? 1) Religion is a system of beliefs. 2) Religion is a cultural universal. 3) Religion is a symbol of high culture. 4) Religion is a social institution.

Religion is a symbol of high culture.

Which position describes Karl Marx's view of religion and society? 1) Religion was the key to uniting the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat. 2) Religion inspired the Proletariat to work harder while under the rule of the Bourgeoisie. 3) Religion was something only the Bourgeoisie had time to contemplate. 4) Religion simply kept the Proletariat in their low social class.

Religion simply kept the Proletariat in their low social class.

What correlation between religion and society did Max Weber see and study? 1) Religion was pushed out of society as countries began to industrialize. 2) Religion was important to lower class people, but not very important to those in higher classes. 3) Religion was just a way for governments to justify and control their people. 4) Religion was very influential over the economy and the habits of workers.

Religion was very influential over the economy and the habits of workers.

The National Organization for Marriage is a group which travels across the country, condemning homosexuality and advocating against new laws allowing gay marriage. What type of movement are they participating in? 1) Alternative 2) Reform 3) Revolutionary 4) Resistance

Resistance

Which two words did Émile Durkheim use to distinguish between religious objects and non-religious objects? 1) Ordinary; sanctified 2) Unclean; holy 3) Sacred; profane 4) Secular; religious

Sacred; profane

Which of the following is NOT a manifest function of education? 1) Social networks 2) Social placement 3) Socialization 4) Social control

Social networks

Drake lives in Great Britain, where the British government owns and operates the country's health care system. This is an example of ____: 1) Socialized medicine 2) Limited healthcare 3) Individual mandates 4) Private healthcare

Socialized medicine

Over the past decades, the turnout of minority voters has: Question options: 1) Remained unchanged 2) Slowly decreased 3) Steadily increased 4) Steadily decreased

Steadily increased

Sheryl was diagnosed with bipolarity when she was a teenager. She's hesitant to tell her friends, and tries her best to hide her diagnosis from her coaches, teachers, and employers, since she's seen other people with the illness be discriminated against on account of it. Bipolarity is an example of a(n): 1) Untreatable illness 2) Withdrawn illness 3) Contested illness 4) Stigmatized illness

Stigmatized illness

A sociologist is studying how the population of certain countries influences and affects the population and environment of other neighboring countries. This sociologist is most likely a: 1) Structural functionalist 2) Symbolic interactionist 3) Conflict theorist 4) Feminist

Structural functionalist

In recent decades, lobbying has become a powerful force in the political world. Lobbyists frequently meet behind closed doors with senators, lawmakers, and congressmen and women to push influential legislation through the congressional process. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in examining micro level interactions involved with the lobbying movement? 1) Feminist 2) Functionalism 3) Symbolic interactionism 4) Exchange theory

Symbolic interactionism

Kara has behavioral problems as a young child. As she goes through school, she is labeled "troubled," and told she will never amount to anything. Kara, though intelligent, decides to "live down" to this expectation. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in studying Kara's experience? 1) Symbolic interactionism 2) Functionalism 3) Feminist theory 4) Conflict theory

Symbolic interactionism

Until 1973 homosexuality was considered a psychological disorder American Psychological Association. Which sociological perspective would be most concerned with why this was considered an illness, and what effect that diagnosis had on society? 1) Functionalist 2) Exchange theory 3) Symbolic interactionist 4) Feminist

Symbolic interactionist

How did Max Weber define power? 1) The ability to exercise one's will over others 2) The authority to imprison citizens without cause. 3) The legal resources to prosecute and punish. 4) Politically elected influence used to control the masses.

The ability to exercise one's will over others

Which of the following is the best definition of social change? 1) A group of people gathered to protest or rally in favor of a bill or law. 2) An act of a bill passing in the House and the Senate. 3) The change in society created through social movements as well as external factors like environmental shifts or technological innovations. 4) An act of military rebellion.

The change in society created through social movements as well as external factors like environmental shifts or technological innovations.

Which is an aspect of city life that might catch a human ecologist's attention? 1) The NIMBY movement to prevent a giant chain from opening near a high rise apartment building. 2) The number of nannies that can be found in Central Park on a given day. 3) The number of male nannies that take care of children in New York City. 4) The decision to make sidewalks narrower so that a city road can provide on-street parking.

The decision to make sidewalks narrower so that a city road can provide on-street parking.

The term formal education is defined by the text as: 1) The learning of academic facts and concepts. 2) Learning about cultural values, norms, and expected behaviors through participation in a society. 3) An education that is accompanied by a tutor at all times. 4) The education one receives at a private school, parochial school, or private college.

The learning of academic facts and concepts.

Which of the following best defines the concept of "The Sick Role"? 1) An illnesses that is questioned or considered questionable by some medical professionals 2) The discriminatory practices used by corporations when an employee takes sick leave 3) The pattern of expectations that define appropriate behavior for the sick and for those who take care of them 4) The social sanctions faced by a person who claims to be sick for too long

The pattern of expectations that define appropriate behavior for the sick and for those who take care of them

Which of the following best defines the term globalization? 1) The process of removing manufacturing and industrial sites from foreign countries and returning them to the United States. 2) When products are assembled over the course of several international transactions. 3) The process of integrating governments, cultures, and financial markets through international trade into a single world market. 4) Long periods of recession followed by sharp economic upturn worldwide.

The process of integrating governments, cultures, and financial markets through international trade into a single world market.

What is one reason unemployment statistics are unreliable? 1) Different states define unemployment in different ways. 2) The statistics include only those who are currently looking for work. 3) The government only surveys those who have been out of work for a year or more. 4) Those surveyed frequently lie about their employment status.

The statistics include only those who are currently looking for work.

When Ahmed is in 5th grade, he does poorly in math and science. His teachers recommend him for lower-level classes throughout middle school in all subjects, and he's not given the chance to excel elsewhere. This process is known as: 1) Grade inflation 2) Tracking 3) Feminism 4) Manifest function

Tracking

Power legitimized on the basis of long-standing customs

Traditional

Taylor works as a legal assistant. His insurance doesn't cover treatment for depression, and he spends 15% of his income each month to receive care. This is an example of 1) An individual mandate 2) Underinsurance 3) Public insurance 4) Universal healthcare

Underinsurance

Jackson lives in rural Chile, and is the son of a poor farmer. The nearest school is 50 miles away, and he has no means to get there. What does the educational system in Jackson's country lack? 1) Informal education 2) Formal education 3) Universal access 4) Latent functions

Universal access

Dana's lives in a country which guarantees healthcare for all of its citizens. Dana lives in a country which uses: 1) Market-driven healthcare 2) Universal healthcare 3) Optimization healthcare 4) Globalization healthcare

Universal healthcare

What is one way the people of the United States, and the world, are reaching and abusing the Earth's carrying capacity? 1) We spend money ejecting trash into outer space. 2) We have created parks and protected forested areas, sometimes in vain. 3) We show little concern about contaminating water with our garbage and waste. 4) We eat animals when we should really only eat plants which are much more renewable.

We show little concern about contaminating water with our garbage and waste

Three things are important for the formation and sustentation of a city. Which of the below options is NOT one of them? 1) Consistent Food Supply 2) Well constructed buildings 3) Social Stability 4) Fresh water supply

Well constructed buildings

Josh sits in his kitchen in the city projects trying to sip his coffee while inhaling the nauseating fumes wafting from the town dump that was relocated to within a mile of his home. He desperately wishes he could move, but he works two jobs just to make ends meet for his family. Josh lives in the poorer part of town; the part that is greatly overlooked by local government officials. What might a sociologist call this phenomenon? 1) environmental racism 2) gentrification 3) white flight 4) urbanization

environmental racism

Pollution, like many other issues in the world, has become a global issue. What was the name of the agreement that several countries signed as a way to pledge the lessening of carbon emissions? 1) the Kyoto Protocol 2) the Seoul Greener Earth Initiative 3) the Beijing Pollution Reduction Agreement 4) the Hong Kong Pact

the Kyoto Protocol