Sociology Test #3

The term "crime" can be defined as:

A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions.

Mohit spent his days combing through garbage in Mumbai, India with his brothers and sisters. Sometimes he would find food, or something to sell for money. He never tried to overcome his lower-class status because he had seen his friends try and fail. So, he accepted his fate, and tried to live life as best he could in a closed society. Mohit is an example of someone living under:

A caste system

What is the difference between a violent crime and a hate crime?

A hate crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics.

Elisa graduated from college with a double major and was inducted into the Phi Beta Kappa society. She was then offered a job in New York where she worked 12 hours a day and produced excellent results. Within two years she had over 100 employees working under her. Elisa's hard work was rewarded with a raise and a bonus. This form of promotion is based on the principles of:

A meritocracy

The term "deviance" can be defined as:

A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law

Which factor is considered when evaluating someone's standard of living?

A. Income B. Employment C. Class D. All of the above All of the above

88 million people live on less than $1.00 a day. These people are said to be living in _.

Absolute poverty

Strain Theory is

Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals.

Which continent has the greatest number of impoverished nations in the world?

Africa

In the United States, where outsourcing is almost always addressed negatively, companies still get away with outsourcing. How do they do this?

Americans want lower prices for their consumable products, and the only way for companies to deliver those low prices is to outsource the work to cheaper laborers.

Which of the following is an example of a negative informal sanction?

Beatrix being booed off stage after telling an offensive joke during her comedy routine.

What seems to be the key (although not the rule) to upward social mobility?

How much education you have.

Charlotte was born to a lower class family in rural Pennsylvania. After taking a job in the mail room of a large corporate office, Charlotte is slowly promoted through the ranks and becomes CEO of the company by the age of 50. Compared to her parents, Charlotte's story demonstrates what type of social stratification?

Intergenerational mobility

Whose work do conflict theorists rely on to help form their arguments surrounding social stratification?

Karl Marx

In first grade, Scott is unfairly singled out by his teacher for bad behavior, partly because his older brothers had behavioral problems themselves. Throughout grade school, Scott gains a reputation as a "problem" child. Scott eventually drops out of school, thinking he was born to fail anyway. Which school of thought best fits Scott's experience?

Labeling theory

Which is an effect of absolute poverty that also contributes to its cyclical nature?

Lack of education

Which social class is quickly disappearing from modern economies?

Middle Class

Which trend has the World Bank seen in its study of poverty in low-income nations?

More women live in poverty than men.

Symbolic interactionists have come to the conclusion that:

Most people only socialize with people in their same social class.

Functionalist Émile Durkheim believed some deviance within society was:

Necessary; it challenged people's views.

Which statement would you find in the analysis of poverty by Neckerman and Torche?

Once poverty has entered a geographic location, it is very difficult to get rid of.

Jake receives a promotion at his law firm after winning an important case. This is an example of a:

Positive formal sanction

Strain theory

Robert Merton

One main issue in studying global social inequality is:

Social inequality is relative and therefore, difficult to compare across cultures.

The Davis-Moore Thesis states:

That the more society values a particular profession, the more the people in that profession will make.

Which historical event was greatly responsible for global stratification as we see it today?

The Industrial Revolution

What is the most significant threat to the relatively high standard of living people are accustomed to in the United States?

The decline of the middle class

Which of the following is not a branch of the U.S. Criminal Justice System?

The jury

"Social control" is:

The regulation and enforcement of norms.

Control theory

Travis Hirchi

Maria babysits as a form of income while she is in college. Because the amounts she gets per job are not huge, Maria never bothers to report her earnings to the IRS. Maria is a part of the _.

Underground economy

Since the social classes in the United States do not have any clear boundaries, how is a sociologist supposed to determine whether their subjects are in the upper class or the upper-middle class?

Upper class is often defined as having control over one's life and the lives of people around you, while the upper-middle class is often defined as having control only over one's own life.

Which statement explains why Immanuel Wallerstein's classification is preferred by sociologist?

Wallerstein's classification uses neutral terms that allow his classification of nations to be less biased and appear less ethnocentric.

Child labor and sweatshops have existed since the Industrial Revolution and even before that. Many products sold today are created in these sweatshops, even though, living in the 21st century, we like to think we are above such practices. What is one practical way we can try and stop multinational companies from using such labor?

We can be responsible consumers and research products before buying them.

A person's position in a country's social stratification is determined by:

Wealth, power, income, race, education

The term "secondary deviance" can be defined as:

When a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society.

Which theorist studied the power elite, and the influence they had over society?

C. Wright Mills

cultural deviance theory

Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay

In recent times, scholars have been trying to sort out why the countries on the continent of Africa, as a whole, have trouble competing to today's global, capitalist economy. While an answer to this question is complex and carries with it many ambiguities, most scholars point to European colonialism as a key to understanding the current state of Africa. A sociologist studying this topic, would ascribe to which theoretical paradigm?

Conflict theory

Hope is desperate for the new designer purse that she saw while window shopping at her local mall. She knew every girl in school would covet her bag and wish to be like her. When she walked in, she whipped out her credit card, and purchased the $5,000 bag. This kind of purchasing is called:

Conspicuous consumption

Bernie Madoff, recently sentenced to 150 years in prison for creating a Ponzi scheme which caused clients to lose millions of dollars, engaged in which form of crime?

Corporate crime

Areas that once had vast economic growth and large amounts of industry, but are now suffering from the effects of outsourcing are going through a period of:

Deindustrialization

Which statement would you find in the analysis of poverty by Neckerman and Torche?

Differential association theory

In 2008 the United States, as well as the rest of the world, felt the effects of the recession. After the collapse of the housing market, people lost their jobs and they quit spending money. Many people could not afford their mortgages anymore and their homes went into foreclosure. For many people, it was a time of __.

Downward mobility

differential association

Edwin Sutherland

It was time for Oli to marry. He had finished school and was starting a job. His parents chose a bride for him whose parents had the same amount of wealth and belonged to the same class as they did. Oli and his bride will have a(n) _ marriage.

Endogamous

Cate is the daughter of a Senator and the former CEO of a Fortune 500 company. Harry grew up on a farm, tilling the land for a living. They are planning a June wedding. They will have a(n)___ marriage.

Exogamous

An example of slavery, according to Anti-Slavery International, is:

Factories using child labor

True or False: Deviance is always considered a crime?

False

How is global stratification different from social stratification?

Global stratification examines a myriad of different types of prejudice and inequality, while social stratification covers the social class and standing of individuals.

Which number does the World Bank use to determine the status and classification of each nation?

Gross National Income per Capita

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was created by:

core nation countries

Immanuel Wallerstein's classification of nations uses which set of terms?

core nation, peripheral nation, semi-peripheral nation